References
- Hebert LE, Beckett LA, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Annual incidence of Alzheimer disease in the United States projected to the years 2000 through 2050. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord.15, 169–173 (2001).
- Giannakopoulos P, Herrmann FR, Bussière T et al. Tangle and neuron numbers, but not amyloid load, predict cognitive status in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology60, 1495–1500 (2003).
- Nagy Z, Esiri MM, Jobst KA et al. Relative roles of plaques and tangles in the dementia of Alzheimer’s disease: correlations using three sets of neuropathological criteria. Dementia6, 21–31 (1995).
- Haroutunian V, Purohit DP, Perl DP et al. Neurofibrillary tangles in nondemented elderly subjects and mild Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol.56, 713–718 (1999).
- Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment clinical characterisation and outcome Arch. Neurol.56, 303–308 (1999).
- Bertram L, McQueen MB, Mullin K, Blacker D, Tanzi RE. Systematic meta-analyses of Alzheimer disease genetic association studies: the AlzGene database. Nat. Genet.39(1), 17–23 (2007).
- Morishima-Kawashima M, Han X, Tanimura Y et al. Effects of human apolipoprotein E isoforms on the amyloid β-protein concentration and lipid composition in brain low-density membrane domains. J. Neurochem.101(4), 949–958 (2007).
- Wilkins MR, Pasquali C, Appel RD et al. From proteins to proteomes: large scale protein identification by two-dimensional electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. Biotechnology1, 61–65 (1996).
- Gygi SP, Rist B, Gerber SA et al. Quantitative analysis of complex protein mixtures using isotope-coded affinity tags. Nat. Biotechnol.17, 994–999 (1999).
- Steen H, Pandey A. Proteomics goes quantitative: measuring protein abundance. Trends Biotechnol.9, 361–364 (2002).
- Heck AJ, Krijgsveld J. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. Expert Rev. Proteomics3, 317–326 (2004).
- Kuhn K, Thompson A, Prinz T et al. Isolation of N-terminal protein sequence tags from cyanogen bromide cleaved proteins as a novel approach to investigate hydrophobic proteins. J. Proteome Res.6, 598–609 (2003).
- Thompson A, Schäfer J, Kuhn K et al. Tandem mass tags: a novel quantification strategy for comparative analysis of complex protein mixtures by MS/MS. Anal. Chem.75, 1895–1904 (2003).
- Ross PL, Huang YN, Marchese JN et al. Multiplexed protein quantitation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using amine-reactive isobaric tagging reagents. Mol. Cell Proteomics12, 1154–1169 (2004).
- Choe LH, Dutt MJ, Relkin N, Lee KH. Studies of potential cerebrospinal fluid molecular markers for Alzheimer’s disease. Electrophoresis23, 2247–2251 (2002).
- Puchades M, Hansson SF, Nilsson CL, Andreasen N, Blennow K, Davidsson P. Proteomic studies of potential cerebrospinal fluid protein markers for Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res.118(1–2), 140–146 (2003).
- Castano EM, Roher AE, Esh CL, Kokjohn TA, Beach T. Comparative proteomics of cerebrospinal fluid in neuropathologically-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease and non-demented elderly subjects. Neurol. Res.28, 155–163 (2006).
- Finehout EJ, Franck Z, Lee KH. Complement protein isoforms in CSF as possible biomarkers for neurodegenerative disease. Dis. Markers21, 93–101 (2005).
- Davidsson P, Westman-Brinkmalm A, Nilsson CL et al. Proteome analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in Alzheimer patients. Neuroreport13, 611–615 (2002).
- Finehout EJ, Franck Z, Choe LH, Relkin N, Lee KH. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomic biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Neurol.61, 120–129 (2007).
- Zhang R, Barker L, Pinchev D et al. Mining biomarkers in human sera using proteomic tools. Proteomics4, 244–256 (2004).
- Carrette O, Demalte I, Scherl A et al. A panel of cerebrospinal fluid potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Proteomics3, 1486–1494 (2003).
- Huang JT, Leweke FM, Oxley D et al. Disease biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with first-onset psychosis. PLoS Med.11, E428 (2006).
- Selle H, Lamerz J, Bueger K et al. Identification of novel biomarker candidates by differential peptidomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen.8, 801–806 (2005).
- Todaro L, Puricelli L, Gioseffi H et al. Neural cell adhesion molecule in human serum. Increased levels in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurobiol. Dis.15, 387–393 (2004).
- Hye A, Lynham S, Thambisetty M et al. Proteome-based plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Brain129, 3042–3050 (2006).
- Zhang J, Goodlett DR, Montine TJ. Proteomic biomarker discovery in cerebrospinal fluid for neurodegenerative diseases. J. Alzheimers Dis.8(4), 377–386 (2005).
- Abdi F, Quinn JF, Jankovic J et al. Detection of biomarkers with a multiplex quantitative proteomic platform in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurodegenerative disorders. J. Alzheimers Dis.9, 293–348 (2006).
- Anderson L, Hunter CL. Quantitative mass spectrometric multiple reaction monitoring assays for major plasma proteins. Mol. Cell. Proteomics.(4), 573–588 (2006).
- Butterfield DA, Castegna A. Proteomics for the identification of specifically oxidized proteins in brain: technology and application to the study of neurodegenerative disorders. Amino Acids(3–4), 419–425 (2003).
- Butterfield DA, Castegna A. Proteomic analysis of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain: insights into neurodegeneration. Cell. Mol. Biol.5, 747–751 (2003).
- Butterfield DA. Proteomics: a new approach to investigate oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease brain. Brain Res.1000(1–2), 1–7 (2004).
- Morishima-Kawashima M, Hasegawa M, Takio K et al. Proline-directed and non-proline-directed phosphorylation of PHF-tau. J. Biol. Chem.270, 823–829 (1995).
- Hanger DP, Betts JC, Loviny TL, Blackstock WP, Anderton BH. New phosphorylation sites identified in hyperphosphorylated tau (paired helical filament-tau) from Alzheimer’s disease brain using nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. J. Neurochem.71, 2465–2476 (1998).
- Dettmer K, Hammock BD. Metabolomics – a new exciting field within the ‘omics’ sciences. Environ. Health Perspect.112(7) 396–397 (2004).
- Bjorkhem I, Heverin M, Leoni V, Meaney S, Diczfalusy U. Oxysterols and Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl.114(Suppl. 185), 43–49 (2006).
- Hartai Z, Juhasz A, Rimanoczy A et al. Decreased serum and red blood cell kynurenic acid levels in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem. Int.50(2), 308–313 (2007).
- Phillis JW, Horrocks LA, Farooqui AA. Cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and epoxygenases in CNS: their role and involvement in neurological disorders. Brain Res. Rev.52(2), 201–243 (2006).
- Yao Y, Clark CM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM, Pratico D. Elevation of 12/15 lipoxygenase products in AD and mild cognitive impairment. Ann. Neurol.58(4), 623–626 (2005).
- Montine TJ, Neely MD, Quinn JF et al. Lipid peroxidation in aging brain and Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med.33(5), 620–666 (2002).
- Montine TJ, Quinn JF, Milatovic D et al. Peripheral F2-isoprostanes and F4-neuroprostanes are not increased in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Neurol.52(2), 175–179 (2002).
- Klunk WE, Panchalingam K, Moosy J, McClure RJ, Pettegrew JW. N-acetyl-L-aspartate and other amino acid metabolites in Alzheimer’s disease brain: a preliminary proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. Neurology42, 1578–1585 (1992).
- Miller BL, Moats RA, Shonk T, Earnst T, Wooley S, Ross BD. Alzheimer disease: depiction of increased cerebral myo-inositol with proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology187, 433–437 (1993).
- Huang W, Alexander GE, Chang L et al. Brain metabolite concentration and dementia severity in Alzheimer’s disease. A 1H MRS study. Neurology57, 626–632 (2001).
- Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev PS, Wen W, Shnier R, Brodaty H, Gillies D. Dual voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the healthy elderly: subcortical-frontal axonal N-acetylaspartate levels are correlated with fluid cognitive abilities independent of structural brain changes. Neuroimage12, 747–756 (2000).
- Thulborn K, Martin C, Voyvodic J. Functional MR imaging using a visually guided saccade paradigm for comparing activation patterns in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease and in cognitively able elderly volunteers. Am. J. Neuroradiol.21, 524–531 (2000).
- Kantarci K, Jack CR Jr. Quantitative magnetic resonance techniques as surrogate markers of Alzheimer’s disease. NeuroRx2, 196–205 (2004).
- Benveniste H, Einstein G, Kim KR, Hulette C, Johnson A. Detection of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer’s disease by magnetic resonance microscopy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA96, 14079–14084 (1999).
- Poduslo JF, Wengenack TM, Curran GL et al. Molecular targeting of Alzheimer’s amyloid plaques for contrast-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging. Neurobiol. Dis.11, 315–329 (2002).
- Bacskai BJ, Frosch MP, Freeman SH et al. Molecular imaging with Pittsburgh Compound B confirmed at autopsy: a case report. Arch. Neurol.64(3), 431–434 (2007).
- Verhoeff NP, Wilson AA, Takeshita S et al. In vivo imaging of Alzheimer disease β-amyloid with (11C)SB-13 PET Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry12, 584–595 (2004).
- Zipursky RB, Meyer JH, Verhoeff NP. PET and SPECT imaging in psychiatric disorders. Can. J. Psychiatr. Nurs.52(3), 146–157 (2007).
- Rabinovici GD, Furst AJ, O’Neil JP et al. 11C-PIB PET imaging in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurology68, 1205–1212 (2007).
- Rowe CC, Ng S, Ackermann U et al. Imaging β-amyloid burden in aging and dementia. Neurology68(20), 1718–1725 (2007).
- The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute of the Alzheimer’s Association and the National Institute on Aging working group. Consensus report on: molecular and biochemical markers of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging19, 109–116 (2003).
- Frank RA, Galasko D, Hampel H et al. Biological markers for therapeutic trials in Alzheimer’s disease. Proceedings of the biological markers working group; NIA initiative on neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging24(4), 521–536 (2003).
Websites
- Alzheimer’s society www.alzheimers.org.uk
- Alzheimer’s Disease Facts for Health www.alzheimers.factsforhealth.org
- Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures 2007, Washington DC Alzheimer’s Association (2007) www.alz.org
- Alzheimer’s Association and National Institute on Aging (1998) www.alz.org
- Alzheimer Research Forum www.alzforum.org