The relationship between ADHD and obesity: implications for therapy

References

• American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition, DSM-5 American Psychiatric Publishing; Washington, DC: USA: 2013
   Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2005;366:237-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecendreux M, Cortese S. Sleep problems associated with ADHD: a review of current therapeutic options and recommendations for the future. Expert Rev Neurother 2007;7:1799-806
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, et al. Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57:1336-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:942-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk GV, Willcutt EG, Salum GA, et al. ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2014; In press; DOI: 0.1093/ije/dyt261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 2006;36:159-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon V, Czobor P, Balint S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2009;194:204-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doshi JA, Hodgkins P, Kahle J, et al. Economic impact of childhood and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012;51:990-1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le HH, Hodgkins P, Postma MJ, et al. Economic impact of childhood/adolescent ADHD in a European setting: the Netherlands as a reference case. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; In press]; DOI: 10.1007/s00787–013-0477-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliszka S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:894-921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor E, Dopfner M, Sergeant J, et al. European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder -- first upgrade. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;13(suppl 1)):I7-30
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. The British Psychological Society and The Royal College of Psychiatrists, Leicester. 2009
   Google Scholar
• Castells X, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rigau D, et al. Efficacy of methylphenidate for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-regression analysis. CNS Drugs 2011;25:157-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koesters M, Becker T, Kilian R, et al. Limits of meta-analysis: methylphenidate in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2009;23:733-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter HM, Pham B, King J, et al. How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. CMAJ 2001;165:1475-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Oord S, Prins PJ, Oosterlaan J, Emmelkamp PM. Efficacy of methylphenidate, psychosocial treatments and their combination in school-aged children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2008;28:783-800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone SV, Biederman J. Efficacy of Adderall for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. J Atten Disord 2002;6:69-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castells X, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Bosch R, et al. Amphetamines for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;CD007813
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Rohde LA, Jin L, et al. A meta-analysis of the consistency of atomoxetine treatment effects in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from 15 clinical trials across four geographic regions. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2013;23:262-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng JY, Chen RY, Ko JS, Ng EM. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents-meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007;194:197-209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratochvil CJ, Milton DR, Vaughan BS, Greenhill LL. Acute atomoxetine treatment of younger and older children with ADHD: a meta-analysis of tolerability and efficacy. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2008;2:25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunill R, Castells X, Tobias A, Capella D. Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the adulthood: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013;22:961-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke EJ, Brandeis D, Cortese S, et al. Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. Am J Psychiatry 2013;170:275-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi IA, Mehler MF. Towards a ’systems’-level understanding of the nervous system and its disorders. Trends Neurosci 2013;36:674-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese S, Vincenzi B. Obesity and ADHD: clinical and Neurobiological Implications. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012;9:199-218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cortese S, Faraone SV, Bernardi S, et al. Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity: epidemiological study. Br J Psychiatry 2013;203:24-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet 2005;366:1197-209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Wang J, Liu MM, et al. Epidemiology of general obesity, abdominal obesity and related risk factors in urban adults from 33 communities of Northeast China: the CHPSNE study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Lobstein T. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006;1:11-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YC, McPherson K, Marsh T, et al. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet 2011;378:815-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popkin BM, Slining MM. New dynamics in global obesity facing low- and middle-income countries. Obes Rev 2013;14(suppl 2):11-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young-Hyman D, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski SZ, et al. Psychological status and weight-related distress in overweight or at-risk-for-overweight children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:2249-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese S, Ramos-Olazagasti M, Klein R, et al. Obesity in Men With Childhood ADHD: a 33-Year Controlled, Prospective, Follow-up Study. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1731-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese S, Isnard P, Frelut ML, et al. Association between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bulimic behaviors in a clinical sample of severely obese adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:340-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart CN, Larose JG, Fava JL, et al. The association between time in bed and obesity risk in young adults. Behav Sleep Med 2013;11:321-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, et al. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med 2004;1:e62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirov R, Brand S. Sleep problems and their effect in ADHD. Expert Rev Neurother 2014;14:287-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese S, Brown TE, Corkum P, et al. Assessment and management of sleep problems in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;52:784-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens J, Gruber R, Brown T, et al. Future research directions in sleep and ADHD: report of a consensus working group. J Atten Disord 2013;17:550-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese S, Konofal E, Dalla BB, et al. Does excessive daytime sleepiness contribute to explaining the association between obesity and ADHD symptoms? Med Hypotheses 2008;70:12-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd HC, Curtin C, Anderson SE. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity in US males and females, age 8-15 years: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004. Pediatr Obes 2013;8:445-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubnov-Raz G, Perry A, Berger I. Body mass index of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 2011;26:302-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altfas JR. Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adults in obesity treatment. BMC Psychiatry 2002;2:9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults--The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 1998;6(suppl 2):51S-209S
   Google Scholar
• Pagoto SL, Curtin C, Bandini LG, et al. Weight loss following a clinic-based weight loss program among adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Eat Weight Disord 2010;15:e166-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med 2005;35:245-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau J, Ayala L, Frances C et al. Frequency of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a bariatric post surgery sample: clinical, analytical and psychological differences among bariatric patients with ADHD criteria. Endocrine Abstracts 2013;32 p. P777
   Google Scholar
• Cook BG, Li D, Heinrich KM. Obesity, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behavior of Youth With Learning Disabilities and ADHD. J Learn Disabil 2014; In press; DOI: 10.11777/0022219413518582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Mutyala B, Agiovlasitis S, Fernhall B. Health behaviors and obesity among US children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by gender and medication use. Prev Med 2011;52:218-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docet MF, Larranaga A, Perez Mendez LF, Garcia-Mayor R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder increases the risk of having abnormal eating behaviours in obese adults. Eat Weight Disord 2012;17:e132-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazar BP, Pinna CM, Suwwan R, et al. ADHD Rate in Obese Women With Binge Eating and Bulimic Behaviors From a Weight-Loss Clinic. J Atten Disord 2012; In press; DOI: 10.1177/1087054712455503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring ME, Lapane KL. Overweight in children and adolescents in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a national sample. Pediatrics 2008;122:e1-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd HC, Curtin C, Anderson SE. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity in US males and females age 8-15 years: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004. Pediatr Obes 2013;8:445-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy LD, Fleming JP, Klar D. Treatment of refractory obesity in severely obese adults following management of newly diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009;33:326-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:885-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese S, Holtmann M, Banaschewski T, et al. Practitioner review: current best practice in the management of adverse events during treatment with ADHD medications in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013;54:227-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeken S, Braet C, Goossens L, van der Oord S. Executive function training with game elements for obese children: a novel treatment to enhance self-regulatory abilities for weight-control. Behav Res Ther 2013;51:290-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson DA, Wadden TA. Treating the obese patient. Suggestions for primary care practice. Arch Fam Med 1999;8:156-67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar