Chordoma: an assessment of future treatment and management strategies

Bibliography

• Salisbury JR. The pathology of the human notochord. J Pathol 1993;171:253-5
   Google Scholar
• Smoll NR, Gautschi OP, Radovanovic I, et al. Incidence and relative survival of chordomas: the standardized mortality ratio and the impact of chordomas on a population. Cancer 2013;119:2029-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salisbury JR, Deverell MH, Cookson MJ, et al. Three-dimensional reconstruction of human embryonic notochords: clue to the pathogenesis of chordoma. J Pathol 1993;171:59-62
   Google Scholar
• McMaster ML, Goldstein AM, Bromley CM, et al. Chordoma: incidence and survival patterns in the United States, 1973-1995. Cancer Causes Control 2001;12:1-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgel J, Olschewski H, Reuter T, et al. Does the tuberous sclerosis complex include clivus chordoma? A case report. Eur J Pediatr 2001;160:138
   Google Scholar
• Lee-Jones L, Aligianis I, Davies PA, et al. Sacrococcygeal chordomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex show somatic loss of TSC1 or TSC2. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004;41:80-5
   Google Scholar
• Dalpra L, Malgara R, Miozzo M, et al. First cytogenetic study of a recurrent familial chordoma of the clivus. Int J Cancer 1999;81:24-30
   Google Scholar
• Kelley MJ, Korczak JF, Sheridan E, et al. Familial chordoma, a tumor of notochordal remnants, is linked to chromosome 7q33. Am J Hum Genet 2001;69:454-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhadra AK, Casey AT. Familial chordoma. A report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2006;88:634-6
   Google Scholar
• Yang XR, Ng D, Alcorta DA, et al. T (brachyury) gene duplication confers major susceptibility to familial chordoma. Nat Genet 2009;41:1176-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walcott BP, Nahed BV, Mohyeldin A, et al. Chordoma: current concepts, management, and future directions. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:e69-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chugh R, Tawbi H, Lucas DR, et al. Chordoma: the nonsarcoma primary bone tumor. Oncologist 2007;12:1344-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes L, Kapadia SB. The biology and pathology of selected skull base tumors. J Neurooncol 1994;20:213-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jian BJ, Bloch OG, Yang I, et al. Adjuvant radiation therapy and chondroid chordoma subtype are associated with a lower tumor recurrence rate of cranial chordoma. J Neurooncol 2010;98:101-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell A, Scheithauer BW, Unni KK, et al. Chordoma and chondroid neoplasms of the spheno-occiput. An immunohistochemical study of 41 cases with prognostic and nosologic implications. Cancer 1993;72:2943-9
   Google Scholar
• Virchow R. Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung des Schädelgrundes im gesunden und krankhaften Zustande und über den Einfluss derselben auf Schädelform, Gesichtsbildung und Gehirnbau. Reimer; Berlin; 1857
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson B, Gunterberg B, Kindblom LG. Chordoma. A clinicopathologic and prognostic study of a Swedish national series. Acta Orthop Scand 1981;52:49-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers PW, Schwinn CP. Chordoma. A clinicopathologic study of metastasis. Am J Clin Pathol 1979;72:765-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oikawa S, Kyoshima K, Goto T, et al. Histological study on local invasiveness of clival chordoma. Case report of autopsy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143:1065-9
   Google Scholar
• Stacchiotti S, Casali PG, Lo Vullo S, et al. Chordoma of the mobile spine and sacrum: a retrospective analysis of a series of patients surgically treated at two referral centers. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:211-19
   Google Scholar
• Tzortzidis F, Elahi F, Wright D, et al. Patient outcome at long-term follow-up after aggressive microsurgical resection of cranial base chordomas. Neurosurgery 2006;59:230-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amichetti M, Cianchetti M, Amelio D, et al. Proton therapy in chordoma of the base of the skull: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 2009;32:403-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Maio S, Kong E, Yip S, Rostomily R. Converging paths to progress for skull base chordoma: review of current therapy and future molecular targets. Surg Neurol Int 2013;4:72
   Google Scholar
• Ribbert H. Über die Ecchondrosis physaliphora sphenooccipitalis. Zentralbl Allg Pathol Anat 1894;5:457-61
   Google Scholar
• Hunter CJ, Matyas JR, Duncan NA. Cytomorphology of notochordal and chondrocytic cells from the nucleus pulposus: a species comparison. J Anat 2004;205:357-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi T, Suzuki S, Ishiiwa H, et al. Intraosseous benign notochordal cell tumours: overlooked precursors of classic chordomas? Histopathology 2004;44:597-602
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vujovic S, Henderson S, Presneau N, et al. Brachyury, a crucial regulator of notochordal development, is a novel biomarker for chordomas. J Pathol 2006;209:157-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen J, Li CD, Yang HL, et al. Classic chordoma coexisting with benign notochordal cell rest demonstrating different immunohistological expression patterns of brachyury and galectin-3. J Clin Neurosci 2011;18:96-9
   Google Scholar
• Choi KS, Cohn MJ, Harfe BD. Identification of nucleus pulposus precursor cells and notochordal remnants in the mouse: implications for disk degeneration and chordoma formation. Dev Dyn 2008;237:3953-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergh P, Kindblom LG, Gunterberg B, et al. Prognostic factors in chordoma of the sacrum and mobile spine: a study of 39 patients. Cancer 2000;88:2122-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornsson J, Wold LE, Ebersold MJ, et al. Chordoma of the mobile spine. A clinicopathologic analysis of 40 patients. Cancer 1993;71:735-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boriani S, Bandiera S, Biagini R, et al. Chordoma of the mobile spine: fifty years of experience. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:493-503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshiyama H, Sakamoto M, Fujiwara K, et al. Chondroid chordoma presenting with hypopituitarism. Intern Med 1992;31:1366-9
   Google Scholar
• Weber AL, Liebsch NJ, Sanchez R, et al. Chordomas of the skull base. Radiologic and clinical evaluation. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1994;4:515-27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menezes AH, Gantz BJ, Traynelis VC, et al. Cranial base chordomas. Clin Neurosurg 1997;44:491-509
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fourney DR, Gokaslan ZL. Current management of sacral chordoma. Neurosurg Focus 2003;15(2):E9
   Google Scholar
• Llauger J, Palmer J, Amores S, et al. Primary tumors of the sacrum: diagnostic imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:417-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg AE, Brown GA, Bhan AK, et al. Chondroid chordoma--a variant of chordoma. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 1994;101:36-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffrey PB, Biava CG, Davis RL. Chondroid chordoma. A hyalinized chordoma without cartilaginous differentiation. Am J Clin Pathol 1995;103:271-9
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Miranda JC, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, et al. Clival chordomas: a pathological, surgical, and radiotherapeutic review. Head Neck 2013. [ Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson FH, Scheithauer BW, Forsythe PA, et al. Sarcomatous transformation in cranial chordoma. Neurosurgery 1992;31:13-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikinheimo K, Persson S, Kindblom LG, et al. Expression of different cytokeratin subclasses in human chordoma. J Pathol 1991;164:145-50
   Google Scholar
• Crapanzano JP, Ali SZ, Ginsberg MS, et al. Chordoma: a cytologic study with histologic and radiologic correlation. Cancer 2001;93:40-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abenoza P, Sibley RK. Chordoma: an immunohistologic study. Hum Pathol 1986;17:744-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhl M, Mattke M, Welzel T, et al. High control rate in patients with skull base chondrosarcoma after carbon ion therapy: first long term results. Cancer 2014. [ Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Schwab JH, Boland PJ, Agaram NP, et al. Chordoma and chondrosarcoma gene profile: implications for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009;58:339-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakley GJ, Fuhrer K, Seethala RR. Brachyury, SOX-9, and podoplanin, new markers in the skull base chordoma vs chondrosarcoma differential: a tissue microarray-based comparative analysis. Mod Pathol 2008;21:1461-9
   Google Scholar
• Henderson SR, Guiliano D, Presneau N, et al. A molecular map of mesenchymal tumors. Genome Biol 2005;6:R76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sangoi AR, Karamchandani J, Lane B, et al. Specificity of brachyury in the distinction of chordoma from clear cell renal cell carcinoma and germ cell tumors: a study of 305 cases. Mod Pathol 2011;24:425-9
   Google Scholar
• Casali PG, Stacchiotti S, Sangalli C, et al. Chordoma. Curr Opin Oncol 2007;19:367-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noel G, Feuvret L, Ferrand R, et al. Radiotherapeutic factors in the management of cervical-basal chordomas and chondrosarcomas. Neurosurgery 2004;55:1252-60; discussion 60-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stener B, Gunterberg B. High amputation of the sacrum for extirpation of tumors. Principles and technique. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1978;3:351-66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen KW, Yang HL, Lu J, et al. Prognostic factors of sacral chordoma after surgical therapy: a study of 36 patients. Spinal Cord 2010;48:166-71
   Google Scholar
• Cheng EY, Ozerdemoglu RA, Transfeldt EE, Thompson RC Jr. Lumbosacral chordoma. Prognostic factors and treatment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999;24:1639-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs B, Dickey ID, Yaszemski MJ, et al. Operative management of sacral chordoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:2211-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osaka S, Kodoh O, Sugita H, et al. Clinical significance of a wide excision policy for sacrococcygeal chordoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006;132:213-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• York JE, Kaczaraj A, Abi-Said D, et al. Sacral chordoma: 40-year experience at a major cancer center. Neurosurgery 1999;44:74-9; discussion 9-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devin C, Chong PY, Holt GE, et al. Level-adjusted perioperative risk of sacral amputations. J Surg Oncol 2006;94:203-11
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh PC, Xu R, Sciubba DM, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes following en bloc resections for sacral chordomas and chondrosarcomas: a series of twenty consecutive patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009;34:2233-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLaney TF, Liebsch NJ, Pedlow FX, et al. Phase II study of high-dose photon/proton radiotherapy in the management of spine sarcomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;74:732-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YL, Liebsch N, Kobayashi W, et al. Definitive high-dose photon/proton radiotherapy for unresected mobile spine and sacral chordomas. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38:E930-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai R, Kamada T, Tsuji H, et al. Effect of carbon ion radiotherapy for sacral chordoma: results of Phase I-II and Phase II clinical trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;77:1470-6
   Google Scholar
• Boriani S, Chevalley F, Weinstein JN, et al. Chordoma of the spine above the sacrum. Treatment and outcome in 21 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996;21:1569-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser JF, Nyquist GG, Moore N, et al. Endoscopic endonasal transclival resection of chordomas: operative technique, clinical outcome, and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2010;112:1061-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holzmann D, Reisch R, Krayenbuhl N, et al. The transnasal transclival approach for clivus chordoma. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2010;53:211-17
   Google Scholar
• Munzenrider JE, Liebsch NJ. Proton therapy for tumors of the skull base. Strahlenther Onkol 1999;175(Suppl 2):57-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth PA, Cascino TL, Shaw EG, et al. Intracranial chordomas: a clinicopathological and prognostic study of 51 cases. J Neurosurg 1993;78:741-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catton C, O'Sullivan B, Bell R, et al. Chordoma: long-term follow-up after radical photon irradiation. Radiother Oncol 1996;41:67-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings BJ, Hodson DI, Bush RS. Chordoma: the results of megavoltage radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1983;9:633-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlman AW, Friedman M. Radical radiation therapy of chordoma. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1970;108:332-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Debus J, Hug EB, Liebsch NJ, et al. Dose-volume tolerance of the brainstem after high-dose radiotherapy. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 1999;33:305-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Debus J, Schulz-Ertner D, Schad L, et al. Stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47:591-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel-du Bois A, Nikoghosyan A, Schwahofer A, et al. Intensity modulated radiotherapy in the management of sacral chordoma in primary versus recurrent disease. Radiother Oncol 2010;97:408-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigl GC, Bundschuh O, Gharabaghi A, et al. Evaluation of a new concept for the management of skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas. J Neurosurg 2005;102(Suppl):165-70
   Google Scholar
• Amichetti M, Amelio D, Minniti G. Radiosurgery with photons or protons for benign and malignant tumours of the skull base: a review. Radiat Oncol 2012;7:210
   Google Scholar
• Durante M, Loeffler JS. Charged particles in radiation oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010;7:37-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grun R, Friedrich T, Elsasser T, et al. Impact of enhancements in the local effect model (LEM) on the predicted RBE-weighted target dose distribution in carbon ion therapy. Phys Med Biol 2012;57:7261-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hug EB, Loredo LN, Slater JD, et al. Proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base. J Neurosurg 1999;91:432-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ares C, Hug EB, Lomax AJ, et al. Effectiveness and safety of spot scanning proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: first long-term report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;75:1111-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz-Ertner D, Karger CP, Feuerhake A, et al. Effectiveness of carbon ion radiotherapy in the treatment of skull-base chordomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;68:449-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikoghosyan AV, Karapanagiotou-Schenkel I, Munter MW, et al. Randomised trial of proton vs. carbon ion radiation therapy in patients with chordoma of the skull base, clinical phase III study HIT-1-Study. BMC Cancer 2010;10:607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhl M, Welzel T, Oelmann J, et al. Reirradiation in 25 patients with recurrent skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas using carbon ions in active raster scanning technique. Strahlenther Onkol 2014. [ Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Park L, Delaney TF, Liebsch NJ, et al. Sacral chordomas: impact of high-dose proton/photon-beam radiation therapy combined with or without surgery for primary versus recurrent tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;65:1514-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida Y, Kamada T, Imai R, et al. Clinical outcome of sacral chordoma with carbon ion radiotherapy compared with surgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;79:110-16
   Google Scholar
• ISAC trial - Hypofractionated Ion Irradiation of Sacrococcygeal Chordoma, university of heidelberg, department of radiooncology, Heidelberg, Germany. Available from: http://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/ISAC.131974.0.html?&L=1
   Google Scholar
• Staab A, Rutz HP, Ares C, et al. Spot-scanning-based proton therapy for extracranial chordoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;81:e489-96
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming GF, Heimann PS, Stephens JK, et al. Dedifferentiated chordoma. Response to aggressive chemotherapy in two cases. Cancer 1993;72:714-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C, Hornicek FJ, Wood KB, et al. Characterization and analysis of human chordoma cell lines. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010;35:1257-64
   Google Scholar
• Chugh R, Dunn R, Zalupski MM, et al. Phase II study of 9-nitro-camptothecin in patients with advanced chordoma or soft tissue sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:3597-604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasig JH, Dupont WD, LaFleur BJ, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction activity in chordoma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2008;34:95-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ptaszynski K, Szumera-Cieckiewicz A, Owczarek J, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status in chordoma. Pol J Pathol 2009;60:81-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalaby A, Presneau N, Ye H, et al. The role of epidermal growth factor receptor in chordoma pathogenesis: a potential therapeutic target. J Pathol 2011;223:336-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger PM, Yu Z, Kowalski D, et al. Differential expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, c-Met, and HER2/neu in chordoma compared with 17 other malignancies. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;131:707-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hof H, Welzel T, Debus J. Effectiveness of cetuximab/gefitinib in the therapy of a sacral chordoma. Onkologie 2006;29:572-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden O, Stenberg L, Kjellen E. Regression of cervical spinal cord compression in a patient with chordoma following treatment with cetuximab and gefitinib. Acta Oncol 2009;48:158-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Launay SG, Chetaille B, Medina F, et al. Efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in advanced chordoma: case report and literature review. BMC Cancer 2011;11:423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhal N, Kotasek D, Parnis FX. Response to erlotinib in a patient with treatment refractory chordoma. Anticancer Drugs 2009;20:953-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacchiotti S, Tamborini E, Lo Vullo S, et al. Phase II study on lapatinib in advanced EGFR-positive chordoma. Ann Oncol 2013;24:1931-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamborini E, Miselli F, Negri T, et al. Molecular and biochemical analyses of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) B, PDGFRA, and KIT receptors in chordomas. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6920-8
   Google Scholar
• Orzan F, Terreni MR, Longoni M, et al. Expression study of the target receptor tyrosine kinase of Imatinib mesylate in skull base chordomas. Oncol Rep 2007;18:249-52
   Google Scholar
• Stacchiotti S, Longhi A, Ferraresi V, et al. Phase II study of imatinib in advanced chordoma. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:914-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presneau N, Shalaby A, Idowu B, et al. Potential therapeutic targets for chordoma: PI3K/AKT/TSC1/TSC2/mTOR pathway. Br J Cancer 2009;100:1406-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab J, Antonescu C, Boland P, et al. Combination of PI3K/mTOR inhibition demonstrates efficacy in human chordoma. Anticancer Res 2009;29:1867-71
   Google Scholar
• Chordoma Foundation, Clinical trials. Available from: http://www.chordomafoundation.org/clinical-trials/
   Google Scholar
• Hsu W, Mohyeldin A, Shah SR, et al. Generation of chordoma cell line JHC7 and the identification of Brachyury as a novel molecular target. J Neurosurg 2011;115:760-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presneau N, Shalaby A, Ye H, et al. Role of the transcription factor T (brachyury) in the pathogenesis of sporadic chordoma: a genetic and functional-based study. J Pathol 2011;223:327-35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar