An evaluation of current treatment options for immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis

Bibliography

• Merlini G, Bellotti V. Molecular mechanisms of amyloidosis. N Engl J Med 2003;349:583-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen AD, Comenzo RL. Systemic light-chain amyloidosis: advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Hematology Am Soc of Hematol Educ Program 2010;2010:287-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Comenzo RL, Olshen AB, et al. CD32B is highly expressed on clonal plasma cells from patients with systemic light-chain amyloidosis and provides a target for monoclonal antibody-based therapy. Blood 2008;111(7):3403-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat A, Selmi C, Naguwa SM, et al. Currents concepts on the immunopathology of amyloidosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010;38(2-3):97-106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Picken MM. Amyloidosis-where are we now and where are we heading? Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010;134(4):545-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheen SP, Levinson SS. Serum free light chain analysis may miss monoclonal light chains that urine immunofixation electrophoreses would detect. Clin Chim Acta 2009;406(1-2):162-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz MA. Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2011;86(2):180-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vrana JA, Gamez JD, Madden BJ, et al. Classification of amyloidosis by laser microdissection and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis in clinical biopsy specimens. Blood 2009;114:4957-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlini G, Palladini G. Amyloidosis: is a cure possible? Ann Oncol 2008;19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gertz MA, Comenzo R, Falk RH, et al. Definition of organ involvement and treatment response in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL): a consensus opinion from the 10th International Symposium on Amyloid and Amyloidosis. Am J Hematol 2005;79:319-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siragusa S, Morice W, Gertz MA, et al. Asymptomatic immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) at the time of diagnostic bone marrow biopsy in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma and smoldering myeloma. A series of 144 cases and a review of the literature. Ann Hematol 2011;90(1):101-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA, Kyle RA, et al. Prognostication of survival using cardiac troponins and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Blood 2004;104:1881-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dispenzieri A, Gertz M, Kyle R, et al. Serum cardiac troponins and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide: a staging system for primary systemic amyloidosis. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:3751-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradwell AR, Carr-Smith HD, Mead GP, et al. Highly sensitive, automated immunoassay for immunoglobulin free light chains in serum and urine. Clin Chem 2001;47:673-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Katzmann JA, et al. Absolute values of immunoglobulin free light chains are prognostic in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Blood 2006;107:3378-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, et al. Effect of hematologic response on outcome of patients undergoing transplantation for primary amyloidosis: importance of achieving a complete response. Haematologica 2007;92:1415-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner M, Sanchorawala V, Seldin DC, et al. High-dose melphalan and autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with AL amyloidosis: an 8-year study. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:85-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, et al. Transplantation for amyloidosis. Curr Opin Oncol 2007;19(2):136-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palladini G, Lavatelli F, Russo P, et al. Circulating amyloidogenic free light chains and serum N-terminal natriuretic peptide type B decrease simultaneously in association with improvement of survival in AL. Blood 2006;107:3854-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palladini G, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA, et al. New criteria for response to treatment in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis based on free light chain measurement and cardiac biomarkers: impact on survival outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(36):4541-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones NF, Hilton PJ, Tighe JR, et al. Treatment of “primary” renal amyloidosis with melphalan. Lancet 1972;2(7778):616-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner M, Anderson J, Simms R, et al. Treatment of 100 patients with primary amyloidosis: a randomized trial of melphalan, prednisone, and colchicine versus colchicine only. Am J Med 1996;100:290-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Greipp PR, et al. A trial of three regimens for primary amyloidosis: colchicine alone, melphalan and prednisone, and melphalan, prednisone, and colchicine. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1202-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachmann HJ, Gallimore R, Gillmore JD, et al. Outcome in systemic AL amyloidosis in relation to changes in concentration of circulating free immunoglobulin light chains following chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 2003;122:78-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van GII, Hazenberg BP, Jager PL, et al. AL amyloidosis treated with induction chemotherapy with VAD followed by high dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation. Amyloid 2002;9(3):165-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tazawa K, Matsuda M, Yoshida T, et al. Therapeutic outcome of cyclic VAD (vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone) therapy in primary systemic AL amyloidosis patients. Intern Med 2008;47(17):1517-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhodapkar MV, Hussein MA, Rasmussen E, et al. Clinical efficacy of high-dose dexamethasone with maintenance dexamethasone/alpha interferon in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis: results of United States Intergroup Trial Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) S9628. Blood 2004;104:3520-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palladini G, Anesi E, Perfetti V, et al. A modified high-dose dexamethasone regimen for primary systemic (AL) amyloidosis. Br J Haematol 2001;113:1044-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palladini G, Perfetti V, Obici L, et al. Association of melphalan and high-dose dexamethasone is effective and well tolerated in patients with AL (primary) amyloidosis who are ineligible for stem cell transplantation. Blood 2004;103:2936-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palladini G, Russo P, Nuvolone M, et al. Treatment with oral melphalan plus dexamethasone produces long-term remissions in AL amyloidosis. Blood 2007;110:787-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich S, Schonland SO, Benner A, et al. Treatment with intravenous melphalan and dexamethasone is not able to overcome the poor prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed systemic light chain amyloidosis and severe cardiac involvement. Blood 2010;116(4):522-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebovic D, Hoffman J, Levine BM, et al. Predictors of survival in patients with systemic light-chain amyloidosis and cardiac involvement initially ineligible for stem cell transplantation and treated with oral melphalan and dexamethasone. Br J Haematol 2008;143(3):369-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman HJB, Lachmann HJ, Hawkins PN. Intermediate dose intravenous melphalan and dexamethasone treatment in 144 patients with systemic AL amyloidosis. Blood 2004;104:755A
   Google Scholar
• Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Lust JA, et al. Long-term risk of myelodysplasia in melphalan-treated patients with immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis. Haematologica 2008;93(9):1402-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comenzo RL, Vosburgh E, Simms RW, et al. Dose-intensive melphalan with blood stem cell support for the treatment of AL amyloidosis: one-year follow-up in five patients. Blood 1996;88:2801-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comenzo RL, Vosburgh E, Falk RH, et al. Dose-intensive melphalan with blood stem-cell support for the treatment of AL (amyloid light-chain) amyloidosis: survival and responses in 25 patients. Blood 1998;91:3662-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordes S, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, et al. Ten-year survival after autologous stem cell transplantation for immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis. Cancer 2012;118(24):6105-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dember LM, Sanchorawala V, Seldin DC, et al. Effect of dose-intensive intravenous melphalan and autologous blood stem-cell transplantation on al amyloidosis-associated renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:746-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seldin DC, Anderson JJ, Sanchorawala V, et al. Improvement in quality of life of patients with AL amyloidosis treated with high-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood 2004;104:1888-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comenzo RL, Gertz MA. Autologous stem cell transplantation for primary systemic amyloidosis. Blood 2002;99:4276-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman HJ, Gillmore JD, Lachmann HJ, et al. Outcome of autologous stem cell transplantation for AL amyloidosis in the UK. Br J Haematol 2006;134:417-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, et al. Stem cell transplantation for the management of primary systemic amyloidosis. Am J Med 2002;113:549-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Leblond V, Bourquelot P, et al. Prognostic factors for survival and response after high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in systemic AL amyloidosis: a report on 21 patients. Br J Haematol 1998;101:766-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saba N, Sutton D, Ross H, et al. High treatment-related mortality in cardiac amyloid patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999;24:853-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai SB, Seldin DC, Quillen K, et al. High-dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation for patients with AL amyloidosis: trends in treatment-related mortality over the past 17 years at a single referral center. Blood 2012;120(22):4445-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaccard A, Moreau P, Leblond V, et al. High-dose melphalan versus melphalan plus dexamethasone for AL amyloidosis. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1083-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, et al. Risk-adjusted manipulation of melphalan dose before stem cell transplantation in patients with amyloidosis is associated with a lower response rate. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004;34:1025-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen AD, Zhou P, Chou J, et al. Risk-adapted autologous stem cell transplantation with adjuvant dexamethasone +/- thalidomide for systemic light-chain amyloidosis: results of a phase II trial. Br J Haematol 2007;139:224-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau H, Hassoun H, Bello C, et al. Consolidation with bortezomib and dexamethasone following risk-adapted melphalan and stem cell transplant in systemic AL amyloidosis. Amyloid 2011;18(Suppl 1):135-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gertz M, Lacy M, Dispenzieri A, et al. Troponin T level as an exclusion criterion for stem cell transplantation in light-chain amyloidosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2008;49(1):36-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Gastineau DA, et al. Blood stem cell transplantation as therapy for primary systemic amyloidosis (AL). Bone Marrow Transplant 2000;26:963-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesole DH, Perez WS, Akasheh M, et al. High-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with primary systemic amyloidosis: a Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research Study. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:880-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, et al. Trends in day 100 and 2-year survival after auto-SCT for AL amyloidosis: outcomes before and after 2006. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011;46(7):970-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA. High-dose melphalan versus melphalan plus dexamethasone for AL amyloidosis. N Engl J Med 2008;358(1):91; author reply 92-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, et al. Refinement in patient selection to reduce treatment-related mortality from autologous stem cell transplantation in amyloidosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013;48(4):557-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau H, Hassoun H, Rosenzweig MA, et al. Bortezomib and dexamethasone consolidation following risk-adapted melphalan and stem cell transplantation for patients with newly diagnosed light-chain amyloidosis. Leukemia 2013;27(4):823-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seldin DC, Choufani EB, Dember LM, et al. Tolerability and efficacy of thalidomide for the treatment of patients with light chain-associated (AL) amyloidosis. Clin Lymphoma 2003;3:241-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gertz MA, Zeldenrust SR. Treatment of immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2009;4(2):91-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palladini G, Perfetti V, Perlini S, et al. The combination of thalidomide and intermediate-dose dexamethasone is an effective but toxic treatment for patients with primary amyloidosis (AL). Blood 2005;105:2949-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palladini G, Russo P, Lavatelli F, et al. Treatment of patients with advanced cardiac AL amyloidosis with oral melphalan, dexamethasone, and thalidomide. Ann Hematol 2009;88(4):347-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechalekar AD, Goodman HJB, Lachmann HJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of risk-adapted cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone in systemic AL amyloidosis. Blood 2007;109:457-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Zeldenrust SR, et al. The activity of lenalidomide with or without dexamethasone in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis. Blood 2007;109:465-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchorawala V, Wright DG, Rosenzweig M, et al. Lenalidomide and dexamethasone in the treatment of AL amyloidosis: results of a phase 2 trial. Blood 2007;109:492-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchorawala V, Finn KT, Fennessey S, et al. Durable hematologic complete responses can be achieved with lenalidomide in AL amyloidosis. Blood 2010;116(11):1990-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Jaccard A, Benboubker L, et al. Lenalidomide in combination with melphalan and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis: a multicenter phase 1/2 dose-escalation study. Blood 2010;116(23):4777-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchorawala V, Patel JM, Sloan JM, et al. Melphalan, lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: results of a phase II trial. Haematologica 2013;98(5):789-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar SK, Hayman SR, Buadi FK, et al. Lenalidomide, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (CRd) for light-chain amyloidosis: long-term results from a phase 2 trial. Blood 2012;119(21):4860-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palladini G, Russo P, Milani P, et al. A phase II trial of cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide and dexamethasone in previously treated patients with AL amyloidosis. Haematologica 2013;98(3):433-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinner S, Witteles W, Afghahi A, et al. Lenalidomide, melphalan and dexamethasone in a population of patients with immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis with high rates of advanced cardiac involvement. Haematologica 2013;98:1593-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Prevention of thalidomide- and lenalidomide-associated thrombosis in myeloma. Leukemia 2008;22(2):414-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapan U, Seldin DC, Finn KT, et al. Increases in B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) during treatment with lenalidomide in AL amyloidosis. Blood 2010;116(23):5071-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dispenzieri A, Dingli D, Kumar SK, et al. Discordance between serum cardiac biomarker and immunoglobulin-free light-chain response in patients with immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis treated with immune modulatory drugs. Am J Hematol 2010;85(10):757-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Specter R, Sanchorawala V, Seldin DC, et al. Kidney dysfunction during lenalidomide treatment for AL amyloidosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26(3):881-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dispenzieri A, Buadi F, Laumann K, et al. Activity of pomalidomide in patients with immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis. Blood 2012;119(23):5397-404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitia R, Palladini G, Merlini G. Bortezomib in the treatment of AL amyloidosis: targeted therapy? Haematologica 2007;92(10):1302-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechalekar AD, Lachmann HJ, Offer M, et al. Efficacy of bortezomib in systemic AL amyloidosis with relapsed/refractory clonal disease. Haematologica 2008;93:295-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece DE, Sanchorawala V, Hegenbart U, et al. Weekly and twice-weekly bortezomib in patients with systemic AL amyloidosis: results of a phase 1 dose-escalation study. Blood 2009;114:1489-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece DE, Hegenbart U, Sanchorawala V, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly and twice-weekly bortezomib in patients with relapsed systemic AL amyloidosis: results of a phase 1/2 study. Blood 2011;118(4):865-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastritis E, Anagnostopoulos A, Roussou M, et al. Treatment of light chain (AL) amyloidosis with the combination of bortezomib and dexamethasone. Haematologica 2007;92:1351-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastritis E, Wechalekar AD, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Bortezomib with or without dexamethasone in primary systemic (light chain) amyloidosis. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1031-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikhael JR, Schuster SR, Jimenez-Zepeda VH, et al. Cyclophosphamide-bortezomib-dexamethasone (CyBorD) produces rapid and complete hematologic response in patients with AL amyloidosis. Blood 2012;119(19):4391-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig M, Landau H. Light chain (AL) amyloidosis: update on diagnosis and management. J Hematol Oncol 2011;4:1-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah G, Kaul E, Fallo S, et al. Bortezomib subcutaneous injection in combination regimens for myeloma or systemic light-chain amyloidosis: a retrospective chart review of response rates and toxicity in newly diagnosed patients. ClinTher 2013;35(10):1614-20
   Google Scholar
• Bockorny M, Chakravarty S, Schulman P, et al. Severe heart failure after bortezomib treatment in a patient with multiple myeloma: a case report and review of the literature. Acta Haematol 2012;128(4):244-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubrey SW, Reece DE, Sanchorawala V, et al. Bortezomib in a phase 1 trial for patients with relapsed AL amyloidosis: cardiac responses and overall effects. QJM 2011;104(11):957-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlini G, Sanchorawala V, Zonder JA, et al. MLN9708, a novel, investigational oral proteasome inhibitor, in patients with relapsed or refractory light-chain amyloidosis (AL): results of a phase 1 study. Blood 2012;120:21
   Google Scholar
• Benson MD, Kluve-Beckerman B, Zeldenrust SR, et al. Targeted suppression of an amyloidogenic transthyretin with antisense oligonucleotides. Muscle nerve 2006;33(5):609-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermann EJ, Guo S, Booten S, et al. Clinical development of an antisense therapy for the treatment of transthyretin-associated polyneuropathy. Amyloid 2012;19(Suppl 1):43-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovey BM, Ward JE, Soo Hoo P, et al. Preclinical development of siRNA therapeutics for AL amyloidosis. Gene Ther 2011;18(12):1150-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrncic R, Wall J, Wolfenbarger DA, et al. Antibody-mediated resolution of light chain-associated amyloid deposits. Am J Pathol 2000;157:1239-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon A, Weiss DT, Wall JS. Therapeutic potential of chimeric amyloid-reactive monoclonal antibody 11-1F4. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:3831S-8S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepys MB, Herbert J, Hutchinson WL, et al. Targeted pharmacological depletion of serum amyloid P component for treatment of human amyloidosis. Nature 2002;417:254-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillmore JD, Tennent GA, Hutchinson WL, et al. Sustained pharmacological depletion of serum amyloid P component in patients with systemic amyloidosis. Br J Haematol 2010;148(5):760-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepys MB, Rademacher TW, Amatayakul-Chantler S, et al. Human serum amyloid P component is an invariant constituent of amyloid deposits and has a uniquely homogeneous glycostructure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:5602-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodin K, Ellmerich S, Kahan MC, et al. Antibodies to human serum amyloid P component eliminate visceral amyloid deposits. Nature 2010;468:93-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungbluth AA, Ely S, DiLiberto M, et al. The cancer-testis antigens CT7 (MAGE-C1) and MAGE-A3/6 are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma and correlate with plasma-cell proliferation. Blood 2005;106(1):167-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenzweig MA, Landau H, Seldin D, et al. Cancer-testis antigen expression and immunogenicity in AL amyloidosis. Blood cancer J 2012;2:e90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristen AV, Dengler TJ, Hegenbart U, et al. Prophylactic implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with severe cardiac amyloidosis and high risk for sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm 2008;5:235-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillmore JD, Goodman HJ, Lachmann HJ, et al. Sequential heart and autologous stem cell transplantation for systemic AL amyloidosis. Blood 2006;107:1227-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, Hayman SR, et al. Autologous stem cell transplant after heart transplant for light chain (Al) amyloid cardiomyopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27:823-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung N, Griffin MD, Dispenzieri A, et al. Living donor kidney and autologous stem cell transplantation for primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) with predominant renal involvement. Am J Transplant 2005;5:1660-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dey BR, Chung SS, Spitzer TR, et al. Cardiac transplantation followed by dose-intensive melphalan and autologous stem-cell transplantation for light chain amyloidosis and heart failure. Transplantation 2010;90(8):905-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar