The prescribing of generic medicines in Nigeria: knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of physicians

References

• Hassali MA, Alrasheedy AA, McLachlan A, et al. The experiences of implementing generic medicine policy in eight countries: A review and recommendations for a successful promotion of generic medicine use. SAUDI PHARM J Journal. 2014;22(6):491–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartel C. Myths, questions, facts about generic drugs in the EU. Gabi Journal. 2012;1(1):34–38.
   Google Scholar
• Dylst P, Vulto A, Godman B, et al. Generic medicines: solutions for a sustainable drug market? Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2013;11(5):437–443.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vogler S. The impact of pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies on generics uptake: implementation of policy options on generics in 29 European countries–an overview. GaBI Journal. 2012;1(2):93–100.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron A, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Leufkens HG, et al. Switching from originator brand medicines to generic equivalents in selected developing countries: how much could be saved? Value Health. 2012;15(5):664–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration [Internet]. Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA): Generics. 2014 [cited 2015 Feb 2]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/ApprovalApplications/AbbreviatedNewDrugApplicationANDAGenerics/
   Google Scholar
• Kesselheim AS, Misono AS, Lee JL, et al. Clinical equivalence of generic and brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA: Journal Am Med Assoc. 2008;300(21):2514–2526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesselheim AS, Stedman MR, Bubrick EJ, et al. Seizure outcomes following the use of generic versus brand-name antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs. 2010;70(5):605–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrao G, Soranna D, Arfe A, et al. Are generic and brand-name statins clinically equivalent? Evidence from a real data-base. Eur J Intern Med. 2014;25(8):745–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrao G, Soranna D, Merlino L, et al. Similarity between generic and brand-name antihypertensive drugs for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: evidence from a large population-based study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014;44(10):933–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrao G, Soranna D, La Vecchia C, et al. Medication persistence and the use of generic and brand-name blood pressure-lowering agents. J Hypertens. 2014;32(5):1146–53; discussion 53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronin M. Should we have concerns with generic versus brand antimicrobial drugs? A review of issues. JPHSR. 2011;2:135–150.
   Google Scholar
• Paton C. Generic clozapine: outcomes after switching formulations. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:184–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. OECD, Health at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators [Internet]. [cited 2015 Aug 15]. Pharmaceutical expenditure OECD Publishing. 2011. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/49105858.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D, et al. Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9659):240–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan W, Wirtz V, Mantel-Teeuwisse A, et al. Priority Medicines for Europe and the World 2013 Update Report [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 Aug 15]. Available from: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/priority_medicines/MasterDocJune28_FINAL_Web.pdf?ua=1.
   Google Scholar
• Godman B, Wettermark B, Van Woerkom M, et al. Multiple policies to enhance prescribing efficiency for established medicines in Europe with a particular focus on demand-side measures: findings and future implications. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dylst P, Vulto A, Simoens S. Demand-side policies to encourage the use of generic medicines: an overview. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;13(1):59–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B, Abuelkhair M, Vitry A, et al. Payers endorse generics to enhance prescribing efficiency; impact and future implications, a case history approach. GaBI. 2012;1(2):21–35.
   Google Scholar
• Vogler S, Zimmermann N. How do regional sickness funds encourage more rational use of medicines, including the increase of generic uptake? A case study from Austria. GaBI Journal. 2013;2(2):65–75.
   Google Scholar
• Poluzzi E, Veronese G, Piccinni C, et al. Switching among equivalents in chronic cardiovascular therapies: ‘Real World’ Data from Italy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015. [Epub ahead of print].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sermet C, Andrieu V, Godman B, et al. Ongoing pharmaceutical reforms in France: implications for key stakeholder groups. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2010;8(1):7–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garuoliene K, Godman B, Gulbinovic J, et al. European countries with small populations can obtain low prices for drugs: Lithuania as a case history. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2011;11(3):343–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duerden MG, Hughes DA. Generic and therapeutic substitutions in the UK: are they a good thing? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;70(3):335–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B, Bishop I, Finlayson AE, et al. Reforms and initiatives in Scotland in recent years to encourage the prescribing of generic drugs, their influence and implications for other countries. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;13(4):469–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson KA, Petzold MG, Allebeck P, et al. Influence of mandatory generic substitution on pharmaceutical sales patterns: a national study over five years. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8:50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe-Byrne T, Chambers D, Harden M, et al. Behaviour change interventions to promote prescribing of generic drugs: a rapid evidence synthesis and systematic review. BMJ Open. 2014;4(5):e004623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjoenniksen I, Lindbaek M, Granas AG. Patients’ attitudes towards and experiences of generic drug substitution in Norway. Pharmacy World Science: PWS. 2006;28(5):284–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godman B, Bishop I, Campbell SM, et al. Quality and efficiency of statin prescribing across countries with a special focus on South Africa; findings and future implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2015;15(2):323–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao Y, Ryan AM, Shao H, et al. Generic initiation and antidepressant therapy adherence under Medicare Part D. Am J Manag Care. 2013;19(12):989–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briesacher BA, Andrade SE, Fouayzi H, et al. Medication adherence and use of generic drug therapies. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(7):450–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakshaug S, Furu K, Karlstad O, et al. Switching statins in Norway after new reimbursement policy: a nationwide prescription study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;64(4):476–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martikainen JE, Saastamoinen LK, Korhonen MJ, et al. Impact of restricted reimbursement on the use of statins in Finland: a register-based study. Medical Care. 2010;48(9):761–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon J, Godman B, Petzold M, et al. Different initiatives across Europe to enhance losartan utilisation post generics: impact and implications. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5(Article 219):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinze G, Hronsky M, Reichardt B, et al. Potential savings in prescription drug costs for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus by equivalent drug substitution in Austria: a nationwide cohort study. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2015;13(2):193–205.
   Google Scholar
• Usher-Smith J, Ramsbottom T, Pearmain H, et al. Evaluation of the clinical outcomes of switching patients from atorvastatin to simvastatin and losartan to candesartan in a primary care setting: 2 years on. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(3):480–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennie M, Godman B, Bishop I, et al. Multiple initiatives continue to enhance the prescribing efficiency for the proton pump inhibitors and statins in Scotland. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2012;12(1):125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin A, Godman B, Miranda J, et al. Measures to improve angiotensin receptor blocker prescribing efficiency in the UK: findings and implications. J Comp Eff Res. 2014;3(1):41–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman C, Zarrinkoub R, Hasselstrom J, et al. Potential savings without compromising the quality of care. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63(9):1320–1326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King DR, Kanavos P. Encouraging the use of generic medicines: implications for transition economies. Croat Med J. 2002;43(4):462–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris V. Pharmaceutical regulation in France 1980–2003. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2005;20(4):307–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B, Shrank W, Andersen M, et al. Comparing policies to enhance prescribing efficiency in Europe through increasing generic utilization: changes seen and global implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2010;10(6):707–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua GN, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, et al. A survey exploring knowledge and perceptions of general practitioners towards the use of generic medicines in the northern state of Malaysia. Health Policy. 2010;95(2–3):229–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodorou M, Tsiantou V, Pavlakis A, et al. Factors influencing prescribing behaviour of physicians in Greece and Cyprus: results from a questionnaire based survey. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Jazairi AS, Bhareth S, Eqtefan IS, et al. Brand and generic medications: are they interchangeable? Ann Saudi Med. 2008;28(1):33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babar ZU, Grover P, Stewart J, et al. Evaluating pharmacists’ views, knowledge, and perception regarding generic medicines in New Zealand. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2011;7(3):294–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dylst P, Vulto A, Simoens S. Analysis of French generic medicines retail market: why the use of generic medicines is limited. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2014;14(6):795–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Editorial. Generic bashing: effective but illegal. Prescrire Int. 2013;22(144):307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumgärtel C, Godman B, Malmström R, et al. What lessons can be learned from the launch of generic clopidogrel? GaBI Journal. 2012;1(2):58–68.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Hassali MA, Saleem F, et al. Knowledge and perceptions of physicians from private medical centres towards generic medicines: a nationwide survey from Malaysia. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2015;8(1):11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferner RE, Lenney W, Marriott JF. Controversy over generic substitution. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed). 2010;340:c2548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MHRA. Antiepileptic drugs: new advice on switching between different manufacturers’ products for a particular drug [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 Aug 20]. Available from: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/DrugSafetyUpdate/CON3367162013.
   Google Scholar
• Godman B, Baumgartel C. Are generic immunosuppressants safe and effective? BMJ. 2015;350:h3248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabiano V, Mameli C, Cattaneo D, et al. Perceptions and patterns of use of generic drugs among Italian family pediatricians: first round results of a web survey. Health Policy. 2012;104(3):247–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebayo ET, Hussain NA. Pattern of prescription drug use in Nigerian army hospitals. Ann Afr Med. 2010;9(3):152–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enwere OO, Falade CO, Salako BL. Drug prescribing pattern at the medical outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in southwestern Nigeria. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(11):1244–1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamuno I, Fadare JO. Drug prescription pattern in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Trop J Pharm Res. 2012;11(1):146–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Ministry of Health. Standard treatment guidelines [Internet]. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health of Nigeria (collaboration with WHO, EC, DFID); 2008. Available from: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17035e/s17035e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). Guidelines for registration of drugs and related products manufactured In Nigeria. Abuja: National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control of Nigeria; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Health Expenditure, total (% of GDP) [Internet]. 2015. [cited 2015 Mar 7]. Available from: www.worldbank.org.
   Google Scholar
• Onah MN, Govender V. Out-of-Pocket payments, health care access and utilisation in South-Eastern Nigeria: A gender perspective. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onwujekwe O, Hanson K, Ichoku H, et al. Financing incidence analysis of household out-of-pocket spending for healthcare: getting more health for money in Nigeria? Int J Health Plann Manage. 2014;29(2):e174–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewelukwa O, Onoka C, Onwujekwe O. Viewing health expenditures, payment and coping mechanisms with an equity lens in Nigeria. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odeyemi IA, Nixon J. Assessing equity in health care through the national health insurance schemes of Nigeria and Ghana: a review-based comparative analysis. Int J Equity Health. 2013;12:9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezenduka C, Ubochi V, Ogbonna B. The utilization pattern and costs analysis of psychotropic drugs at a neuropsychiatric hospital in Nigeria. Br J Pharm Res. 2014;4(3):325–337.
   Google Scholar
• Barbui C, Conti V. Adherence to generic v. brand antidepressant treatment and the key role of health system factors. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2014;24(1):23–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrank WH, Hoang T, Ettner SL, et al. The implications of choice: prescribing generic or preferred pharmaceuticals improves medication adherence for chronic conditions. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(3):332–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onwujekwe OE, Uzochukwu BS, Obikeze EN, et al. Investigating determinants of out-of-pocket spending and strategies for coping with payments for healthcare in southeast Nigeria. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamshed SQ, Ibrahim MI, Hassali MA, et al. Perception and attitude of general practitioners regarding generic medicines in Karachi, Pakistan: A questionnaire based study. South Med Rev. 2012;5(1):22–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godman B, Shrank W, Andersen M, et al. Policies to enhance prescribing efficiency in europe: findings and future implications. Front Pharmacol. 2010;1:141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B, Petzold M, Bennett K, et al. Can authorities appreciably enhance the prescribing of oral generic risperidone to conserve resources?: findings from across Europe and their implications. BMC Medicine. 2014;12(1):98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voncina L, Strizrep T, Godman B, et al. Influence of demand-side measures to enhance renin-angiotensin prescribing efficiency in Europe: implications for the future. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2011;11(4):469–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raosoft Inc. Raosoft Sample Size Calculator Seattle, USA2004 [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 May 15]. Available from: http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html.
   Google Scholar
• Labiris G, Fanariotis M, Kastanioti C, et al. Greek physicians’ perceptions on generic drugs in the era of austerity. Scientifica (Cairo). 2015;2015:251792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key C, Layton D, Shakir SA. Results of a postal survey of the reasons for non-response by doctors in a Prescription Event Monitoring study of drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2002;11(2):143–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer S, Miccinesi G, Hornung R, et al. Responders and non-responders in a study on medical end-of-life decisions in Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. Soz Praventivmed. 2006;51(1):24–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Awaisu A, Kheir N, Ibrahim MI, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists on generic medicines in Qatar. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36(2):394–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassali MA, Wong ZY, Alrasheedy AA, et al. Perspectives of physicians practicing in low and middle income countries towards generic medicines: a narrative review. Health Policy. 2014;117(3):297–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaoui S, Hakkou F, Filali H. Generic drugs in morocco: survey of physicians. Therapie. 2011;66(6):499–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgheini G. The bioequivalence and therapeutic efficacy of generic versus brand-name psychoactive drugs. Clin Ther. 2003;25(6):1578–1592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Corre P. Bioequivalence and generics of index drugs with narrow therapeutic margins. Presse Med. 2010;39(2):169–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook A, Lexchin J, Pullenayegum E, et al. What do Canadians think about physician-pharmaceutical industry interactions? Health Policy. 2013;112(3):255–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu SY, Yang BM, Kim JH. New anti-rebate legislation in South Korea. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2013;11(4):311–318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roehr B. Drug companies will have to report all payments to US doctors from March 2014. Bmj. 2013;346:f826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis C, Abraham J. Is there a cure for corporate crime in the drug industry? BMJ. 2013;346:f755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voncina L, Strizrep T. Croatia: 2009/2010 pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement reform. Eurohealth. 2011;16(4):20–22.
   Google Scholar
• Spurling GK, Mansfield PR, Montgomery BD, et al. Information from pharmaceutical companies and the quality, quantity, and cost of physicians’ prescribing: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2010;7(10):e1000352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Civaner M. Sale strategies of pharmaceutical companies in a “pharmerging” country: the problems will not improve if the gaps remain. Health Policy. 2012;106(3):225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersnik J, Peklar J. Attitudes of Slovene general practitioners towards generic drug prescribing and comparison with international studies. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2006;31(6):577–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riaz H, Godman B, Hussain S, et al. Prescribing of bisphosphonates and antibiotics in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities for the future. J Pharm Health Serv Res. 2015;6:111–121.
   Google Scholar
• Toklu HZ, Dulger GA, Hidiroglu S, et al. Knowledge and attitudes of the pharmacists, prescribers and patients towards generic drug use in Istanbul - Turkey. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2012;10(4):199–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newton PN, Amin AA, Bird C, et al. The primacy of public health considerations in defining poor quality medicines. PLoS Med. 2011;8(12):e1001139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston A, Holt DW. Substandard drugs: a potential crisis for public health. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;78(2):218–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T Hoen EF, Hogerzeil HV, Quick JD, et al. A quiet revolution in global public health: the World Health Organization’s Prequalification of Medicines Programme. J Public Health Policy. 2014;35(2):137–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YR. The Chinese pharmaceutical market at the crossroads: pro-competition solutions to improve access, quality and affordability. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2005;4(3):147–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oyetunde OO, Aina BA, Tayo F. Impact of generic substitution practice on care of diabetic patients. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36(3):623–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basak SC, Sathyanarayana D. Exploring knowledge and perceptions of generic medicines among drug retailers and community pharmacists. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2012;74(6):571–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson K, Sonesson C, Petzold M, et al. What are the obstacles to generic substitution? An assessment of the behaviour of prescribers, patients and pharmacies during the first year of generic substitution in Sweden. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005;14(5):341–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson K, Jorgensen T, Carlsten A. Physicians’ opinions and experiences of the pharmaceutical benefits reform. Scand J Public Health. 2006;34(6):654–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigerian Medical Association [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 Aug 1]. Available from: http://nationalnma.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D, et al. Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. The Lancet. 2009;373(9659):240–249. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61762-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woerkom M, Piepenbrink H, Godman B, et al. Ongoing measures to enhance the efficiency of prescribing of proton pump inhibitors and statins in The Netherlands: influence and future implications. J Comp Eff Res. 2012;1(6):527–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B, Wettermark B, Hoffmann M, et al. Multifaceted national and regional drug reforms and initiatives in ambulatory care in Sweden: global relevance. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2009;9(1):65–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar