Cancer and the microbiome: potential applications as new tumor biomarker

References

• Sonnenburg JL, Fischbach MA. Community health care: therapeutic opportunities in the human microbiome. Sci Transl Med 2011;3:78ps12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012;486:207-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes A, Haynes M, Hanson N, et al. Viruses in the faecal microbiota of monozygotic twins and their mothers. Nature 2010;466:334-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin J, Li R, Raes J, et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 2010;464:59-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Microbiome Project Consortium. A framework for human microbiome research. Nature 2012;486:215-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson J, Garges S, Giovanni M, et al. The NIH Human Microbiome Project. Genome Res 2009;19:2317-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dethlefsen L, Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Relman DA. Assembly of the human intestinal microbiota. Trends Ecol Evol 2006;21:517-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, et al. The human microbiome project. Nature 2007;449:804-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarner F, Malagelada JR. Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet 2003;361:512-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006;444:1027-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Lu X, Nossa CW, et al. Inflammation and intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus are associated with alterations in the microbiome. Gastroenterology 2009;137:588-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijay-Kumar M, Aitken JD, Carvalho FA, et al. Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5. Science 2010;328:228-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado-Contreras A, Goldfarb KC, Godoy-Vitorino F, et al. Structure of the human gastric bacterial community in relation to Helicobacter pylori status. Isme J 2011;5:574-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchesi JR, Dutilh BE, Hall N, et al. Towards the human colorectal cancer microbiome. PLoS One 2011;6:e20447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda S, Toh H, Hase K, et al. Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate. Nature 2011;469:543-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur JC, Perez-Chanona E, Muhlbauer M, et al. Intestinal inflammation targets cancer-inducing activity of the microbiota. Science 2012;338:120-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corr SC, Li Y, Riedel CU, et al. Bacteriocin production as a mechanism for the antiinfective activity of Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:7617-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Dai C, Brown K, et al. Colonic microbiota alters host susceptibility to infectious colitis by modulating inflammation, redox status, and ion transporter gene expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;301:G39-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasello G, Bellavia M, Palumbo VD, et al. From gut microflora imbalance to mycobacteria infection: is there a relationship with chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases? Ann Ital Chir 2011;82:361-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sartor RB. Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2008;134:577-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elson CO, Cong Y, McCracken VJ, et al. Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease reveal innate, adaptive, and regulatory mechanisms of host dialogue with the microbiota. Immunol Rev 2005;206:260-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan AA, Shrivastava A. Bacterial infections associated with cancer: possible implication in etiology with special reference to lateral gene transfer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010;29:331-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud DS, Izard J, Wilhelm-Benartzi CS, et al. Plasma antibodies to oral bacteria and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large European prospective cohort study. Gut 2013;62:1764-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell JJ, Zhang L, Zhou H, et al. Variations of oral microbiota are associated with pancreatic diseases including pancreatic cancer. Gut 2012;61:582-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pushalkar S, Ji X, Li Y, et al. Comparison of oral microbiota in tumor and non-tumor tissues of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Microbiol 2012;12:144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mager DL, Haffajee AD, Devlin PM, et al. The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: a descriptive, non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects. J Transl Med 2005;3:27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu S, Rhee KJ, Albesiano E, et al. A human colonic commensal promotes colon tumorigenesis via activation of T helper type 17 T cell responses. Nat Med 2009;15:1016-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjalsma H, Boleij A, Marchesi JR, Dutilh BE. A bacterial driver-passenger model for colorectal cancer: beyond the usual suspects. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012;10:575-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Q, Jin Z, Wu W, et al. Analysis of the intestinal lumen microbiota in an animal model of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2014;9:e90849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostic AD, Gevers D, Pedamallu CS, et al. Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res 2012;22:292-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng J, Fan H, Tang X, et al. Diversified pattern of the human colorectal cancer microbiome. Gut Pathog 2013;5:2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellarin M, Warren RL, Freeman JD, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res 2012;22:299-306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn J, Sinha R, Pei Z, et al. Human gut microbiome and risk for colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013;105:1907-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukase K, Kato M, Kikuchi S, et al. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:392-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannakis M, Backhed HK, Chen SL, et al. Response of gastric epithelial progenitors to Helicobacter pylori Isolates obtained from Swedish patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. J Biol Chem 2009;284:30383-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compare D, Nardone G. Contribution of gut microbiota to colonic and extracolonic cancer development. Dig Dis 2011;29:554-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra RR, Tewari M, Shukla HS. Helicobacter pylori and pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;26:260-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang L, Zollinger T, Zhang J. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and liver cancer mortality in 67 rural Chinese counties. Cancer Causes Control 2013;24:1331-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swisher SC, Barbati AJ. Helicobacter pylori strikes again: gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Gastroenterol Nurs 2007;30:348-54; quiz 355-346
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nie S, Chen T, Yang X, et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus 2014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Narikiyo M, Tanabe C, Yamada Y, et al. Frequent and preferential infection of Treponema denticola, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus anginosus in esophageal cancers. Cancer Sci 2004;95:569-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim NH, Park JP, Jeon SH, et al. Purulent pericarditis caused by group G streptococcus as an initial presentation of colon cancer. J Korean Med Sci 2002;17:571-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macfarlane S, Furrie E, Macfarlane GT, Dillon JF. Microbial colonization of the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients with Barrett’s esophagus. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:29-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 2001;357:539-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iida N, Dzutsev A, Stewart CA, et al. Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Science 2013;342:967-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhill C. Gut microbiota: anti-cancer therapies affected by gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;11:1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grote VA, Kaaks R, Nieters A, et al. Inflammation marker and risk of pancreatic cancer: a nested case-control study within the EPIC cohort. Br J Cancer 2012;106:1866-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang L, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Association analysis of IL-17A and IL-17F polymorphisms in Chinese Han women with breast cancer. PLoS One 2012;7:e34400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, et al. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:607-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie FJ, Zhang YP, Zheng QQ, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and esophageal cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:6098-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagamine CM, Rogers AB, Fox JG, Schauer DB. Helicobacter hepaticus promotes azoxymethane-initiated colon tumorigenesis in BALB/c-IL10-deficient mice. Int J Cancer 2008;122:832-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marteau P, Chaput U. Bacteria as trigger for chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Dig Dis 2011;29:166-71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan MA, Jakate S, Komanduri S. Rare AIDS-associated plasmablastic lymphoma as the initial presentation of AIDS. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2010;8:55-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozdemir H, Ciftci E, Karbuz A, et al. Successful treatment of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli bacteremia with tigecycline in an acute myeloid leukemia child. Turk J Pediatr 2012;54:59-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huynh ML, Fadok VA, Henson PM. Phosphatidylserine-dependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-beta1 secretion and the resolution of inflammation. J Clin Invest 2002;109:41-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabillet J, Millet A, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, et al. Proteinase 3, the autoantigen in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, associates with calreticulin on apoptotic neutrophils, impairs macrophage phagocytosis, and promotes inflammation. J Immunol 2012;189:2574-83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Protti MP, De Monte L. Cross-talk within the tumor microenvironment mediates Th2-type inflammation in pancreatic cancer. Oncoimmunology 2012;1:89-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Wang N, Brodt P. Metastatic cells can escape the proapoptotic effects of TNF-alpha through increased autocrine IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Cancer Res 2012;72:865-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorensen LT. Wound healing and infection in surgery: the pathophysiological impact of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine replacement therapy: a systematic review. Ann Surg 2012;255:1069-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiuri MC, Tajana G, Iuvone T, et al. Nuclear factor-kappa B regulates inflammatory cell apoptosis and phagocytosis in rat carrageenan-sponge implant model. Am J Pathol 2004;165:115-26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward SV, Cadby G, Heyworth JS, et al. Association of TGFbeta1 and clinical factors with scar outcome following melanoma excision. Arch Dermatol Res 2012;304:343-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joo CK, Seomun Y. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and TGF beta 1-stimulated cell migration in skin and cornea wound healing. Cell Adh Migr 2008;2:252-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesh K, Das A, Dickerson R, et al. Prostaglandin E(2) induces oncostatin M expression in human chronic wound macrophages through Axl receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. J Immunol 2012;189:2563-73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakshmi RT, Priyanka T, Meenakshi J, et al. Low molecular weight heparin mediated regulation of nitric oxide synthase during burn wound healing. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2011;24:24-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bitar MS, Al-Mulla F. ROS constitute a convergence nexus in the development of IGF1 resistance and impaired wound healing in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Dis Model Mech 2012;5:375-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth CA, Clyde D, Pritchard DM. CD24 is expressed in gastric parietal cells and regulates apoptosis and the response to Helicobacter felis infection in the murine stomach. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012;303:G915-26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pandey M, Gupta KP. Involvement of STAT3, NF-kappa B and associated downstream molecules before and after the onset of urethane induced lung tumors in mouse. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2012;34:502-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito K, Kihara K. Role of C-reactive protein in urological cancers: a useful biomarker for predicting outcomes. Int J Urol 2013;20:161-71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Philip M, Rowley DA, Schreiber H. Inflammation as a tumor promoter in cancer induction. Semin Cancer Biol 2004;14:433-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macarthur M, Hold GL, El-Omar EM. Inflammation and Cancer II. Role of chronic inflammation and cytokine gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal malignancy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004;286:G515-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tretyakova NY, Burney S, Pamir B, et al. Peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage in the supF gene: correlation with the mutational spectrum. Mutat Res 2000;447:287-303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutamba JT, Svilar D, Prasongtanakij S, et al. XRCC1 and base excision repair balance in response to nitric oxide. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011;10:1282-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimizu T, Marusawa H, Endo Y, Chiba T. Inflammation-mediated genomic instability: roles of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2012;103:1201-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pollard JW. Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:71-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrenko O, Moll UM. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor MIF interferes with the Rb-E2F pathway. Mol Cell 2005;17:225-36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gesser B, Rasmussen MK, Raaby L, et al. Dimethylfumarate inhibits MIF-induced proliferation of keratinocytes by inhibiting MSK1 and RSK1 activation and by inducing nuclear p-c-Jun (S63) and p-p53 (S15) expression. Inflamm Res 2011;60:643-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCarron AJ, Armstrong C, Glynn G, et al. Antibacterial effects on acinetobacter species of commonly employed antineoplastic agents used in the treatment of haematological malignancies: an in vitro laboratory evaluation. Br J Biomed Sci 2012;69:14-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhash K, Medhekar A, Ghadyalpatil N, et al. Blood stream infections in cancer patients: a single center experience of isolates and sensitivity pattern. Indian J Cancer 2010;47:184-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang MC, Kuo SC, Chen SJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of bacteremia due to different genomic species of Acinetobacter baumannii complex in patients with solid tumors. Infection 2012;40:19-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roperto S, Di Guardo G, Leonardi L, et al. Bacterial isolates from the urine of cattle affected by urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder. Res Vet Sci 2012;93:1361-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang L, Francois F, Pei Z. Molecular pathways: pathogenesis and clinical implications of microbiome alteration in esophagitis and Barrett esophagus. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:2138-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan YP, Chakder S, Gao F, Rattan S. Inducible and neuronal nitric oxide synthase involvement in lipopolysaccharide-induced sphincteric dysfunction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001;280:G32-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calatayud S, Garcia-Zaragoza E, Hernandez C, et al. Downregulation of nNOS and synthesis of PGs associated with endotoxin-induced delay in gastric emptying. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;283:G1360-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smolinska MJ, Page TH, Urbaniak AM, et al. Hck tyrosine kinase regulates TLR4-induced TNF and IL-6 production via AP-1. J Immunol 2011;187:6043-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarchum I, Liu M, Shi C, et al. Critical role for MyD88-mediated neutrophil recruitment during Clostridium difficile colitis. Infect Immun 2012;80:2989-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinen T, Volchkov PY, Chervonsky AV, Rudensky AY. A critical role for regulatory T cell-mediated control of inflammation in the absence of commensal microbiota. J Exp Med 2010;207:2323-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho FA, Aitken JD, Vijay-Kumar M, Gewirtz AT. Toll-like receptor-gut microbiota interactions: perturb at your own risk!. Annu Rev Physiol 2010;74:177-98
   Google Scholar
• Kinross J, von Roon AC, Penney N, et al. The gut microbiota as a target for improved surgical outcome and improved patient care. Curr Pharm Des 2009;15:1537-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubeda C, Taur Y, Jenq RR, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus domination of intestinal microbiota is enabled by antibiotic treatment in mice and precedes bloodstream invasion in humans. J Clin Invest 2010;120:4332-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merline R, Moreth K, Beckmann J, et al. Signaling by the matrix proteoglycan decorin controls inflammation and cancer through PDCD4 and MicroRNA-21. Sci Signal 2011;4:ra75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreth K, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans orchestrate receptor crosstalk during inflammation. Cell Cycle 2012;11:2084-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Q, Zhao YJ, Wang XY, et al. CXCR6 upregulation contributes to a proinflammatory tumor microenvironment that drives metastasis and poor patient outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2012;72:3546-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uronis JM, Muhlbauer M, Herfarth HH, et al. Modulation of the intestinal microbiota alters colitis-associated colorectal cancer susceptibility. PLoS One 2009;4:e6026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers AB, Fox JG. Inflammation and Cancer. I. Rodent models of infectious gastrointestinal and liver cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004;286:G361-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meurman JH. Oral microbiota and cancer. J Oral Microbiol 2010;2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pizzo G, Guiglia R, Lo Russo L, Campisi G. Dentistry and internal medicine: from the focal infection theory to the periodontal medicine concept. Eur J Intern Med 2010;21:496-502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Round JL, Lee SM, Li J, et al. The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota. Science 2011;332:974-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheyhidin I, Nabi G, Hasim A, et al. Overexpression of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:3745-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YB, He FL, Fang M, et al. Increased expression of Toll-like receptors 4 and 9 in human lung cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2009;36:1475-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakoff-Nahoum S, Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9:57-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukata M, Abreu MT. Role of Toll-like receptors in gastrointestinal malignancies. Oncogene 2008;27:234-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Stepankova R, Kozakova H, et al. The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2011;8:110-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer E, Williams BA, Smidt H, et al. Influence of the gastrointestinal microbiota on development of the immune system in young animals. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 2006;7:35-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ma EL, Choi YJ, Choi J, et al. The anticancer effect of probiotic Bacillus polyfermenticus on human colon cancer cells is mediated through ErbB2 and ErbB3 inhibition. Int J Cancer 2010;127:780-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia W, Li H, Zhao L, Nicholson JK. Gut microbiota: a potential new territory for drug targeting. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:123-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naglova H, Bucova M. HMGB1 and its physiological and pathological roles. Bratisl Lek Listy 2012;113:163-71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang YZ, Yan M, Tian FF, et al. Possible involvement of toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. Inflammation 2012;36:121-30
   Google Scholar
• Belinda LW, Wei WX, Hanh BT, et al. SARM: a novel Toll-like receptor adaptor, is functionally conserved from arthropod to human. Mol Immunol 2008;45:1732-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkov E, Stamp A, Dimaio F, et al. Crystal structure of Toll-like receptor adaptor MAL/TIRAP reveals the molecular basis for signal transduction and disease protection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:14879-84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawai T, Akira S. TLR signaling. Semin Immunol 2007;19:24-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moossavi S, Rezaei N. Toll-like receptor signalling and their therapeutic targeting in colorectal cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2013;16:199-209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedayat M, Takeda K, Rezaei N. Prophylactic and therapeutic implications of toll-like receptor ligands. Med Res Rev 2012;32:294-325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann MA, Kors C, Audring H, et al. Phase 1 evaluation of intralesionally injected TLR9-agonist PF-3512676 in patients with basal cell carcinoma or metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 2008;31:520-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pashenkov M, Goess G, Wagner C, et al. Phase II trial of a toll-like receptor 9-activating oligonucleotide in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5716-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JA, Kuzel T, Drucker BJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of PF-3512676 for the treatment of stage IV renal cell carcinoma: an open-label, multicenter phase I/II study. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2009;7:E58-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YH, Girardi M, Duvic M, et al. Phase I trial of a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist, PF-3512676 (CPG 7909), in patients with treatment-refractory, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63:975-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns CA, Brown MD. Imiquimod for the treatment of skin cancer. Dermatol Clin 2005;23:151-64; vii
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt PL, Ritch PS, Reding D, et al. Phase I trial of an oral immunomodulator and interferon inducer in cancer patients. Cancer Res 1993;53:5176-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan AA, Shrivastava A, Khurshid M. Normal to cancer microbiome transformation and its implication in cancer diagnosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012;1826:331-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005;308:1635-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampe JW. The Human Microbiome Project: getting to the guts of the matter in cancer epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:2523-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tannock GW. Analysis of the intestinal microflora using molecular methods. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002;4(56 Suppl):S44-9
   Google Scholar
• Pagnini C, Corleto VD, Mangoni ML, et al. Alteration of local microflora and alpha-defensins hyper-production in colonic adenoma mucosa. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011;45:602-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kulasingam V, Diamandis EP. Strategies for discovering novel cancer biomarkers through utilization of emerging technologies. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2008;5:588-99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hord NG. Eukaryotic-microbiota crosstalk: potential mechanisms for health benefits of prebiotics and probiotics. Annu Rev Nutr 2008;28:215-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes DF, Bast RC, Desch CE, et al. Tumor marker utility grading system: a framework to evaluate clinical utility of tumor markers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1456-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgeon CM, Hoffman BR, Chan DW, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for use of tumor markers in clinical practice: quality requirements. Clin Chem 2008;54:e1-e10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koomen JM, Li D, Xiao LC, et al. Direct tandem mass spectrometry reveals limitations in protein profiling experiments for plasma biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res 2005;4:972-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amatschek S, Koenig U, Auer H, et al. Tissue-wide expression profiling using cDNA subtraction and microarrays to identify tumor-specific genes. Cancer Res 2004;64:844-56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michiels S, Koscielny S, Hill C. Prediction of cancer outcome with microarrays: a multiple random validation strategy. Lancet 2005;365:488-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirayama K, Rafter J. The role of probiotic bacteria in cancer prevention. Microbes Infect 2000;2:681-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt M, Depuydt C, Benoy I, et al. Viral load of high-risk human papillomaviruses as reliable clinical predictor for the presence of cervical lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013;22:406-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt M, Depuydt C, Benoy I, et al. Prevalence and viral load of 51 genital human papillomavirus types and three subtypes. Int J Cancer 2013;132(10):2395-403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamandis EP. Present and future of cancer biomarkers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014;52:791-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J.E, Lee S, Lee H, et al. Association of the vaginal microbiota with human papillomavirus infection in a Korean twin cohort. PLoS One 2013;8:e63514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grivennikov S.I, Wang K, Mucida D, et al. Adenoma-linked barrier defects and microbial products drive IL-23/IL-17-mediated tumour growth. Nature 2012;491:254-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swidsinski A, Khilkin M, Kerjaschki D, et al. Association between intraepithelial Escherichia coli and colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1998;115:281-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen X.J, Rawls J.F, Randall T, et al. Molecular characterization of mucosal adherent bacteria and associations with colorectal adenomas. Gut Microbes 2010;1:138-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobhani I, Tap J, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Microbial dysbiosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. PLoS One 2011;6:e16393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki M, Yamaura C, Ohara-Nemoto Y, et al. Streptococcus anginosus infection in oral cancer and its infection route. Oral Dis 2005;11:151-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki H, Ishizuka T, Muto M, et al. Presence of Streptococcus anginosus DNA in esophageal cancer, dysplasia of esophagus, and gastric cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:2991-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson L.A, Murphy S.J, Johnston B.T, et al. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy and the stages of the oesophageal inflammation, metaplasia, adenocarcinoma sequence: results from the FINBAR case-control study. Gut 2008;57:734-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller L.B, Fagundes R.B, Moraes C.C. Rampazzo A. [Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer precursor lesions in patients with dyspepsia]. Arq Gastroenterol 2007;44:93-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma V, Chauhan V.S, Nath G, et al. Role of bile bacteria in gallbladder carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2007;54:1622-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar