1,353
Views
53
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Antidepressant use in the elderly: the role of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in drug safety

, MSc (PhD Student) , , MD PhD (Professor of Pharmacology) & , MD PhD (Associate Professor of Pharmacology)

Bibliography

  • Lieberman JA. History of the use of antidepressants in primary care. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2003;5(Suppl 7):6-10
  • Abbing-Karahagopian V, Huerta C, Souverein PC, et al. Antidepressant prescribing in five European countries: application of common definitions to assess the prevalence, clinical observations, and methodological implications. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014;70(7):849-57
  • Sultana J, Italiano D, Spina E, et al. Changes in the prescribing pattern of antidepressant drugs in elderly patients: an Italian, nationwide, population-based study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014;70(4):469-78
  • Saarto T, Wiffen PJ. Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007(4):CD005454
  • Lai LL, Tan MH, Lai YC. Prevalence and factors associated with off-label antidepressant prescriptions for insomnia. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2011;3:27-36
  • Bauer M, Monz BU, Montejo AL, et al. Prescribing patterns of antidepressants in Europe: results from the Factors Influencing Depression Endpoints Research (FINDER) study. Eur Psychiatry 2008;23(1):66-73
  • Aparasu RR, Mort JR, Brandt H. Psychotropic prescription use by community-dwelling elderly in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51(5):671-7
  • Meeks TW, Vahia IV, Lavretsky H, et al. A tune in “a minor” can “b major”: a review of epidemiology, illness course, and public health implications of subthreshold depression in older adults. J Affect Disord 2011;129(1-3):126-42
  • Rodda J, Walker Z, Carter J. Depression in older adults. BMJ Open 2011;343:d5219
  • Mann JJ. The medical management of depression. N Engl J Med 2005;353(17):1819-34
  • Hanlon JT, Wang X, Castle NG, et al. Potential underuse, overuse, and inappropriate use of antidepressants in older veteran nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59(8):1412-20
  • Scott K, Lawrence RM, Duggal A, et al. Prescribing patterns for psychotic and behavioural symptoms in dementia: a national survey. Psychiatr Bull 2002;26:288-90
  • Peters R. Ageing and the brain. Postgrad Med J 2006;82(964):84-8
  • Dickstein DL, Kabaso D, Rocher AB, et al. Changes in the structural complexity of the aged brain. Aging Cell 2007;6(3):275-84
  • Hammerlein A, Derendorf H, Lowenthal DT. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in the elderly. Clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 1998;35(1):49-64
  • Bowie MW, Slattum PW. Pharmacodynamics in older adults: a review. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2007;5(3):263-303
  • Trifiro G, Spina E. Age-related changes in pharmacodynamics: focus on drugs acting on central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Curr Drug Metab 2011;12(7):611-20
  • Lotrich FE, Pollock BG. Aging and clinical pharmacology: implications for antidepressants. J Clin Pharmacol 2005;45(10):1106-22
  • Tune LE. Anticholinergic effects of medication in elderly patients. J clin psychiatry 2001;62(Suppl 21):11-14
  • Dewey SL, Smith GS, Logan J, et al. Serotonergic modulation of striatal dopamine measured with positron emission tomography (PET) and in vivo microdialysis. J Neurosci 1995;15(1 Pt 2):821-9
  • van Walraven C, Mamdani MM, Wells PS, et al. Inhibition of serotonin re-uptake by antidepressants and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients: retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2001;323(7314):655-8
  • Spina E, Trifirò G, Caraci F. Clinically significant drug interactions with newer antidepressants. CNS Drugs 2012;26(1):39-67
  • Fulton MM, Allen ER. Polypharmacy in the elderly: a literature review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2005;17(4):123-32
  • Spina E, Scordo MG. Clinically significant drug interactions with antidepressants in the elderly. Drugs & Aging 2002;19:299-320
  • Spina E, de Leon J. Clinically relevant interactions between newer antidepressants and second-generation antipsychotics. Exp Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014;10:721-46
  • Shulman KI, Herrmann N, Walker SE. Current place of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depression. CNS Drugs 2013;27:789-97
  • Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1112-20
  • Montgomery SA. Late-life depression: rationalizing pharmacological treatment options. Gerontology 2002;48:392-400
  • Witchel HJ, Hancox JC, Nutt DJ. Psychotropic drugs, cardiac arrhythmia, and sudden death. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:58-77
  • Roose SP, Schatzberg AF. The efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of late-life depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25(Suppl 1):S1-7
  • Hemeryck A, Belpaire FM. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and cytochrome P-450 mediated drug-drug interactions: an update. Curr Drug Metab 2002;3:13-37
  • Walley T, Pirmohamed M, Proudlove C, et al. Interaction of metoprolol and fluoxetine. Lancet 1993;341:967-8
  • Drake WM, Gordon GD. Heart block in a patient on propranolol and fluoxetine. Lancet 1994;343:425-6
  • Leibowitz A, Bilchinsky T, Gil I, et al. Elevated serum digoxin level associated with coadministered fluoxetine. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1152-3
  • Yasui-Furukori N, Kaneko S. Digitalis intoxication induced by paroxetine co-administration. Lancet 2006;367:788
  • Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Kopp A, et al. A population-based assessment of the potential interaction between serotonin-specific re-uptake inhibitors and digoxin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;59:102-7
  • Caraci F, Crupi R, Drago F, et al. Metabolic drug interactions between antidepressants and anticancer drugs: focus on selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and hypericum extract. Curr Drug Metab 2011;12:570-7
  • Goeringer KE, Raymon L, Christian GD, et al. Postmortem forensic toxicology of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors: a review of pharmacology and report of 168 cases. J Forensic Sci 2002;45:633-48
  • Dalton SO, Sorensen HT, Johansen C. SSRIs and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: what is known and how should it influence prescribing? CNS Drugs 2006;20(2):143-51
  • Masclee GM, Valkhoff VE, Coloma PM, et al. Risk for upper gastrointestinal bleeding from different drug combinations. Gastroenterology 2014;147(4):784-92
  • Schalekamp T, Klungel OH, Souverein PC, et al. Increased bleeding risk with concurrent use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and coumarins. Arch Intern Med 2008;168(2):180-5
  • Wallerstedt SM, Gleerup H, Sundstrom A, et al. Risk of clinically relevant bleeding in warfarin-treated patients--influence of SSRI treatment. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009;18(5):412-16
  • Cochran KA, Cavallari LH, Shapiro NL, et al. Bleeding incidence with concomitant use of antidepressants and warfarin. Ther Drug Monit 2011;33(4):433-8
  • Spina E, Santoro V, D’Arrigo C. Clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with second-generation antidepressants: an update. Clin Ther 2008;30(7):1206-27
  • Rustad JK, Stern TA, Hebert KA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with congestive heart failure: a review of the literature. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2013;15(4):13r01511
  • Jolly K, Gammage MD, Cheng KK, et al. Sudden death in patients receiving drugs tending to prolong the QT interval. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;68(5):743-51
  • Leonard CE, Bilker WB, Newcomb C, et al. Antidepressants and the risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011;20(9):903-13
  • Ray WA, Meredith S, Thapa PB, et al. Cyclic antidepressants and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75(3):234-41
  • Weeke P, Jensen A, Folke F, et al. Antidepressant use and risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide case-time-control study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012;92(1):72-9
  • FDA. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Abnormal heart rhythms associated with high doses of Celexa (citalopram hydrobromide). 2012
  • Pacher P, Kecskemeti V. Cardiovascular side effects of new antidepressants and antipsychotics: new drugs, old concerns? Curr Pharm Des 2004;10(20):2463-75
  • Rudolph RL, Derivan AT. The safety and tolerability of venlafaxine hydrochloride: analysis of the clinical trials database. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;16(3 Suppl 2):54S-9S
  • Martinez C, Assimes TL, Mines D, et al. Use of venlafaxine compared with other antidepressants and the risk of sudden cardiac death or near death: a nested case-control study. BMJ 2010;340:c249
  • Wernicke J, Lledó A, Raskin J, et al. An evaluation of the cardiovascular safety profile of duloxetine: findings from 42 placebo-controlled studies. Drug Saf 2007;30(5):437-55
  • Liu BA, Mittmann N, Knowles SR, et al. Hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with the use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors: a review of spontaneous reports. Cmaj 1996;155(5):519-27
  • Siegler EL, Tamres D, Berlin JA, et al. Risk factors for the development of hyponatremia in psychiatric inpatients. Arch Intern Med 1995;155(9):953-7
  • Movig KL, Leufkens HG, Lenderink AW, et al. Association between antidepressant drug use and hyponatraemia: a case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53(4):363-9
  • Movig KL, Leufkens HG, Lenderink AW, et al. Serotonergic antidepressants associated with an increased risk for hyponatraemia in the elderly. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002;58(2):143-8
  • Canadian Institute for Health Information. Major Injury Hospitalizations Due to Unintentional Falls in Canada 2009–2010 Report. 2011. Available from: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/OTR_CDS_2009_2010_Annual_Report.pdf [Last accessed 20 January 2015]
  • Trifiro G, Barbui C, Spina E, et al. Antidepressant drugs: prevalence, incidence and indication of use in general practice of Southern Italy during the years 2003-2004. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007;16(5):552-9
  • Thapa PB, Gideon P, Cost TW, et al. Antidepressants and the risk of falls among nursing home residents. N Engl J Med 1998;339(13):875-82
  • Milos V, Bondesson A, Magnusson M, et al. Fall risk-increasing drugs and falls: a cross-sectional study among elderly patients in primary care. BMC Geriatr 2014;14:40
  • van Strien AM, Koek HL, van Marum RJ, et al. Psychotropic medications, including short acting benzodiazepines, strongly increase the frequency of falls in elderly. Maturitas 2013;74(4):357-62
  • Quach L, Yang FM, Berry SD, et al. Depression, antidepressants, and falls among community-dwelling elderly people: the MOBILIZE Boston study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013;68(12):1575-81
  • Hartikainen S, Lonnroos E, Louhivuori K. Medication as a risk factor for falls: critical systematic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62(10):1172-81
  • Coupland C, Dhiman P, Morriss R, et al. Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study. BMJ Open 2011;343:d4551
  • van den Brand MW, Pouwels S, Samson MM, et al. Use of anti-depressants and the risk of fracture of the hip or femur. Osteoporos Int 2009;20(10):1705-13
  • Hubbard R, Farrington P, Smith C, et al. Exposure to tricyclic and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of hip fracture. Am J Epidemiol 2003;158(1):77-84
  • Bakken MS, Engeland A, Engesaeter LB, et al. increased risk of hip fracture among older people using antidepressant drugs: data from the norwegian prescription database and the norwegian hip fracture registry. Age Ageing 2013;42(4):514-20
  • Subelj M, Vidmar G, Svab V. Time trends in prescribing habits of anxiolytics and antidepressants in Slovenian family practices (with emphasis on elderly patients). Coll Antropol 2012;36(2):483-9
  • Lapi F, Nicotra F, Scotti L, et al. Use of antidepressant serotoninergic medications and cardiac valvulopathy: a nested case-control study in the health improvement network (THIN) database. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;74(3):536-44
  • Frechen S, Zoeller A, Ruberg K, et al. Drug interactions in dying patients: a retrospective analysis of hospice inpatients in Germany. Drug Saf 2012;35(9):745-58
  • Karanges EA, Stephenson CP, McGregor IS. Longitudinal trends in the dispensing of psychotropic medications in Australia from 2009-2012: focus on children, adolescents and prescriber specialty. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014;48(10):917-31
  • Etchepare F, Sanglier T, André M, et al. Antidepressant treatment patterns in younger and older adults from the general population in a real-life setting. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014;29(9):928-35
  • Electronic medicines compendium. Eldepryl 5 mg Tablets (selegiline) summary of product characteristics. Available from: http://www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/13200/SPC/Eldepryl+tablets+5mg/ [Last accessed 19 January 2015]
  • Mylan, Inc. Emsam (transdermal selegiline) summary of product characteristics. Available from: http://www.emsam.com/ [Last accessed 19 January 2015]
  • Katona C, Hansen T, Olsen CK. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, duloxetine-referenced, fixed-dose study comparing the efficacy and safety of Lu AA21004 in elderly patients with major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2012;27(4):215-23

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.