Predictive molecular biomarkers to guide clinical decision making in kidney cancer: current progress and future challenges

References

• Eble J, Sauter G, Epstein J, Sesterhenn I. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. In: World Health Organization classification. of tumours. IARC Press; Lyon, France: 2004
   Google Scholar
• Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012;62:10-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravaud A, Schmidinger M. Clinical biomarkers of response in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2013;24:2935-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun M, Shariat SF, Cheng C, et al. Prognostic factors and predictive models in renal cell carcinoma: a contemporary review. Eur Urol 2011;60:644-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan PH, Cheng L, Rioux-Leclercq N, et al. Renal tumors: diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Am J Surg Pathol 2013;37:1518-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen JG. A preclinical review of sunitinib, a multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-angiogenic and antitumour activities. Ann Oncol 2007;18:x3-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotink KJ, Verheul HM. Anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors: what is their mechanism of action? Angiogenesis 2010;13:1-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funakoshi T, Lee CH, Hsieh JJ. A systematic review of predictive and prognostic biomarkers for VEGF-targeted therapy in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2014;40:533-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonpavde G, Choueiri TK. Biomarkers: the next therapeutic hurdle in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2012;107:1009-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buczek M, Escudier B, Bartnik E, et al. Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: from the patient’s bed to molecular mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014;1845:31-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Mijn JC, Mier JW, Broxterman HJ, Verheul HM. Predictive biomarkers in renal cell cancer: insights in drug resistance mechanisms. Drug Resist Updat 2014;17:77-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall JM, Millard F, Kurzrock R. Molecular aberrations, targeted therapy, and renal cell carcinoma: current state-of-the-art. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014;33:1109-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Donas J, Rodriguez-Moreno JF, Romero-Laorden N, Rodriguez-Antona C. Renal carcinoma pharmacogenomics and predictors of response: steps toward treatment individualization. Urol Oncol 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyfe G, Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, et al. Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:688-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JC, Sherry RM, Steinberg SM, et al. Randomized study of high-dose and low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:3127-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott DF, Regan MM, Clark JI, et al. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 versus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:133-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui MH, Seligson D, Han KR, et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX is an independent predictor of survival in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:802-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins M, Regan M, McDermott D, et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX expression predicts outcome of interleukin 2 therapy for renal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:3714-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Martino M, Klatte T, Seligson DB, et al. CA9 gene: single nucleotide polymorphism predicts metastatic renal cell carcinoma prognosis. J Urol 2009;182:728-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HS, Kim WS, Park SH, et al. Molecular biomarkers for advanced renal cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and therapy. Urol Oncol 2010;28:157-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott DF, Cheng SC, Signoretti S, et al. The high-dose aldesleukin “select” trial: a trial to prospectively validate predictive models of response treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015;21:561-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones J, Otu HH, Grall F, et al. Proteomic identification of interleukin-2 therapy response in metastatic renal cell cancer. J Urol 2008;179:730-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatino M, Kim-Schulze S, Panelli MC, et al. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor and fibronectin predict clinical response to high-dose interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2645-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:115-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, et al. Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3584-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deprimo SE, Bello CL, Smeraglia J, et al. Circulating protein biomarkers of pharmacodynamic activity of sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: modulation of VEGF and VEGF-related proteins. J Transl Med 2007;5:32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontovinis LF, Papazisis KT, Touplikioti P, et al. Sunitinib treatment for patients with clear-cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma: clinical outcomes and plasma angiogenesis markers. BMC Cancer 2009;9:82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Veldt AA, Vroling L, de Haas RR, et al. Sunitinib-induced changes in circulating endothelial cell-related proteins in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer. Int J Cancer 2012;131:E484-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta C, Paglino C, De Amici M, et al. Predictive value of baseline serum vascular endothelial growth factor and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in advanced kidney cancer patients receiving sunitinib. Kidney Int 2010;77:809-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rini BI, Michaelson MD, Rosenberg JE, et al. Antitumor activity and biomarker analysis of sunitinib in patients with bevacizumab-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3743-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Gracia JL, Prior C, Guillén-Grima F, et al. Identification of TNF-alpha and MMP-9 as potential baseline predictive serum markers of sunitinib activity in patients with renal cell carcinoma using a human cytokine array. Br J Cancer 2009;101:1876-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon CS, DePrimo SE, Figlin RA, et al. Circulating proteins as potential biomarkers of sunitinib and interferon-α efficacy in treatment-naïve patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014;73:151-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Hudes GR, et al. Investigation of novel circulating proteins, germ line single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and molecular tumor markers as potential efficacy biomarkers of first-line sunitinib therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014;74:739-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake H, Nishikawa M, Tei H, et al. Significance of circulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 ratio as a predictor of disease progression in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib. Urol Oncol 2014;32:584-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada D, Matsushita H, Azuma T, et al. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor as a predictor of the response of metastatic renal cell carcinoma to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Mol Clin Oncol 2014;2:1023-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dornbusch J, Zacharis A, Meinhardt M, et al. Analyses of potential predictive markers and survival data for a response to sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013;8:e76386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muriel López C, Esteban E, Astudillo A, et al. Predictive factors for response to treatment in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2012;30:2443-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Donas J, Leandro-García LJ, González Del Alba A, et al. Prospective study assessing hypoxia-related proteins as markers for the outcome of treatment with sunitinib in advanced clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2013;24:2409-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terakawa T, Miyake H, Kusuda Y, Fujisawa M. Expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in radical nephrectomy specimens as a prognostic predictor in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. Urol Oncol 2013;31:493-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You D, Song SH, Cho YM, et al. Predictive role of tissue-based molecular markers in patients treated with sunitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol 2015;33:111-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Puerto-Nevado L, Rojo F, Zazo S, et al. Active angiogenesis in metastatic renal cell carcinoma predicts clinical benefit to sunitinib-based therapy. Br J Cancer 2014;110:2700-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’ Alterio C, Portella L, Ottaiano A, et al. High CXCR4 expression correlates with sunitinib poor response in metastatic renal cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2012;12:693-702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang D, Ding Y, Zhou M, et al. Interleukin-8 mediates resistance to antiangiogenic agent sunitinib in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2010;70:1063-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe K, Stewart GD, Mackay A, et al. The effect of VEGF-targeted therapy on biomarker expression in sequential tissue from patients with metastatic clear cell renal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:6924-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paule B, Bastien L, Deslandes E, et al. Soluble isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor are predictors of response to sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinomas. PLoS One 2010;5:e10715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grange C, Collino F, Tapparo M, Camussi G. Oncogenic micro-RNAs and renal cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2014;4:49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gámez-Pozo A, Antón-Aparicio LM, Bayona C, et al. MicroRNA expression profiling of peripheral blood samples predicts resistance to first-line sunitinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. Neoplasia 2012;14:1144-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkers J, Govaere O, Wolter P, et al. A possible role for microRNA-141 down-regulation in sunitinib resistant metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma through induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and hypoxia resistance. J Urol 2013;189:1930-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior C, Perez-Gracia JL, Garcia-Donas J, et al. Identification of tissue microRNAs predictive of sunitinib activity in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014;9:e86263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Veldt AA, Eechoute K, Gelderblom H, et al. Genetic polymorphisms associated with a prolonged progression-free survival in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated with sunitinib. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:620-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Donas J, Esteban E, Leandro-García LJ, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphism associations with response and toxic effects in patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma treated with first-line sunitinib: a multicentre, observational, prospective study. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:1143-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scartozzi M, Bianconi M, Faloppi L, et al. VEGF and VEGFR polymorphisms affect clinical outcome in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients receiving first-line sunitinib. Br J Cancer 2013;108:1126-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JJ, Vaziri SA, Rini BI, et al. Association of VEGF and VEGFR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms with hypertension and clinical outcome in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients treated with sunitinib. Cancer 2012;118:1946-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuselinck B, Karadimou A, Lambrechts D, et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with outcome in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. Br J Cancer 2013;108:887-900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuselinck B, Karadimou A, Lambrechts D, et al. VEGFR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with outcome in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib – a multicentric retrospective analysis. Acta Oncol 2014;53:103-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:125-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al. Sorafenib for treatment of renal cell carcinoma: final efficacy and safety results of the phase III treatment approaches in renal cancer global evaluation trial. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3312-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peña C, Lathia C, Shan M, et al. Biomarkers predicting outcome in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: results from sorafenib phase III treatment approaches in renal cancer global evaluation trial. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16:4853-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurita AJ, Jonasch E, Wang X, et al. A cytokine and angiogenic factor (CAF) analysis in plasma for selection of sorafenib therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2012;23:46-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonasch E, Corn P, Pagliaro LC, et al. Upfront, randomized, phase 2 trial of sorafenib versus sorafenib and low-dose interferon alfa in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: clinical and biomarker analysis. Cancer 2010;116:57-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choueiri TK, Regan MM, Rosenberg JE, et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX and pathological features as predictors of outcome in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma receiving vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy. BJU Int 2010;106:772-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusuda Y, Miyake H, Behnsawy HM, et al. Prognostic prediction in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sorafenib based on expression levels of potential molecular markers in radical nephrectomy specimens. Urol Oncol 2013;31:42-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang HL, Zhu Y, Qin XJ, et al. c-KIT: potential predictive factor for the efficacy of sorafenib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid feature. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2013;11:134-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg CN, Davis ID, Mardiak J, et al. Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1061-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg CN, Hawkins RE, Wagstaff J, et al. A randomised, double-blind phase III study of pazopanib in patients with advanced and/or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final overall survival results and safety update. Eur J Cancer 2013;49:1287-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutson TE, Davis ID, Machiels JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of pazopanib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:475-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu CF, Bing NX, Ball HA, et al. Pazopanib efficacy in renal cell carcinoma: evidence for predictive genetic markers in angiogenesis-related and exposure-related genes. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:2557-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran HT, Liu Y, Zurita AJ, et al. Prognostic or predictive plasma cytokines and angiogenic factors for patients treated with pazopanib for metastatic renal-cell cancer: a retrospective analysis of phase 2 and phase 3 trials. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:827-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choueiri TK, Fay AP, Gagnon R, et al. The role of aberrant VHL/HIF pathway elements in predicting clinical outcome to pazopanib therapy in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:5218-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal SK, Sakib Hossain DM, Zhang Q, et al. Pazopanib as third-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: clinical efficacy and temporal analysis of cytokine profile. J Urol 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choueiri TK, Vaziri SA, Jaeger E, et al. von Hippel-Lindau gene status and response to vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2008;180:860-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rini BI, Escudier B, Tomczak P, et al. Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011;378:1931-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Tomczak P, et al. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: overall survival analysis and updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:552-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita Y, Uemura H, Fujimoto H, et al. Key predictive factors of axitinib (AG-013736)-induced proteinuria and efficacy: a phase II study in Japanese patients with cytokine-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2011;47:2592-602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escudier B, Pluzanska A, Koralewski P, et al. Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet 2007;370:2103-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrechts D, Claes B, Delmar P, et al. VEGF pathway genetic variants as biomarkers of treatment outcome with bevacizumab: an analysis of data from the AViTA and AVOREN randomised trials. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:724-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegde PS, Jubb AM, Chen D, et al. Predictive impact of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor in four phase III trials evaluating bevacizumab. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:929-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsavachidou-Fenner D, Tannir N, Tamboli P, et al. Gene and protein expression markers of response to combined antiangiogenic and epidermal growth factor targeted therapy in renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2010;21:1599-606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, et al. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2271-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong AJ, George DJ, Halabi S. Serum lactate dehydrogenase predicts for overall survival benefit in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3402-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figlin RA, de Souza P, McDermott D, et al. Analysis of PTEN and HIF-1alpha and correlation with efficacy in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with temsirolimus versus interferon-alpha. Cancer 2009;115:3651-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho D, Signoretti S, Dabora S, et al. Potential histologic and molecular predictors of response to temsirolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2007;5:379-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boer JM, Huber WK, Sültmann H, et al. Identification and classification of differentially expressed genes in renal cell carcinoma by expression profiling on a global human 31,500-element cDNA array. Genome Res 2001;11:1861-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AN, Amin MB, Moreno CS, et al. Expression profiling of renal epithelial neoplasms: a method for tumor classification and discovery of diagnostic molecular markers. Am J Pathol 2001;158:1639-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JP, Shinghal R, Gill H, et al. Gene expression patterns in renal cell carcinoma assessed by complementary DNA microarray. Am J Pathol 2003;162:925-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furge KA, Lucas KA, Takahashi M, et al. Robust classification of renal cell carcinoma based on gene expression data and predicted cytogenetic profiles. Cancer Res 2004;64:4117-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi M, Rhodes DR, Furge KA, et al. Gene expression profiling of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: gene identification and prognostic classification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:9754-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi M, Yang XJ, Sugimura J, et al. Molecular subclassification of kidney tumors and the discovery of new diagnostic markers. Oncogene 2003;22:6810-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasselli JR, Shih JH, Iyengar SR, et al. Predicting survival in patients with metastatic kidney cancer by gene-expression profiling in the primary tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:6958-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones J, Otu H, Spentzos D, et al. Gene signatures of progression and metastasis in renal cell cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:5730-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao M, Tabuchi H, Nagashima Y, et al. Gene expression analysis of renal carcinoma: adipose differentiation-related protein as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for clear-cell renal carcinoma. J Pathol 2005;205:377-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sültmann H, von Heydebreck A, Huber W, et al. Gene expression in kidney cancer is associated with cytogenetic abnormalities, metastasis formation, and patient survival. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:646-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skubitz KM, Zimmermann W, Kammerer R, et al. Differential gene expression identifies subgroups of renal cell carcinoma. J Lab Clin Med 2006;147:250-67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brannon AR, Reddy A, Seiler M, et al. Molecular stratification of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by consensus clustering reveals distinct subtypes and survival patterns. Genes Cancer 2010;1:152-63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brannon AR, Haake SM, Hacker KE, et al. Meta-analysis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma gene expression defines a variant subgroup and identifies gender influences on tumor biology. Eur Urol 2012;61:258-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuttig D, Zastrow S, Füssel S, et al. CD31, EDNRB and TSPAN7 are promising prognostic markers in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma revealed by genome-wide expression analyses of primary tumors and metastases. Int J Cancer 2012;131:E693-704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosari F, Parker AS, Kube DM, et al. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: gene expression analyses identify a potential signature for tumor aggressiveness. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:5128-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Ljungberg B, Grankvist K, et al. Gene expression profiling predicts survival in conventional renal cell carcinoma. PLoS Med 2006;3:e13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane BR, Li J, Zhou M, et al. Differential expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma identified by gene expression profiling. J Urol 2009;181:849-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beleut M, Zimmermann P, Baudis M, et al. Integrative genome-wide expression profiling identifies three distinct molecular subgroups of renal cell carcinoma with different patient outcome. BMC Cancer 2012;12:310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boström AK, Lindgren D, Johansson ME, Axelson H. Effects of TGF-β signaling in clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013;435:126-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati S, Martinez P, Joshi T, et al. Systematic evaluation of the prognostic impact and intratumour heterogeneity of clear cell renal cell carcinoma biomarkers. Eur Urol 2014;66:936-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SA, Brannon AR, Parker JS, et al. ClearCode34: a prognostic risk predictor for localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2014;66:77-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury Y, Wei X, Chu YH, et al. A multigene assay identifying distinct prognostic subtypes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma with differential response to tyrosine kinase inhibition. Eur Urol 2015;67:17-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albiges L, Oudard S, Negrier S, et al. Complete remission with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:482-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson L. Urological cancer: TKIs strike back: complete remission in kidney cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2012;9:128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bailey A, McDermott DF. Immune checkpoint inhibitors as novel targets for renal cell carcinoma therapeutics. Cancer J 2013;19:348-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med 2012;366:2443-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RH, Gillett MD, Cheville JC, et al. Costimulatory B7-H1 in renal cell carcinoma patients: indicator of tumor aggressiveness and potential therapeutic target. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:17174-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RH, Gillett MD, Cheville JC, et al. Costimulatory molecule B7-H1 in primary and metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2005;104:2084-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choueiri TK, Figueroa DJ, Liu Y, et al. Correlation of PDL1 tumor expression and treatment outcomes in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors: COMPARZ study analysis. J Clin Oncol 2014;32(Suppl 4):abstract 416
   Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Rini BI, McDermott DF, et al. Nivolumab for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Choueiri TK, Vaishampayan U, Rosenberg JE, et al. Phase II and biomarker study of the dual MET/VEGFR2 inhibitor foretinib in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:181-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Donas J, Rodriguez-Antona C, Jonasch E. Molecular markers to predict response to therapy. Semin Oncol 2013;40:444-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman R, Costa L, Saad F, et al. Consensus on the utility of bone markers in the malignant bone disease setting. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011;80:411-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delanaye P, Souberbielle JC, Lafage-Proust MH, et al. Can we use circulating biomarkers to monitor bone turnover in CKD haemodialysis patients? Hypotheses and facts. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;29:997-1004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, et al. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N Engl J Med 2012;366:883-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Hou Y, Yin X, et al. Single-cell exome sequencing reveals single-nucleotide mutation characteristics of a kidney tumor. Cell 2012;148:886-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar