Therapeutic options for cervicogenic headache

References

• Sjaastad O, Saunte C, Hovdahl H, Breivik H, Gronbaek E. “Cervicogenic” headache: a hypothesis. Cephalalgia 3, 249–56 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjaastad O, Fredriksen TA, Pfaffenrath V. Cervicogenic headache: diagnostic criteria. Headache 30, 725–6 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjaastad O, Fredriksen TA, Pfaffenrath V. Cervicogenic headache: diagnostic criteria; The Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group. Headache 38, 442–445 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd edition. Cephalalgia 24 ( Suppl. 1), 9–160 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 3rd Edition. Cephalalgia 33, 629–808 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson N. The prevalence of cervicogenic headache in a random population sample of 20-59 year olds. Spine 20, 1884–1888 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira Monteiro J, Barros J, Correia AP, Pinheiro J, Maio R. Prevalence of cervicogenic headache in an urban population of Porto. Funct. Neurol. 11, 133 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Sjaastad O, Bakketeig L. Prevalence of cervicogenic headache: Väga study of headache epidemiology. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 117, 173–180 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knackstedt H, Bansevicius D, Aaseth K, Grande RB, Lundqvist C, Russell MB. Cervicogenic headache in the general population: the Akershus study of chronic headache. Cephalalgia 30, 1468–1476 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogduk N. Cervicogenic headache: anatomical basis and patho-physiological mechanisms. Curr. Pain Headache Rep. 5, 382–386 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogduk N, Govind J. Cervicogenic headache: an assessment of the evidence on clinical diagnosis, invasive tests, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 8, 959–968 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton S, O’Shaughnessy CT, Goadsby PJ. Properties of neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis responding to noxious dural and facial stimulation. Brain Res. 1046, 122–129 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knackstedt H, Krakenes J, Bansevicius D, Russell M. Magnetic resonance imaging of craniovertebral structures: clinical significance in cervicogenic headaches. J. Headache Pain 13, 39–44 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martelletti P, Stirparo G, Giacovazzo M. Proinflammatory cytokines in cervicogenic headache. Funct. Neurol. 14, 159–162 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martelletti P. Proinflammatory pathways in cervicogenic headache. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 18, S33–S38 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martelletti P. Inflammatory mechanisms in cervicogenic headache: an integrative view. Curr. Pain Headache Rep. 6, 315–319 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tension Type and Cervicogenic Headache: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gerwin RD ( Ed). Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Boston, MA, USA (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Aaseth K, Grande RB, Benth JS, Lundgvist C, Russell MB. 3-Year follow-up of secondary chronic headaches: the Akershus study of chronic headache. Eur. J. Pain 15, 186–192 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallagher RM. Cervicogenic headache. Expert Rev. Neurother. 7, 1279–1283 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martelletti P, van Suijlekom H. Cervicogenic headache: practical approaches to therapy. CNS Drugs 18, 793–805 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haldeman S, Dagenais S. Cervicogenic headaches: a critical review. Spine J. 1, 31–46 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inan E, Inan N. Conservative treatment in cervicogenic headache. In: Cervicogenic Headache: Basic Concept. Sjaastad O, Fredriksen G, Bono G ( Eds), Smith-Gordon, Great Britain, UK 101–103 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Pareja JA, Sjaastad O. Chronic paroxysmal hemi crania and hemi crania continua: Interval between indomethacin administration and response. Headache 36, 20–23 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bovim G, Sjaastad O. Cervicogenic headache: responses to nitroglycerin, oxygen, ergotamine and morphine. Headache 33, 249–252 (1993)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pareja JA, Bovim G. Cervicogenic headache: differential diagnosis. In: Cervicogenic Headache: Basic Concepts. Sjaastad O, Fredriksen TA, Bono G, Nappi G ( Eds). Smith Gordon, Great Britain, UK 59–65 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Freund BJ, Schwartz M. Treatment of chronic cervical-associated headache with botulinum toxin A: a pilot study. Headache 40, 231–236 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde M, Hagen K, Salvesen Ø, Gravdahl GB, Helde G, Stovner LJ. Onabotulinum toxin A treatment of cervicogenic headache: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Cephalalgia 31, 797–807 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langevin P, Peloso PM, Lowcock J, Nolan M, Weber J, Gross A, Roberts J, Goldsmith CH, Graham N, Burnie SJ, Haines T. Botulinum toxin for subacute/chronic neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 7, CD008626 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Ashkenazi A, Blumenfeld A, Napchan U et al. Peripheral nerve blocks and trigger point injections in headache management: a systematic review and suggestions for future research. Headache 50, 943–952 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naja ZM, El-Rajab M, Al-Tannir MA, Ziade FM, Tawfik OM. Occipital nerve blockade for cervicogenic headache: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Pain Pract. 6, 89–95 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naja ZM, El-Rajab M, Al-Tannir MA, Ziade FM, Tawfik OM. Repetitive occipital nerve blockade for cervicogenic headache: expanded case report of 47 adults. Pain Pract. 6, 278–284 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inan N, Ceyhan A, Inan L, Kavakyoglu O, Alptekin A, Unal N. C2/C3 nerve blocks and greater occipital nerve blocks in cervicogenic headache treatment. Funct. Neurol. 16, 239–243 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Vincent M. Greater occipital nerve blockades in cervicogenic headache. Funct. Neurol. 13, 78–79 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anthony M. Cervicogenic headache: prevalence and response to local steroid therapy. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 18, S59–S64 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovim G, Sand T. Cervicogenic headache, migraine without aura and tension-type headache. Diagnostic blockade of greater occipital and supra-orbital nerves. Pain 51, 43–48 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzi T, Karakurum B, Ücler S, Inan LE, Tulunay C. Greater occipital nerve blockade in migraine, tension-type headache and cervicogenic headache. J. Headache Pain 3, 137–141 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Vicent M, Luna R, Scandiuzzi D, Novis SA. Greater occipital nerve blockade in cervicogenic headache. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 56, 720–725 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weibelt S, Andress-Rothrock D, King W, Rothrock J. Suboccipital nerve blocks for suppression of chronic migraine: safety, efficacy, and predictors of outcome. Headache 50, 1041–1044 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baron EP, Cherian N, Tepper SJ. Role of greater occipital nerve blocks and trigger point injections for patients with dizziness and headache. Neurologist 17, 312–317 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovim G, Berg R, Dale L. Cervicogenic headache: anaesthetic blockades of cervical nerves (C2-C5) and facet joint (C2/C3). Pain 49, 315–320 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narouze SN, Casanova J, Mekhail N. The longitudinal effectiveness of lateral atlantoaxial intra-articular steroid injection in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. Pain Med. 8, 184–188 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Hud-Shakoor Z, Hennessey C, Ashkenazi A. Upper cervical facet joint and spinal rami blocks for the treatment of cervicogenic headache. Headache 50, 657–663 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martelletti P, Di Sabato F, Granata M et al. Epidural steroid-based technique for cervicogenic headache diagnosis. Funct. Neurol. 13, 84–87 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martelletti P, Di Sabato F, Granata M et al. Epidural corticosteroid blockade in cervicogenic headache. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2, 31–36 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martelletti P, Di Sabato F, Granata M et al. Failure of long-term results of epidural steroid injection in cervicogenic headache. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2, 10 ( Abstract) (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blume HG. Cervicogenic headache: radiofrequency neurotomy and the cervical disc and fusion. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 18 ( 2 Suppl. 19), S53–S58 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Suijlekom HA, Van kleef M, Barendse GA, Sluijter ME, Sjaastad O, Weber WE. Radiofrequency cervical zygapophyseal joint neurotomy for cervicogenic headache: a prospective study of 15 patients. Funct. Neurol. 13, 297–303 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blume HG. Treatment if cervicogenic headaches: radiofrequency neurotomy to the sinuvertebral nerves to the upper cervical disc and to the outer layer of the C3 nerve root or C4 nerve root respectively. Funct. Neurol. 13, 83–84 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehnert MJ, Freedman M. Update on the role of z-joint injection and radiofrequency neurotomy for cervicogenic headache. PMR 5, 221–227 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bovaira M, Peñarrocha M, Peñarrocha M, Calvo A, Jiménez A, March R. Radiofrequency treatment of cervicogenic headache. Med. Oral Patol. Oral. Cir. Bucal. 18, 293–297 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Stovner LJ, Kolstad F, Helde G. Radiofrequency denervation of facet joints C2-C6 in cervicogenic headache: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Cephalalgia 24, 821–830 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haspeslagh SR, Van Suijlekom HA, Lamé IE, Kessels AG, van Kleef M, Weber WE. Randomised controlled trial of cervical radiofrequency lesions as a treatment for cervicogenic headache. BMC Anesthesiol. 6, 1 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Boxem K, van Eerd M, Brinkhuizen T et al. Radio- frequency and pulsed radiofrequency treatment of chronic pain syndromes: the available evidence. Pain Pract. 8, 385–393 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang J, Shi DS, Wang R. Pulsed radiofrequency of the second cervical ganglion (C2) for the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J. Headache Pain 12, 569–571 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halim W, Chua NH, Vissers KC. Long-term pain relief in patients with cervicogenic headaches after pulsed radiofrequency application into the lateral atlantoaxial (C1-2) joint using an anterolateral approach. Pain Pract. 10, 267–271 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrhelík T, Michálek P, Adamus M. Pulsed radiofrequency therapy versus greater occipital nerve block in the management of refractory cervicogenic headache: a pilot study. Prague Med. Rep. 112, 279–873 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansen J. Surgical treatment of non-responsive cervicogenic headache. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 18(2 Suppl. 9), S67–S70 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodrigo-Royo MD, Azcona JM, Quero J, Lorente MC, Acín P, Azcona J. Peripheral neurostimulation in the management of cervicogenic headache: four case reports. Neuromodulation 8, 241–248 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-97: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 280, 1569–1575 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haldeman S, Dagenais S. Choosing a treatment for cervicogenic headache: when? what? how much? Spine J. 10, 169–171 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwart JA. Neck mobility in different headache disorders. Headache 37, 6–11 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zito G, Jull G, Story I. Clinical tests of musculoskeletal dysfunction in the diagnosis of cervicogenic headache. Man Ther. 11, 118–129 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith K, Hall T, Robinson K. The influence of age, gender, lifestyle factors and sub-clinical neck pain on the cervical flexion-rotation test and cervical range of motion. Man Ther. 13, 552–559 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vavrek D, Haas M, Peterson D. Physical examination and self-reported pain outcomes from a randomized trial on chronic cervicogenic headache. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther. 33, 338–348 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall TM, Briffa K, Hopper D, Robinson K. Comparative analysis and diagnostic accuracy of the cervical flexion-rotation test. J. Headache Pain 11, 391–397 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton S, Bryan JM. Dysfunction, evaluation and treatment of the cervical spine and thoracic inlet. In: Orthopaedic physical therapy. Donattelli R, Wooden M ( Eds). Churchill Livingstone, NY, USA(1994).
   Google Scholar
• Ogince M, Hall T, Robinson K, Blackmore AM. The diagnostic validity of the cervical flexion-rotation test in C1/2-related cervicogenic headache. Man Ther. 12, 256–262 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall T, Briffa K, Hopper D. The influence of lower cervical joint pain on range of motion and interpretation of the flexion-rotation test. J. Man Manip. Ther. 18, 126–131 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenman PE. Principles of manual medicine. Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, PA USA (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Maitland G, Hengeveld L, Banks K, English K. Maitland’s Vertebral Manipulation. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Jull G, Treheaven J, Versace G. Manual examination: is pain provocation a mayor cue for spinal dysfunction? Aust. J. Physiother. 40, 159–165 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seffinger MA. Hruby RJ. Evidence-based manual medicine: a problem-oriented approach. Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Jull G, Bogduk N, Marsland A. The accuracy of manual diagnosis for cervical zygapophysial joint pain syndromes. Med. J. Aust. 148, 233–236 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G, Zito G, Trott P, Potter H, Shirley D, Carolyn R. Inter-examiner reliability to detect painful upper cervical joint dysfunction. Aust. J. Physiother. 43, 125–129 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King W, Lau P, Lees R, Bogduk N. The validity of manual examination in assessing patients with neck pain. Spine J. 7, 22–26 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Trijffel E, Anderegg O, Bossuyt PM, Lucas C. Inter-examiner reliability of passive assessment of inter-vertebral motion in the cervical and lumbar spine: a systematic review. Man Ther. 10, 256–269 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G, Amiri M, Bullock-Saxton J, Darnell R, Lander C. Cervical musculo-skeletal impairment in frequent intermittent headache. Part 1: subjects with single headaches. Cephalalgia 27, 793–802 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiri M, Jull G, Bullock-Saxton J, Darnell R, Lander C. Cervical musculo-skeletal impairment in frequent intermittent headache. Part 2: Subjects with multiple headaches. Cephalalgia 27, 891–898 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gijsberts TJ, Duquet W, Stoekart R, Oostendorp P. Pain provocation tests for C0-4 as a tool in the diagnosis of cervicogenic headache (abstract). Cephalalgia 19, 436 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall T, Briffa K, Hopper D, Robinson K. Reliability of manual examination and frequency of symptomatic cervical motion segment dysfunction in cervicogenic headache. Man Ther. 15, 542–546 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson BA, Morris ME. The role of cervical dysfunction in migraine: a systematic review. Cephalalgia 28, 474–483 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson DH, Trott PH. Cervical headache: an investigation of natural head posture and upper cervical flexor muscle performance. Cephalalgia 13, 272–284 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumas JP, Arsenault A, Boudreau G et al. Physical impairments in cervicogenic headache: traumatic vs. non-traumatic onset. Cephalalgia 21, 884–893 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falla D, Jull G, O’Leary S, Dall’alba P. Further evaluation of and EMG technique for assessment of the deep cervical flexor muscles J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 16, 621–628 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falla D, Jull G, Dall’Alba P, Rainoldi A, Merletti R. An electromyographic analysis of the deep cervical flexor muscles in performance of cranio-cervical flexion. Phys. Ther. 83, 899–906 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G, Barrett C, Magee R, Ho P. Further clinical clarification of the muscle dysfunction in cervical headache. Cephalalgia 19, 179–185 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant T, Niere K. Techniques used by manipulative physiotherapists in the management of headaches. Austr J. Physiother. 46, 215–222 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana MV. Managing and treating headache of cervicogenic origin. Med. Clin. North Am. 97, 267–280 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G. Use of high and low velocity cervical manipulative therapy procedures by Australian manipulative physiotherapists. Austr. J. Physiother. 48, 189–193 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker WJ. Cervicogenic headache: evidence that the neck is a pain generator. Headache 50, 699–705 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreyfuss P, Michaelsen M, Fletcher D. Atlanto-occipital and lateral atlanto-axial joints pain patterns. Spine 19, 1125–1131 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paluzzi A, Belli A, Lafuente J, Wasserberg J. Role of the C2 articular branches in occipital headache: An anatomical study. Clin. Anat. 19, 497–502 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aprill C, Axinn MJ, Bogduk N. Occipital headaches stemming from the lateral atlanto-axial (C1-C2) joint. Cephalalgia 22, 15–22 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon H, McDermaid CS, Hagino C. Systematic review of randomized clinical trials of complementary/alternative therapy in the treatment of tension-type and cervicogenic headache. Complement Ther. Med. 7, 142–155 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bronfort G, Assendelft WJ, Evans R, Haas M, Bouter L. Efficacy of spinal manipulation for chronic headache: a systematic review. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther. 24, 457–466 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astin JA, Ernst E. The effectiveness of spinal manipulation for the treatment of headache disorders: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Cephalalgia 22, 617–623 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfort G, Nilsson N, Haas M et al. Non-invasive physical treatments for chronic/recurrent headache. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD001878 (2004)
   Google Scholar
• Lenssinck ML, Damen L, Verhagen AP et al. The effectiveness of physiotherapy and manipulation in patients with tension-type headache: a systematic review. Pain 112, 381–388 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posadzki P, Ernst E. Systematic reviews of spinal manipulations for headaches: an attempt to clear up the confusion. Headache 51, 1419–1425 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posadzki P, Ernst E. Spinal manipulations for cervicogenic headaches: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Headache 51, 1132–1139 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G, Trott P, Potter H et al. A randomized controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine 27, 1835–1843 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas M, Spegman A, Peterson D, Aickin M, Vavrek D. Dose response and efficacy of spinal manipulation for chronic cervicogenic headache: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Spine J. 10, 117–128 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryans R, Descarreaux M, Duranleau M, Marcoux H, Potter B, Ruegg R, Shaw L, Watkin R, White E. Evidence-based guidelines for the chiropractic treatment of adults with headache. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther. 34, 274–89 (2011)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnie B, Vinck E, Beernaert A, Cambier D. How common are side effects of spinal manipulation and can these side effects be predicted? Man Ther. 9, 151–156 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst E. Manipulation of the cervical spine: a systematic review of case reports of serious adverse events, 1995-2001. Med. J. Aust. 176, 376–380 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppenheim JS, Spitzer DE, Segal DH. Nonvascular complications following spinal manipulation. Spine J. 5, 660–666 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puentedura EJ, March J, Anders J, Perez A, Landers MR, Wallmann HW, Cleland JA. Safety of cervical spine manipulation: are adverse events preventable and are manipulations being performed appropriately? a review of 134 case reports. J. Man Manip. Ther. 20, 66–74 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Youssef EF, Shanb AS. Mobilization versus massage therapy in the treatment of cervicogenic headache: a clinical study. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 26, 17–24 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall T, Chan HT, Christensen L, Odenthal B, Wells C, Robinson K. Efficacy of a C1-C2 self-sustained natural apophyseal glide (SNAG) in the management of cervicogenic headache. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 37, 100–107 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevilaqua-Grossi D, Chaves TC, de Oliveira AS. Cervical spine signs and symptoms: perpetuating rather than predisposing factors for temporomandibular disorders in women. J. Applied Oral Sci. 15, 259–264 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. J. Orofacial. Pain 20, 9–23 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncalves DA, Camparis CM, Speciali JG, Franco AL, Castanharo SM, Bigal ME. Temporomandibular disorders are differentially associated with headache diagnoses: a controlled study. Clin. J. Pain 27, 611–615 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Piekartz H, Lüdtke K. Effect of treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in patients with cervicogenic headache: a single-blind, randomized controlled study. Cranio 29, 43–56 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Piekartz H, Hall T. Orofacial manual therapy improves cervical movement impairment associated with headache and features of temporomandibular dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. Man. Ther. 18, 345–350 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore MK. Upper crossed syndrome and its relationship to cervicogenic headache. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther. 27, 414–620 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewit K. Manipulative Therapy in the Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System (2nd Edition). Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK 79–80 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Christensen K. Manual muscle testing and postural imbalance Dynamic Chiropractic 15, 2 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Roth JK, Roth RS, Weintraub JR and Simons DG. Cervicogenic headache caused by myofascial trigger points in the sternocleidomastoid: a case report. Cephalalgia 27, 375–380 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodes-Pardo G, Pecos-Martín D, Gallego-Izquierdo T, Salom-Moreno J, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Ortega-Santiago R. Manual treatment for cervicogenic headache and active trigger point in the sternocleidomastoid muscle: a pilot randomized clinical trial. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther. 36, 403–411 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaibi A, Russell MB. Manual therapies for cervicogenic headache: a systematic review. J. Headache Pain 13, 351–359 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Zhang XL, Ding H, Tao YQ, Zhan HS. [Comparative study on effects of manipulation treatment and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on patients with cervicogenic headache] (Chinese). Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 5, 403–406 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarhan C, Inan L, Karaoglan B, Yorgancyoglu R. TENS treatment in cervicogenic headache. Phys. Med. 2, 13–17 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Kroeling P, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, Burnie SJ, Haines T, Graham N, Brant A. Electrotherapy for neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4, CD004251 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Sjaastad O, Fredriksen T, Jorgensen JV. Electrical stimulation in headache treatment. For separate headache(s) or for headache generally? Funct. Neurol. 24, 53–59 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernández-de-las-Peñas C. Physical therapy and exercise in headache. Cephalalgia 28( Suppl. 1), 36–38 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niere K. Can subjective characteristics of benign headache predict manipulative physiotherapy treatment outcome. Aust. J. Physiother. 44, 87–93 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleming R, Forsythe S, Cook C. Influential variables associated with outcomes in patients with cervicogenic headache. J. Man. Manip. Ther. 15, 155–164 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jull G, Stanton W. Predictors of responsiveness to physiotherapy management of cervicogenic headache Cephalalgia 25, 101–108 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Vincent MB. Cervicogenic headache: A review comparison with migraine, tension-type headache, and whiplash. Curr. Pain Headache Rep. 14, 238–243 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu WQ, Xu SW. [Clinical observation on treatment of cervicogenic headache with tuina and acupuncture]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 3, 310–311 (2005)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lü YX, Shan QH. [Clinical observation on treatment of cervicogenic headache with turtle-probing needling at Tianzhu (BL 10)]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 26, 796–798 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang XC, Zhou YM, Lv M, Wang XC, Qiu ZL. [Clinical observation on the treatment of cervicogenic headache by muscular acupuncture stimulation therapy]. Zhen Ci Yan Ji 34, 72 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar