66
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Serum tumor markers in patients with breast cancer

&
Pages 921-931 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Nabholtz JMA, Reese DM, Lindsay MA, Riva A. Combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2, 169–180 (2002).
  • Lumachi F, Ermani M, Brandes AA et al Breast cancer risk in healthy and symptomatic women: results of a multivariate analysis. A case-control study. Domed. Pharmacother. 56, 416–420 (2002).
  • Coleman MP. Trends in breast cancer incidence, survival, and mortality. Lancet 356, 590 (2000).
  • Emens LA, Davidson NE. The follow-up of breast cancer. Semin. Oncol 30, 338–348 (2003).
  • Lumachi F, Ermani M, Brandes AA, Basso S, Basso U, Boccagli P Predictive value of different prognostic factors in breast cancer recurrences: multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model. Anticancer Res. 21, 4105–4108 (2001).
  • Al-Ghazal SK, Fallowfield L, Blarney RVV. Patient evaluation of cosmetic outcome after conserving surgery for treatment of primary breast cancer. Eur j SLIT Oncol 25, 344–346 (1999).
  • Nerukar A, Osin P The diagnosis and management of pre-invasive breast disease. The role of a new diagnostic technique. Breast Cancer Res. 5,305–308 (2003).
  • Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Polychemotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomized trials. Lancet 352, 930–942 (1998).
  • Tabàr L, Duffy SW, Vital( B et al The natural history of breast carcinoma: what have we learned from screening? Cancer 86, 449–462 (1999).
  • Given M, Scott M, Mc Grath JP, Given H. The predictive value of tumour markers CA 15-3 and CEA in breast cancer recurrence. Breast9, 277–280 (2000).
  • Engel J, Eckel R, Kerr J et al The process of metastasisation for breast cancer. Eur. Cancer 39, 1794–1806 (2003).
  • Ravaioli A, Bagli L, Zucchini A, Monti E Prognosis and prediction of response in breast cancer: the current role of the main biological markers. Cell Prolif 31, 113–126 (1998).
  • Hayes DF, Bast R, Desch CE et al. A tumor marker utility grading system (TMUGS): a framework to evaluate clinical utility of tumor markers. .1. Natl Cancer Inst. 88, 1456–1466 (1996).
  • Stearns V, Yamauchi H, Hayes DE Circulating tumor markers in breast cancer: accepted utilizes and novel prospects. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 52, 239–259 (1998).
  • Gunel N, Coskun U, Sancak B, Gunel U, Hasdemir 0, Bozkurt S. Clinical importance of serum interleukin-18 and nitric oxide activities in breast carcinoma patients. Cancer 95, 663–667 (2002).
  • •Demonstrates usefulness of serum interleuldn-18 in monitoring patients with breast cancer.
  • Morelli D, Lazzerini D, Cazzaniga S et al. Evaluation of the balance between angiogenic and anti-angiogenic circulating factors in patients with breast and gastrointestinal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 1221–1225 (1998).
  • Bachelot T, Ray-Coquard I, Menetrier-Caux C, Rastkha M, Duc A, Blay JY. Prognostic value of serum levels of interleukin-6 and of serum and plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in hormone-refractory metastatic breast cancer patients. BE J. Cancer 88, 1721–1726 (2003).
  • Granato AM, Nanni 0, Falcini F et al. Basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor serum levels in breast cancer patients and healthy women: useful as diagnostic tools? Breast Cancer Res. 6, R38—R45 (2004).
  • Scanlan MJ, Gout I, Gordon CM et al. Humoral immunity to human breast cancer: antigen definition and quantitative analysis of mRNA expression. Cancer Immun. 1, 4 (2001).
  • Raynor M, Stephenson SA, Walsh DC, Pittman KB, Dobrovic A. Optimisation of the RT-PCR detection of immunomagnetically enriched carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2, 14 (2002).
  • Markman M. The use of serum tumour markers in the management of patients with malignancies. .1. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol 119, 635–636 (1993).
  • Bidart JM, Thuillier F, Augereau C et al Kinetics of serum tumor marker concentrations and usefulness in clinical monitoring. Clin. Chem. 45, 1695–1707 (1999).
  • Kiang DT, Greenberg LJ, Kennedy BJ. Tumor marker kinetics in the monitoring of breast cancer. Cancer 65, 193–199 (1990).
  • Buller RE, Berman ML, Bloss JD, Manetta A, Di Saia PJ. Serum CA 125 regression in epithelial ovarian cancer: correlation with reassessment findings and survival. Cynecol Oncol 47, 87–92 (1992).
  • Ruibal Morel A. CEA serum levels in non- neoplastic disease. kit. J. Biol. Markers 7, 160–166 (1992).
  • American Society of Clinical Oncology Expert Panel. Clinical practice guidelines for the use of tumor markers in breast and colorectal cancer: report of the American Society of Clinical Oncology expert panel. J. Clin. Oncol 14, 2843–2877 (1996).
  • Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BE Merl 312, 71–72 (1996).
  • American Society of Clinical Oncology Expert Panel. 2000 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast and colorectal cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J. Clin. Oncol 19, 1865-1878 (2001).
  • ••Recommended guidelines for the correctuse of serum tumor markers in breast cancer patients.
  • Jager W Ostrowski M, Kramer S, Lang N. Erlangen tumor marker study on breast cancer. .1. Tumor Marker Oncol 8, 50 (1993).
  • Werner M, Faser C, Silverberg M. Clinical utility and validation of emerging biochemical markers for mammary adenocarcinoma. Clin. Chem. 39, 2386–2396 (1993).
  • Robertson JFR, Pearson D, Price MR, Selby C, Blamey RVV, Howell A. Objective measurement of therapeutic response in breast cancer using tumor markers. BE J. Cancer64, 757–763 (1991).
  • Lauro S, Trasatti L, Bordin F et al. Comparison of CEA, MCA, CA 15–3 and CA 27.29 in follow-up and monitoring therapeutic response in breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 19, 3511–3516 (1999).
  • Gion M, Mione R, Nascimben 0 et al The tumour associated antigen CA 15.3 in primary breast cancer. Evaluation of 667 cases. Br. Cancer 63, 809–813 (1991).
  • Peley G, Bezzegh A, Besznyak I et al Correlation of biochemical tumor markers with conventional pathological features in primary breast cancer. kit. J. Biol. Markers 14, 49–51 (1999).
  • Heinze T, Schurenkamper P, Minguillon C, Lichtenegger W Mammary serum antigen (MSA), CA 59, CA 15-3 and CEA in breast cancer preoperative sensitivity and correlation to prognostic factors. Anticancer Res. 17, 2953–2954 (1997).
  • Bottini A, Berruti A, Tampellini M et al. Influence of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on serum tumor markers CA 15-3, MCA, CEA, TPS and TPA in breast cancer patients with operable disease. Tumor Biol. 18, 301–310 (1997).
  • Lumachi F, Brandes AA, Boccagni P et al Long-term follow-up study in breast cancer patients using serum tumor markers CEA and CA 15-3. Anticancer Res. 19, 4485–4490 (1999).
  • Pectasides D, Pavlidis N, Gogou L et al Clinical value of CA 15–3, mucin-like carcinoma-associated antigen, tumor polypetide antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen in monitoring early breast cancer patients. Am. j Gun. 0=1 19, 459–464 (1996).
  • Gion M, Barioli P, Mione R et al Tumor markers in breast cancer follow-up: a potentially useful parameter still awaiting definitive assessment. Ann. 0=1 6\(Suppl. 2), S31—S35 (1995).
  • Martoni A, Zamagni C, Bellanova B et al CEA, MCA, CA 15–3 and CA 549 and their combination in expressing and monitoring metastatic breast cancer: a prospective comparative study. Eur. Cancer31A, 1615–1621 (1995).
  • Lumachi F, Brandes AA, Ermani M, Bruno G, Boccagni P. Sensitivity of serum tumor markers CEA and CA 15–3 in breast cancer recurrences and correlation with different prognostic factors. Anticancer Res. 20, 4751–4756 (2000). Established sensitivity of the serum tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen (CA) 15–3 in patients with breast cancer recurrences.
  • Eddy DM. Screening for breast cancer. Ann. Int. Med. 111, 389–399 (1989).
  • Sikorska H, Schuster J, Gold P. Clinical applications of carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Detect. Prevent. 12, 321–355 (1988).
  • Lang BA, Kocent A, Nekulova M, Hlavkova J. Three-year follow-up of carcino-embryonal antigen levels in the serum of patients with breast cancer. Neoplarma 31, 79–87 (1984).
  • Lokich JJ, Zamcheck N, Lowenstein M. Sequential carcinoembryonic antigen levels in the therapy of metastatic breast cancer: a predictor and monitor of response and relapse. Ann. Intern. Med. 89, 902–906 (1978).
  • Smith RE. Biochemical detection of recurrent breast cancer. Cancer Detect. Prey. 11, 303–309 (1988).
  • Ballesta AM, Molina R, Filella X, Jo J, Gimenez N. Carcinoembryonic antigen in staging and follow-up of patients with solid tumors. Tumour Biol. 16, 32–41 (1995).
  • Mughal AW, Hortogagyi GN, Fritsche HA, Budzar AU, Yap HY, Blumenscheim GR. Serial plasma carcinoembryonic antigen measurements during treatment of metastatic breast cancer. JAMA 249, 1881–1886 (1983).
  • Valenzuela P, Mateos S, Tello E, Lopez-Bueno MJ, Garrido N, Gaspar MJ. The contribution of the CEA marker to CA 15.3 in the follow-up of breast cancer. Eur.j Cynaecol. Oncol. 24, 60–62 (2003).
  • Guadagni F, Ferroni P, Carlini S et al A re-evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a serum marker for breast cancer: a prospective longitudinal study. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 2357–2362 (2001).
  • Cartei G, Cartei F, Interlandi G et al Preoperative circulating carcinoembryonal antigen in primary breast cancer: review of the literature and personal experience on 150 cases. Breast5, 37–40 (1996).
  • Molina R, Filella X, Zanon G et al Prospective evaluation of tumor markers (c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, CEA and CA 15.3) in patients with locoregional breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 23, 1043–1050 (2003).
  • Price MR. High molecular weight epithelial mucins as markers in breast cancer. Eur. Cancer Clin. °rico'. 24, 1799–1804 (1988).
  • Cheung KL, Graves CRL, Robertson JFR. Tumour marker measurements in the diagnosis and monitoring of breast cancer. Cancer Brat. Rev 26, 91–102 (2000).
  • Beveridge RA. Review of clinical studies of CA 27.29 in breast cancer management. Int.j Biol. Markers 14, 36–39 (1999).
  • O'Hanlon DM, Fitzsimons H, Linch J, Tormey S, Malone C, Given HF. Soluble adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) in breast carcinoma. Eur Cancer38, 2252–2257 (2002).
  • Nishimura R, Nagao K, Miyayama H et al. Higher plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels correlate with menopause, overexpression of p53, and recurrence of breast cancer. Breast Cancer10, 120–128 (2003).
  • Zhao J, Yan F, Ju H, Tang J, Qin J. Correlation between serum vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin levels in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Lett. 204, 87–95 (2004).
  • Lumachi F, Ermani M, Brandes AA et al Breast complaints and risk of breast cancer. Population-based study on 2,879 self- selected women and long-term follow-up. Biomed Pharmacother. 56, 88–92 (2002).
  • Kerlikowske K. Efficacy of screening mammography among women aged 40 to 49 years and 50 to 69 years: comparison of relative and absolute benefit. j Natl Cancer Inst. Monogi: 22, 79–86 (1997).
  • Elmore JG, Barton MB, Moceri VM, Polk S, Arena PJ, Fletcher SN. Ten-year risk of false positive screening mammograms and clinical breast examination. N Engl. Med. 338, 1089–1096 (1998).
  • Kern MJ, O'Hanlon DM, Khalidi AA, Kent PJ, McCarthy PA, Given HF. Mammographic assessment of the symptomatic non-suspicious breast. Am. Surg. 73, 181–184 (1997).
  • Lumachi F, Brandes AA, Boccagni P et al Breast cancer detection with 99m-Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy, mammography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology: comparative study in 64 surgically treated patients. Ann. Surg. Oncol 6, 568–571 (1999).
  • Lumachi F, Ferretti G, Povolato M et al Usefulness of 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in suspected breast cancer and in axillary lymph node metastases. Eur j Surg. Oncol 27, 256–925 (2001).
  • Lumachi F, Ferretti G, Povolato M et al Accuracy of technetium-99m sestamibi scintimammography and x-ray mammography in premenopausal women with suspected breast cancer. Eur. j Nucl. Med. 28, 1776–1780 (2001).
  • Lumachi F, Zucchetta P, Marzola MC et al Positive predictive value of 99mTc sestamibi scintimammography in patients with nonpalpable, mammographically detected, suspicious, breast lesions. Nucl. Med. Commun. 23, 1073–1078 (2002).
  • Douek M, Davidson T, Taylor I. Breast cancer imaging — what are the optimal modalities? Eur. j Surg. Oncol. 24, 573–582 (1998).
  • Esserman L, Hyton N, Yassa L, Barclay J, Frankel S, Sickles E. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of breast cancer: evidence for improved preoperative staging. j Clin. °rico'. 17, 110–119 (1999).
  • Crook T, Crossland S, Crompton MR, Osin P, Gusterson BA. p53 mutations in BRCAl-associated familiar breast cancer. Lancet 350, 639–639 (1997).
  • Schlichtholz B, Bouchind'homme B, Pages S et al. p53 mutations in BRCA1-associated familial breast cancer. Lancet 352, 622 (1998).
  • Gion M, Mione R, Leon AE, Dittadi R. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of CA 27.29 and CA 15.3 in primary breast cancer. Clin. Chem. 45(5), 630–637 (1999).
  • Hare WS, Tjandra JJ, Russell IS, Collins JP, McKenzie IF. Comparison of mammary serum antigen assay with mammography in patients with breast cancer. Med. J. Aust. 149, 402–406 (1988).
  • Meisel M, Weise J, Schwesinger G, Straube W Cancer associated serum antigen (CASA) levels in patients with breast carcinoma and in three control groups without breast cancer. Arch. Cynecol Obstet. 261, 159–162 (1998).
  • Devine PL, Duroux MA, Quin RJ et al. CA 15–3, CASA, MSA, and TPS as diagnostic serum markers in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 7i-eat. 34, 245–251 (1995).
  • Sangrajrang S, Arpomwirat W Cheirsilpa A et al. Serum p53 antibodies in correlation to other biological parameters of breast cancer. Cancer Detect. Rev. 27, 182–186 (2003).
  • Lumachi F, Basso SMM. Apoptosis: life through planned cellular death. Regulating mechanism, control systems and relations with thyroid diseases. Thyroid 12, 27–34 (2002).
  • •Reviews data on mutation of the p53 gene and its correlation with human malignancies and mechanism of apoptosis.
  • Toikkanen S, Helin H, Isola J et al. Prognostic significance of HER-2 oncoprotein expression in breast cancer: a 30-year follow-up. J. Clin. Oncol 10, 1044 (1992).
  • Carney WP, Neumann R, Lipton A, Leitzel K, Ali S, Price CP. Potential clinical utility of serum HER-2/neu oncoprotein concentrations in patients with breast cancer. Clin. Chem. 49, 1579–1598 (2003).
  • Molina R, Jo J, Filella X et al. C-erbB-2 oncoprotein in the sera and tissue of patients with breast cancer. Utility in prognosis. Anticancer Res. 16, 2295–2300 (1996).
  • Mudenda B, Green JA, Green B et al The relationship between serum p53 autoantibodies and characteristics of human breast cancer. BE J. Cancer 69, 1115–1119 (1994).
  • Robertson JFR, Pearson D, Price MR et al. Assessment of four monoclonal antibodies as serum markers in breast cancer. Eur. Cancer26, 1127–1132 (1990).
  • Arslan N, Serdar M, Deveci S et al Use of CA 15–3, CEA and prolactin for the primary diagnosis of breast cancer and correlation with the prognostic factors at the time of initial diagnosis. Ann. Nucl. Med. 14, 395–399 (2000).
  • Safi F, Kohler I, Röttinger E, Beger HG. The value of the tumor marker CA 15–3 in diagnosing and monitoring breast cancer. A comparative study with carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer3, 574–582 (1991).
  • Pirolo F, Pacini P, Borsotti M et al The role of CA 15-3 and MCA monoclonal antibody assay in the detection of primary and recurrent breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 11, 729–732 (1991).
  • Haagensen D, Mazoujian G, Holder W Kister S, Wells S. Evaluation of a breast cyst fluid protein detectable in the plasma of breast carcinoma patients. Ann. Surg. 185, 279–285 (1977).
  • Fanger GR, Houghton RL, Retter MW et al. Detection of mammoglobin in the sera of patients with breast cancer. Tumour Biol. 23, 212–221 (2002).
  • Colomer R, Ruibal A, Genolla J et al Circulating CA 15–3 levels in the postsurgical follow-up of breast cancer patients and in non-malignant diseases. Breast Cancer Res. Brat. 13, 123–133 (1989).
  • Isola J, Holli K, Oksa H, Teramoto Y, Kallioniemi OR Elevated erbB2 oncoprotein levels in preoperative and follow-up serum samples define an aggressive disease course in patients with breast cancer. Cancer73, 652–658 (1994).
  • Merendino RA, Gangemi S, Ruello A et al Serum levels of interleukin-18 and sICAM-1 in patients affected by breast cancer: preliminary considerations. int. J. Markers.16, 126–129 (2001).
  • Matsuura N, Narita T, Mitsuoka C et al. Increased concentration of soluble E-selectin in the sera of breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 17, 1367–1372 (1997).
  • Frenette PS, Thirlwell MP, Thompson DMP, Joseph L, Shuster J. The diagnostic value of CA 27.29, CA 15–3, mucin-like carcinoma antigen, carcinoembryogenic antigen and CA 19–9 in breast and gastrointestinal malignancies. Tumour Biol. 15, 247–254 (1999).
  • Chan DW, Beveridge RA, Muss M et al Use of truquant BR radioimmunoassay for early detection of breast cancer recurrence in patients with stage II and stage III disease. Clin. Oncol 15, 2322–2328 (1997).
  • Miserez AR, Ilknur G, Muller-Brand J et al Clinical value of a mucin-like carcinoma-associated antigen in monitoring breast cancer patients in comparison with CA 15–3. Eur.j Cancer27, 126–131 (1997).
  • Beveridge RA, Chan DW, Bruzek D et al A new biomarker in monitoring breast cancer: CA 549. Clin. Oncol 6, 1815–1821 (1988).
  • Silver HKB, Archibald BL, Ragaz J, Coldman AJ. Relative operating characteristic analysis and group modeling for tumor markers: comparison of CA 15-3, carcinoembryonic antigen, and mucin-like carcinoma-associated antigen in breast carcinoma. Cancer Res. 51, 1904–1909 (1991).
  • Satterlin M, Bussen S, Trott S, Caffier H. Predictive value of CEA and CA 15-3 in the follow-up of invasive breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 19, 2567–2570 (1999).
  • Molina R, Jo J, Zanön G et al Utility of C-erbB-2 in tissue and in serum in the early diagnosis of recurrence in breast cancer patients: comparison with carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 15.3. Br. Cancer74, 1126–1131 (1996).
  • Colomer R, Ruibal A, Salvador L. Circulating tumor marker levels in advanced breast carcinoma correlate with the extent of metastatic disease. Cancer 64, 1674–1681 (1989).
  • Tampellini M, Berruti A, Gerbino A et al Relationship between CA 15-3 serum levels and disease extent predicting overall survival of breast cancer patients with new diagnosed metastatic disease. BE I Cancer 75, 698–702 (1997).
  • D'Alessandro R, Roselli M, Ferroni P et al Serum tissue polipeptide specific antigen a complementary tumor marker to CA 15–3 in the management of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 7i-eat. 68, 9–19 (2001).
  • Molina R, Gion M. Use of tumour markers in the detection of recurrent breast cancer. Breast7, 187–189 (1998).
  • Brouillet JP, Dufour F, Lemamy G et al Increased cathepsin D level in the serum of patients with metastatic breast carcinoma detected with a specific pro-cathepsin D immunoassay. Cancer 79, 2132–2136 (1997).
  • Tandon AK, Clarck GM, Chamnes GC et al Cathepsin D and prognosis in breast cancer. N Engl. I Med. 322, 297–302 (1990).
  • Adravanis A, Scorilas A, Loukeri A et al. Cathepsin D may help in discriminate node-negative breast cancer patients at risk for local-regional recurrence. Anticancer Res. 18, 2885–2890 (1998).
  • Scorilas A, Trangas T, Yotis J, Paters C, Talieri M. Determination of c-myc amplification and overexpression in breast cancer patients: evaluation of its prognostic value against c-erbB-2, cathepsin-D and clinicopathological characteristics using univariate and multivariate analysis. BE J. Cancer81, 1385–1391 (1999).
  • Ardavanis A, Gerakini F, Amanatidou A et al. Relationship between cathepsin-D, pS2 protein and hormonal receptors in breast cancer cytosols: inconsistency with their established prognostic significance. Anticancer Res. 17,3665–3669 (1997).
  • Maemura M, lino Y, Yokoe T et al Serum concentrations of hepatocyte growth factor in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Lett. 126,215–220 (1998).
  • Sliutz G, Tempfer C, Obermair A, Dadak C, Kainz C. Serum evaluation of basic FGF in breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 15,2675–2677 (1995).
  • Hebbar M, Revillion F, Louchez MM et al The relationship between concentrations of circulating soluble E-selectin and clinical, pathological, and biological features in patients with breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 4,373–380 (1998).
  • Riisbro R, Christensen IJ, Piironen T et al Prognostic significance of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in serum and cytosol of tumor tissue from patients with primary breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 8,1132-1141 (2002). iii Stephens RW, Pedersen AN, Nielsen HJ et al ELISA determination of soluble urokinase receptor in blood from healthy donors and cancer patients. Clin. Chem. 43, 1868–1876 (1997).
  • Janicke F, Prechtl A, Thomssen C et al Randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial in high-risk, lymph node-negative breast cancer patients identified by urokinase-plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor Type 1.1 Natl Cancer Inst. 93,913-920 (2001).
  • •Demonstrates efficacy of urokinase plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor Type 1 in identifying node-negative, high-risk breast cancer patients.
  • Grondahl-Hansen J, Hilsenbeck SG, Christensen IJ, Clark GM, Osborne CK, Brunner N. Prognostic significance of PM-1 and uPA in cytosolic extracts obtained from node-positive breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 7irat. 43,153-163 (1997).
  • Duggan C, Kennedy S, Kramer MD et al Plasminogen activator inhibitor Type 2 in breast cancer. BE J. Cancer 76,622–627 (1997).
  • Hayes DE Tumor markers for breast cancer. Ann. arca 4,807–819 (1993).
  • Joseph E, Hyacinthe M, Gary H et al. Evaluation of an intensive strategy for follow-up and surveillance of primary breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol 5,522–528 (1998).
  • Yarbro JW, Page DL, Fielding LP, Partridge EE, Murphy GP. American Joint Committee on Cancer Prognostic Factors Consensus Conference. Cancer 86, 2436–2446 (1999).
  • Pronk LC, Stoter G, van Putten WLJ, de Wit R. The correlation of CA 15–3 and TPS with tumor course in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol 123,128–132 (1997).
  • Kiang DT, Greenberg LJ, Kennedy BJ. Tumor marker kinetics in the monitoring of breast cancer. Cancer65,193–199 (1990).
  • Leitzel K, Teramoto Y, Konrad K et al. Elevated serum c-erbB-2 antigen levels and decreased response to hormone therapy of breast cancer. j Clin. Oncol 13, 1129–1135 (1995).
  • Ali SM, Leitzel K, Chinchilli VM et al Relationship of serum HER-2/neu and serum CA 15–3 in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Clin. Chem. 48,1314-1320 (2002).
  • Sölétomos G, Schioler V, Nielsen D et al Interpretation of results for tumor markers based on analytical imprecision and biological variation. Clin. Chem. 39, 22077–22083 (1993).
  • Fraser CG. The application of theoretical goals based on biological variation data in proficiency testing. Arch. Farhat. Lab. Merl 112,404–415 (1988).
  • Lumachi F, Polistina F, Boccagni P et al Clinical value of serum markers in breast neoplasm: 5-year follow-up. Breast 6, 328–329 (1997).
  • Molina R, Jo J, Filella X et al. C-erbB-2 CEA and CA 15.3 serum levels in the early diagnosis of recurrence in breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 19,2551-2556 (1999).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.