Current and future approaches for treatment of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with well-characterized onconeural antibodies

Bibliography

• de Beukelaar JW, Sillevis Smitt PA. Managing paraneoplastic neurological disorders. Oncologist 2006;11:292-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster E, Dalmau J. Neuronal autoantigens--pathogenesis, associated disorders and antibody testing. Nat Rev Neurol 2012;8:380-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld MR, Dalmau J. Diagnosis and management of paraneoplastic neurologic disorders. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2013;14:528-38
   Google Scholar
• Graus F, Delattre JY, Antoine JC, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1135-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Graaff E, Maat P, Hulsenboom E, et al. Identification of delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor as the Tr antigen in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Ann Neurol 2012;71:815-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titulaer MJ, Soffietti R, Dalmau J, et al. Screening for tumours in paraneoplastic syndromes: report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol 2011;18:19-e3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedeler CA, Antoine JC, Giometto B, et al. Management of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: report of an EFNS Task Force. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:682-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giometto B, Vitaliani R, Lindeck-Pozza E, et al. Treatment for paraneoplastic neuropathies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;(12):CD007625
   Google Scholar
• Graus F, Keime-Guibert F, Rene R, et al. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: analysis of 200 patients. Brain 2001;124:1138-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas I, Graus F, Keime-Guibert F, et al. Long-term clinical outcome of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and anti-Yo antibodies. Neurology 2000;55:713-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillevis Smitt P, Grefkens J, de Leeuw B, et al. Survival and outcome in 73 anti-Hu positive patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy. J Neurol 2002;249:745-53
   Google Scholar
• Graus F, Illa I, Agusti M, et al. Effect of intraventricular injection of an anti-Purkinje cell antibody (anti-Yo) in a guinea pig model. J Neurol Sci 1991;106:82-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka K, Tanaka M, Igarashi S, et al. Trial to establish an animal model of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo antibody. 2. Passive transfer of murine mononuclear cells activated with recombinant Yo protein to paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration lymphocytes in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1995;97:101-5
   Google Scholar
• Sillevis Smitt PA, Manley GT, Posner JB. Immunization with the paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen HuD does not cause neurologic disease in mice. Neurology 1995;45:1873-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts WK, Darnell RB. Neuroimmunology of the paraneoplastic neurological degenerations. Curr Opin Immunol 2004;16:616-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuliani L, Graus F, Giometto B, et al. Central nervous system neuronal surface antibody associated syndromes: review and guidelines for recognition. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:638-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, et al. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:63-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titulaer MJ, Maddison P, Sont JK, et al. Clinical Dutch-English Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) tumor association prediction score accurately predicts small-cell lung cancer in the LEMS. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:902-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, et al. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 1988;19:604-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keime-Guibert F, Graus F, Fleury A, et al. Treatment of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with antineuronal antibodies (Anti-Hu, anti-Yo) with a combination of immunoglobulins, cyclophosphamide, and methylprednisolone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:479-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giometto B, Grisold W, Vitaliani R, et al. Paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome in the PNS Euronetwork database: a European study from 20 centers. Arch Neurol 2010;67:330-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manley GT, Smitt PS, Dalmau J, Posner JB. Hu antigens: reactivity with Hu antibodies, tumor expression, and major immunogenic sites. Ann Neurol 1995;38:102-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King PH, Redden D, Palmgren JS, et al. Hu antigen specificities of ANNA-I autoantibodies in paraneoplastic neurological disease. J Autoimmun 1999;13:435-43
   Google Scholar
• King PH. Differential expression of the neuroendocrine genes Hel-N1 and HuD in small-cell lung carcinoma: evidence for down-regulation of HuD in the variant phenotype. Int J Cancer 1997;74:378-82
   Google Scholar
• Dalmau J, Furneaux HM, Cordon-Cardo C, Posner JB. The expression of the Hu (paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy) antigen in human normal and tumor tissues. Am J Pathol 1992;141:881-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Graaf MT, de Beukelaar JW, Haasnoot GW, et al. HLA-DQ2+ individuals are susceptible to Hu-Ab associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neuroimmunol 2010;226:147-9
   Google Scholar
• Rauer S, Kaiser R. Demonstration of anti-HuD specific oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Qualitative evidence of anti-HuD specific IgG-synthesis in the central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 2000;111:241-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Graaf M, de Beukelaar J, Bergsma J, et al. B and T cell imbalances in CSF of patients with Hu-antibody associated PNS. J Neuroimmunol 2008;195:164-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jongste AH, de Graaf MT, van den Broek PD, et al. Elevated numbers of regulatory T cells, central memory T cells and class-switched B cells in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with anti-Hu antibody associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neuroimmunol 2013;258:85-90
   Google Scholar
• Voltz R, Dalmau J, Posner JB, Rosenfeld MR. T-cell receptor analysis in anti-Hu associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Neurology 1998;51:1146-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal F, Graus F, Pifarre A, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol 2002;103:509-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanschitz J, Hainfellner JA, Kristoferitsch W, et al. Ganglionitis in paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuronopathy: a morphologic study. Neurology 1997;49:1156-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bien CG, Vincent A, Barnett MH, et al. Immunopathology of autoantibody-associated encephalitides: clues for pathogenesis. Brain 2012;135:1622-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpentier AF, Rosenfeld MR, Delattre JY, et al. DNA vaccination with HuD inhibits growth of a neuroblastoma in mice. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4:2819-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean WC, Dalmau J, Ho A, Posner JB. Analysis of the IgG subclass distribution and inflammatory infiltrates in patients with anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Neurology 1994;44:140-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plonquet A, Garcia-Pons F, Fernandez E, et al. Peptides derived from the onconeural HuD protein can elicit cytotoxic responses in HHD mouse and human. J Neuroimmunol 2003;142:93-100
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau A, Benyahia B, Dalmau J, et al. T cell response to Hu-D peptides in patients with anti-Hu syndrome. J Neurooncol 2005;71:231-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka M, Maruyama Y, Sugie M, et al. Cytotoxic T cell activity against peptides of Hu protein in anti-Hu syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2002;201:9-12
   Google Scholar
• de Beukelaar JW, Milikan JC, Verjans GM, et al. No evidence for the presence of HuD-specific T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Hu-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol 2009;256:279-82
   Google Scholar
• de Beukelaar JW, Verjans GM, van Norden Y, et al. No evidence for circulating HuD-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and Hu antibodies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007;56:1501-6
   Google Scholar
• Roberts WK, Deluca IJ, Thomas A, et al. Patients with lung cancer and paraneoplastic Hu syndrome harbor HuD-specific type 2 CD8+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2009;119:2042-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Jongste AH, de Graaf MT, Martinuzzi E, et al. Three sensitive assays do not provide evidence for circulating HuD-specific T cells in the blood of patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with anti-Hu antibodies. Neuro Oncol 2012;14:841-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giometto B, Marchiori GC, Nicolao P, et al. Sub-acute cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo autoantibodies: immunohistochemical analysis of the immune reaction in the central nervous system. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1997;23:468-74
   Google Scholar
• Storstein A, Krossnes BK, Vedeler CA. Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with Yo antibodies. Acta Neurol Scand 2009;120:64-7
   Google Scholar
• Albert ML, Darnell JC, Bender A, et al. Tumor-specific killer cells in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Nat Med 1998;4:1321-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton IJ, Steele J, Savage CO, et al. An interferon-gamma ELISPOT and immunohistochemical investigation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated tumour immunity in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and anti-Yo antibodies. J Neuroimmunol 2004;150:98-106
   Google Scholar
• Cross SA, Salomao DR, Parisi JE, et al. Paraneoplastic autoimmune optic neuritis with retinitis defined by CRMP-5-IgG. Ann Neurol 2003;54:38-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brieva-Ruiz L, Diaz-Hurtado M, Matias-Guiu X, et al. Anti-Ri-associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and breast cancer: an autopsy case study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008;110:1044-6
   Google Scholar
• Hormigo A, Dalmau J, Rosenblum MK, et al. Immunological and pathological study of anti-Ri-associated encephalopathy. Ann Neurol 1994;36:896-902
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geis C, Weishaupt A, Hallermann S, et al. Stiff person syndrome-associated autoantibodies to amphiphysin mediate reduced GABAergic inhibition. Brain 2010;133:3166-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal F, Shams'ili S, Rojas I, et al. Anti-Tr antibodies as markers of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and Hodgkin's disease. Neurology 2003;60:230-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shams'ili S, Grefkens J, de Leeuw B, et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with antineuronal antibodies: analysis of 50 patients. Brain 2003;126:1409-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Coevorden-Hameete MH, de Graaff E, Titulaer MJ, et al. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying anti-neuronal antibody mediated disorders of the central nervous system. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:299-312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keime-Guibert F, Graus F, Broet P, et al. Clinical outcome of patients with anti-Hu-associated encephalomyelitis after treatment of the tumor. Neurology 1999;53:1719-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graus F, Dalmau J, Rene R, et al. Anti-Hu antibodies in patients with small-cell lung cancer: association with complete response to therapy and improved survival. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2866-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monstad SE, Drivsholm L, Storstein A, et al. Hu and voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) antibodies related to the prognosis of small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:795-800
   Google Scholar
• Darnell RB, DeAngelis LM. Regression of small-cell lung carcinoma in patients with paraneoplastic neuronal antibodies. Lancet 1993;341:21-2
   Google Scholar
• Shams'ili S, de Beukelaar J, Gratama JW, et al. An uncontrolled trial of rituximab for antibody associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol 2006;253:16-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Broekhoven F, de Graaf MT, Bromberg JE, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin treatment of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010;81:1341-4
   Google Scholar
• Vernino S, O'Neill BP, Marks RS, et al. Immunomodulatory treatment trial for paraneoplastic neurological disorders. Neuro Oncol 2004;6:55-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graus F, Vega F, Delattre JY, et al. Plasmapheresis and antineoplastic treatment in CNS paraneoplastic syndromes with antineuronal autoantibodies. Neurology 1992;42:536-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uchuya M, Graus F, Vega F, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with antineuronal autoantibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;60:388-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orange D, Frank M, Tian S, et al. Cellular immune suppression in paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes targeting intracellular antigens. Arch Neurol 2012;69:1132-40
   Google Scholar
• Honnorat J, Cartalat-Carel S, Ricard D, et al. Onco-neural antibodies and tumour type determine survival and neurological symptoms in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with Hu or CV2/CRMP5 antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:412-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA. Anti-neuronal nuclear autoantibody type 2: paraneoplastic accompaniments. Ann Neurol 2003;53:580-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalmau J, Graus F, Villarejo A, et al. Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain 2004;127:1831-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann LA, Jarius S, Pellkofer HL, et al. Anti-Ma and anti-Ta associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: 22 newly diagnosed patients and review of previous cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79:767-73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenfeld MR, Eichen JG, Wade DF, et al. Molecular and clinical diversity in paraneoplastic immunity to Ma proteins. Ann Neurol 2001;50:339-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murinson BB, Guarnaccia JB. Stiff-person syndrome with amphiphysin antibodies: distinctive features of a rare disease. Neurology 2008;71:1955-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Parisi JE, et al. Amphiphysin autoimmunity: paraneoplastic accompaniments. Ann Neurol 2005;58:96-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer C, Weishaupt A, Brinkhoff J, et al. Paraneoplastic stiff-person syndrome: passive transfer to rats by means of IgG antibodies to amphiphysin. Lancet 2005;365:1406-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalakas MC. B cells as therapeutic targets in autoimmune neurological disorders. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2008;4:557-67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voltz R. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol 2006;253(Suppl 5):V33-8
   Google Scholar
• Common Toxicity Criteria version 2.0. 1999. Available from: http://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcv20_4-30-992.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Leone MA, Brainin M, Boon P, et al. Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces - revised recommendations 2012. Eur J Neurol 2013;20:410-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camdessanche JP, Lassabliere F, Meyronnet D, et al. Expression of the onconeural CV2/CRMP5 antigen in thymus and thymoma. J Neuroimmunol 2006;174:168-73
   Google Scholar
• Meinl E, Krumbholz M, Hohlfeld R. B lineage cells in the inflammatory central nervous system environment: migration, maintenance, local antibody production, and therapeutic modulation. Ann Neurol 2006;59:880-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ransohoff RM, Engelhardt B. The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol 2012;12:623-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, et al. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:402-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuve O, Marra CM, Jerome KR, et al. Immune surveillance in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Ann Neurol 2006;59:743-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles AJ, Twyman CL, Arnold DL, et al. Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2012;380(9856):1829-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JA, Coles AJ, Arnold DL, et al. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2012;380(9856):1819-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketterl TG, Messinger YH, Niess DR, et al. Ofatumumab for refractory opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome following treatment of neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:E163-5
   Google Scholar
• Dalmau J, Graus F, Rosenblum MK, Posner JB. Anti-Hu--associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy. A clinical study of 71 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1992;71:59-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucchinetti CF, Kimmel DW, Lennon VA. Paraneoplastic and oncologic profiles of patients seropositive for type 1 antineuronal nuclear autoantibodies. Neurology 1998;50:652-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson K, Rosenblum MK, Kotanides H, Posner JB. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. I. A clinical analysis of 55 anti-Yo antibody-positive patients. Neurology 1992;42:1931-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Z, Kryzer TJ, Griesmann GE, et al. CRMP-5 neuronal autoantibody: marker of lung cancer and thymoma-related autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 2001;49:146-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckanovich RJ, Posner JB, Darnell RB. Nova, the paraneoplastic Ri antigen, is homologous to an RNA-binding protein and is specifically expressed in the developing motor system. Neuron 1993;11:657-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoine JC, Absi L, Honnorat J, et al. Antiamphiphysin antibodies are associated with various paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and tumors. Arch Neurol 1999;56:172-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan KH, Vernino S, Lennon VA. ANNA-3 anti-neuronal nuclear antibody: marker of lung cancer-related autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 2001;50:301-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamus G, Ren G, Weleber RG. Autoantibodies against retinal proteins in paraneoplastic and autoimmune retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2004;4:5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohguro H, Yokoi Y, Ohguro I, et al. Clinical and immunologic aspects of cancer-associated retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:1117-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiz A, Blanco Y, Sabater L, et al. Spectrum of neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: diagnostic clues for this association. Brain 2008;131:2553-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterhuis HJ. The natural course of myasthenia gravis: a long term follow up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:1121-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein CM, Vernino S, Lennon VA, et al. The spectrum of autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. Ann Neurol 2003;53:752-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:157-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai M, Huijbers MG, Lancaster E, et al. Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: a case series. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:776-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irani SR, Alexander S, Waters P, et al. Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan's syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia. Brain 2010;133:2734-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irani SR, Michell AW, Lang B, et al. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2011;69:892-900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krastinova E, Vigneron M, Le Bras P, et al. Treatment of limbic encephalitis with anti-glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibodies. J Clin Neurosci 2012;19:1580-2
   Google Scholar
• Lancaster E, Huijbers MG, Bar V, et al. Investigations of caspr2, an autoantigen of encephalitis and neuromyotonia. Ann Neurol 2011;69:303-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irani SR, Pettingill P, Kleopa KA, et al. Morvan syndrome: clinical and serological observations in 29 cases. Ann Neurol 2012;72:241-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker EB, Zuliani L, Pettingill R, et al. Contactin-associated protein-2 antibodies in non-paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:437-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai M, Hughes EG, Peng X, et al. AMPA receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis alter synaptic receptor location. Ann Neurol 2009;65:424-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bataller L, Galiano R, Garcia-Escrig M, et al. Reversible paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with antibodies to the AMPA receptor. Neurology 2010;74:265-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster E, Lai M, Peng X, et al. Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterisation of the antigen. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:67-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boronat A, Sabater L, Saiz A, et al. GABA(B) receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis and anti-GAD-associated neurologic disorders. Neurology 2011;76:795-800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery OJ, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ, et al. GABAB receptor autoantibody frequency in service serologic evaluation. Neurology 2013;81:882-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoftberger R, Titulaer MJ, Sabater L, et al. Encephalitis and GABAB receptor antibodies: novel findings in a new case series of 20 patients. Neurology 2013;81:1500-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marignier R, Chenevier F, Rogemond V, et al. Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 autoantibody-associated cerebellitis: a primary autoimmune disease? Arch Neurol 2010;67:627-30
   Google Scholar
• Sillevis Smitt P, Kinoshita A, De Leeuw B, et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia due to autoantibodies against a glutamate receptor. N Engl J Med 2000;342:21-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Titulaer MJ, et al. Antibodies to metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the Ophelia syndrome. Neurology 2011;77:1698-701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iorio R, Damato V, Mirabella M, et al. Cerebellar degeneration associated with mGluR1 autoantibodies as a paraneoplastic manifestation of prostate adenocarcinoma. J Neuroimmunol 2013;263:155-8
   Google Scholar
• Mat A, Adler H, Merwick A, et al. Ophelia syndrome with metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antibodies in CSF. Neurology 2013;80:1349-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson M, Waters P, McHugh J, et al. Progressive encephalomyelitis, rigidity, and myoclonus: a novel glycine receptor antibody. Neurology 2008;71:1291-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mas N, Saiz A, Leite MI, et al. Antiglycine-receptor encephalomyelitis with rigidity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011;82:1399-401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honnorat J, Didelot A, Karantoni E, et al. Autoimmune limbic encephalopathy and anti-Hu antibodies in children without cancer. Neurology 2013;80:2226-32
   Google Scholar