Current state of immunotherapy for bladder cancer

References

• Heney NM, Ahmed S, Flanagan MJ et al. Superficial bladder cancer: progression and recurrence. UroL 130,1083–1086 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Herr HVV. Tumour progression and survival in patients with T1 G3 bladder tumours: 15-year outcome. Br. J UroL 80,762–765 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Vicente J, Laguna MP, Duarte D et al. Carcinoma in situ as a prognostic factor for G3pT1 bladder tumours. Br. J UroL 68, 380–382 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD et al. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, Ti, and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J UroL 163,1124–1129 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Validates Lamm's 6+3 protocol and showsthe significant advantage of maintenance therapy.
   Google Scholar
• Abel PD. Follow-up of patients with 'superficial' transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: the case for a change in policy. Br. UroL 72,135-142 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Paton J, Xavier B, Laguna P, Montlleo M, Vicente J. In situ transitional cell carcinoma involvement of prostatic urethra: bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy without previous transurethral resection of the prostate. Urology47, 482–484 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crawford ED et al. A randomized trial of intravesical doxorubicin and immunotherapy with bacille Calmette-Guérin for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. N Engl. J Med. 325,1205–1209 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerin C. The history of BCG. In: BCG Vaccine: Tuberculosis—Cancel; second edition. Rosenthal SR (Ed.), PSG Publishing, MA, USA, 35 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Pearl R. Cancer and tuberculosis. Proc. Nat] Acad. Sci USA 9,97 (1929).
   Google Scholar
• Zbar B, Bernstein ID, Bartlett GL, Hanna MG Jr, Rapp HJ. Immunotherapy of cancer: regression of intradermal tumours and prevention of growth of lymph node metastases after intralesional injection of living Mycobacterium bovis. j Nat] Cancer Inst. 49,119–130 (1972).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coe JE, Feldman JD. Extracutaneous delayed hypersensitivity, particularly in the guinea-pig bladder. Immunology10, 127–136 (1966).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW. Intracavitary bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. UroL 116,180–183 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Lamm DL, Thor DE, Harris SC et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer. J Urol. 124, 38–40 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao W, Schorey JS, Groger R et al. Characterization of the fibronectin binding motif for a unique mycobacterial fibronectin attachment protein, FAR J. BioL Chem. 19,4521–4526 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Zhao W, Schorey JS, Bong-Mastek M et al. Role of a bacillus Calmette-Guerin fibronectin attachment protein in BCG-induced antitumor activity. Int. J Cancer 86,83–88 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales A, Nickel JC. Immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer with BCC. World UroL 3,209–214 (1986).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garden RJ, Liu BCS, Redwood SM et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin abrogates in vitro invasion and motility of human bladder tumor cells via fibronectin interaction. UroL 148,900–925 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Durek C, Rusch-Gerdes S, Jocham D et al. Interference of modern antibacterials with bacillus Calmette-Guerin viability. J Urol. 162,1959–1962 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies M. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin as an antitumor agent: the interaction with cells of the mammalian immune system. Blocher-R. Biophys. Acta 651,143–174 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Boer EC, De Jong WH, Steerenberg PA et al. Induction of urinary interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor during intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin in superficial bladder cancer. Cancer Irnmunol. Irnmunother. 34,306-312 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Ratliff TL, Gillen D, Catalona WJ. Requirement of a thymus dependent immune response for BCG-mediated antitumor activity. J UroL 137,155–159 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Jansson OT, Morcos E, Brundin I et al. The role of nitric oxide in bacillus Calmette-Guerin mediated antitumor effects in human bladder cancer. Br. J Cancer 78,588–592 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamm DL. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for bladder cancer. J UroL 134,40–47 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nseyo UO, Lamm DL. Immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Sernin. Surg. Oncol. 13, 342–349 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herr HVV, Pinsky CM, Whitmore WF Jr et al. Experience with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy of superficial bladder tumors. Urology25, 119–123 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Herr HVV. Transurethral resection and intravesical therapy of superficial bladder tumors. UroL Clin. North Am. 18,525–528 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pagano F, Bassi P, Milani C, Meneghini A, Maruzzi D, Garbeglio A. Low dose BCG regimen in superficial bladder cancer therapy: is it effective? J Uml. 146,32–35 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Melekos MD, Chionis H, Pantazakos A, Fokaefs E, Paranychianakis G, Dauaher H. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunoprophylaxis of superficial bladder cancer: results of a controlled prospective trial with modified treatment schedule. J Urn]. 149(4), 744–748 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Krege S, Giani G, Meyer R, Otto T, Rubben H. A randomized multicenter trial of adjuvant therapy in superficial bladder cancer: transurethral resection only versus transurethral resection plus mitomycin C versus transurethral resection plus bacillus Calmette-Guerin. j UroL 156(3), 962–966 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herr HVV, Laudone VP, Badalament RA et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy alters the progression of superficial bladder cancer. JOncoL 6,1450–1455(1988).
   Google Scholar
• Herr HVV. Transurethral resection and intravesical therapy of superficial bladder tumors. UroL Clin. North Am. 18,525–528 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cookson MS, Herr HW, Shang ZF et al. The treated natural history of high risk superficial bladder cancer: 15 year outcome. J UroL 158,63–67 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM, Lamm DL. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Uml. 168, 1964–1970 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• •Meta-analysis of 24 published trials that confirms the advantage of maintenance therapy in reducing disease progression.
   Google Scholar
• Coplen DE, Marcus MD, Myers JA et al. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with 1 or 2,6-week courses of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin: analysis of possible predictors of response free of tumor. UroL 144,652–657 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Lamm DL. Carcinoma in situ. Uml. Cilia. North Arm 19,499–508 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamm DL. Long-term results of intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer. UroL Clin. North Am. 19,573–580 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mungan NA, Witjes JA. Bacillus Calmette- Guerin in superficial transitional cell carcinoma. Br. J. UroL 82,213–223 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herr HW, Wartinger DD, Fair WR et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for superficial bladder cancer: a 10 year follow-up. UroL 147,1020–1023 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Orsola A, Palou J, Xavier B et al. Primary bladder carcinoma in situ: assessment of early BCG response as a prognostic factor. Eur. UroL 33,457–463 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herr HW, Badalament RA, Amato DA et al. Superficial bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: a multivariate analysis of factors affecting tumor progression. J UroL 141,22–29 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum RS, Park MC, Fleischmann J. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin failures in superficial bladder cancer. J UroL 147,601–605 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Herr HW Extravesical tumor relapse in patients with superficial bladder tumors. J OncoL 16,1099–1102 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Corti Ortiz D, Rivera Garray P, Aviles Jasse J et al. Prophylaxis of superficial bladder cancer with 1 mg of intravesical BCG: comparison with other doses. Actas UroL Esp. 17,239-242 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Kavoussi LR, Torrence RJ, Gillen DP et al. Results of 6 weekly intravesical BCG instillations on the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol. 139,935–940 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bretton PR, Herr HW, Kimmel M et al. The response of patients with superficial bladder cancer to a second course of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin. UroL 143,710–712 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Lamm DL, Reichert DF, Harris SC et al. Immunotherapy of murine transitional cell carcinoma. J. UroL 128,1104–1108 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catalona WJ, Hudson MA, Gillen DP et al. Risks and benefits of repeated courses of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for superficial bladder cancer. J UroL 137,220–224 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamm DL, van der Meijden APM, Morales A et al. Incidence and treatment of complications of bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical therapy in superficial bladder cancer. J Urol. 147,596–600 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeHaven JI, Tranellis C, Riggs DR et al. Antibiotics and steroid therapy of massive systemic bacillus Calmette-Guerin toxicity. UroL 147,738–742 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• •Comprehensive review of the complications of bacillus Calmette—Guerin (BCG) therapy.
   Google Scholar
• Borden EC, Groveman DS, Nasu T et al. Antiproliferative activities of interferons against human bladder carcinoma cell lines in vitro. J Uml. 132,800–803 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Torti FM, Shortliffe LD, Williams RD et al. a-interferon in superficial bladder cancer: a Northern California Oncology Group study. Clin. OncoL 6,476–483 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Glashan R. A randomized controlled study of intravesical interferon a2b in carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urol. 144,658–661 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Kalble T, Beer M, Mendoza E et al. BCG vs. interferon a for prevention of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer: a prospective randomized study. Urologe A 33,133–137 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jimenez-Cruz JF, Vera-Donoso CD, Leiva O et al. Intravesical immunoprophylaxis in recurrent superficial bladder cancer (stage Ti): multicenter trial comparing bacillus Calmette-Guerin and interferon-a. Urology50,529–535 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boccardo F, Cannata D, Rubagotti A et al. Prophylaxis of superficial bladder cancer with mitomycin or interferon-a2b: results of a multicenter Italian study. J Clin. OncoL 12,7–13 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Rajala P, Liukkonen T, Raitanen M et al. Transurethral resection with perioperative instillation of interferon-a or epirubicin for the prophylaxis of recurrent primary superficial bladder cancer: a prospective randomized multicenter study — Finnbladder 111.1 UroL 161,1133–1135 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• •Randomized trial that showed a benefit for intravesical chemotherapy after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) but not for immunotherapy. This is in agreement with the mechanisms of action of both modalities.
   Google Scholar
• Bercovich E, Deriu M, Manferrari F, Irianni G. BCG vs. BCG plus recombinant alpha-interferon 2b in superficial tumors of the bladder. Arch. ItaL UroL AndroL 67, 257–260 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell MA, Krohn J, DeWolf WC. Salvage intravesical therapy with interferon a2b plus low dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin is effective in patients with superficial bladder cancer in whom bacillus Calmette-Guerin alone previously failed. J UroL 166, 1300–1304 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punnen SP, Chin JL, Jewett MA. Management of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) refractory superficial bladder cancer with intravesical BCG and interferon combination therapy. Can. J Urol. 10, 1790–1795 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Luciani LG, Neulander E, Murphy WM, Wajsman Z. Risk of continued intravesical therapy and delayed cystectomy in BCG-refractory superficial bladder cancer: an investigational approach. Urology58, 376–379 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo Y, Chen X, Downs TM, DeWolf WC, O'Donnell MA. IFN-a2b enhances Thl cytokine response in bladder cancer patients receiving Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy. j I17717711fla 162,2399–405 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell MA, Lilli K, Leopold C. Interim results from a national multicenter Phase II trial of combination bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus interferon a2b for superficial bladder cancer. J Urn]. 172, 888–893 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurincic CD, Engelmann U, Gasch J, Klippel KR Immunotherapy in bladder cancer with keyhole-limpet hemocyanin: a randomized study." Uml. 139,723-726 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Flamm J, Bucher A, Had W, Albrecht W. Recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: adjuvant topical chemotherapy versus immunotherapy, a prospective randomized trial. J Urol. 144, 260–263 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamm DL, Dehaven JI, Riggs DR. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunotherapy of bladder cancer: laboratory and clinical studies. Eur. Uml. 37(Suppl.), 41–44 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Kalble T, Mohring K, Ikinger U, Riedasch G, Staehler G. Intravesical prevention of recurrence of superficial urinary bladder cancer with BCG and KLH. A prospective randomized study. Urologe A 30(2), 118–121 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Sardosy MF, Lowe BA, Schellhammer PE et al. Bropirimine immunotherapy of carcinoma in situ of the bladder: results of a Phase II trial. Urology 48,21–27 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witjes WP, Konig M, Boeminghaus FP et al. Results of a European comparative randomized study comparing oral bropirimine versus intravesical BCG treatment in BCG-naive patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: European Bropirimine Study Group. Eur. UroL 36,576–581 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eto M, Harada M, Tamada K et al. Antitumor activity of interleukin-12 against murine bladder cancer. J Urol. 162, 1549–1552 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Clinton SK, Canto P, O'Donnell MA. Interleukin-12: opportunities for the treatment of bladder cancer. Urol. North Ant. 27,147-155 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Weiss GR, O'Donnell MA, Loughlin K, Zonno K, Laliberte RJ, Sherman ML. Phase I study of the intravesical administration of recombinant human interleukin-12 in patients with recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. .1. Irnmunother. 26(4), 343–348 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Glazier DB, Bahnson RR, McLeod DG et al. Intravesical recombinant tumor necrosis factor in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer: an Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group study. .1. Urol. 154,66-68 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Stravoravdi P, Toliou T, Kirtsis P et al. A new approach in the management of urothelial tumors using GM-CSF on marker lesions: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study on the macrophage population in bladder mucosa. .1. Interferon Cytokine Res. 19,221-225 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Den Otter W, Dobrowolski Z, Bugajski A et al. Intravesical interleukin-2 in Ti papillary bladder carcinoma: regression of marker lesion in 8 of 10 patients. .1. Urol. 159,1183-1186 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Grasso M, Diegoli M, Brega A, Campana C, Tavazzi L, Arbustini E. Neoadjuvant treatment with intravesical interleukin-2 for recurrent superficial transitional bladder carcinoma Ta-Ti/Gi-2.j Irnmunother. 24, 184–187 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noun i AM, Hyde R, Oliver RT. Clinical and immunological effect of intravesical interleukin-2 in superficial bladder cancer. Cancer Irnmunol. Irnmunother 39,68–70 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Gomella LG, McGinnis DE, Lattime EC et al. Treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with intravesical interleukin-2: a pilot study. Cancer Biothm: 3,223–227(1993).
   Google Scholar
• Lau BHS, Woolley IL, Marsh CL et al. Superiority of intralesional immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvunt and Allium satiV11117 in the control of murine transitional cell carcinoma. .1. Urol. 136, 701 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Riggs DR, DeHaven B, Lamm DL. Allium satiV11117 (garlic) treatment for murine transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer 79, 1987 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Kamat AM, Lamm DL. Chemoprevention of urologic cancer. .1. Urol. 161,1748-1760 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS etal. Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a double-blind clinical trial. j Urol. 151, 21–26 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Randomized double-blind clinical trial that demonstrated potent activity of megadose vitamins in the chemoprevention of bladder cancer.
   Google Scholar
• Prout GR Jr, Barton BA. 13-cis-retinoic acid in chemoprevention of superficial bladder cancer. .1. Cell. Biochern. 161, 148–152 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Heinonen OP, Albanes D. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group: the effects of vitamin E and beta-carotene on the incidence of lung cancers in male smokers. N. Engl. .1. Med. 330,1029 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Lamm DL, Torti FM. Bladder cancer, 1996. CA Cancer .1. Clin. 46,93-112 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Cookson MS, Sarosdy ME Management of stage Ti superficial bladder cancer with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy. J. Urol. 148,797–801 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein EA, Rogatko A, Herr HVV. Management of local bacillus Calmette-Guerin failures in superficial bladder cancer. 1 Urol. 147,601-605 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Morales A, Chin JL, Ramsey EW. Mycobacterial cell wall extract for treatment of carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urol. 166,1633 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Chen SA, Tsai MH, Wu FT et al. Induction of antitumor immunity with combination of HER2/neu DNA vaccine and interleukin-2 gene-modified tumor vaccine. Clin. Cancer Res. 6,4381 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Nishiyama T, Tachibana M, Horiguchi Y et al. Immunotherapy of bladder cancer using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with human lymphocyte antigen-A24-specific MAGE-3 peptide. Clin. Cancer Res.7, 23 (2001).
   Google Scholar