1,632
Views
94
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Imaging the ADHD brain: disorder-specificity, medication effects and clinical translation

, &

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association; Washington, DC, USA: 2000
  • Biederman J, Petty CR, Woodworth KY, et al. Adult outcome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 16-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73(7):941-50
  • Danckaerts M, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Banaschewski T, et al. The quality of life of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010;19(2):83-105
  • Rubia K. Functional neuroimaging across development: a review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;22:719-31
  • Rubia K. “Cool” inferior fronto-striatal dysfunction in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) versus “hot” ventromedial orbitofronto-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: a review. Biol Psychiatry 2011;69:e69-87
  • Lipszyc J, Schachar R. Inhibitory control and psychopathology A meta-analysis of studies using the stop signal task. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2010;16(6):1064-76
  • Willcutt EG, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Nigg JT, Sergeant GA. Recent developments in neuropsychological models of childhood psychiatric disorders. In: Banaschewski T, Rohde L, editors. A biological child psychiatry. recent trends and developments. Adv Biol Psychiatry. Karger; Basel, Switzerland: 2008. p. 195-226
  • Rubia K, Halari R, Christakou A, Taylor E. Impulsiveness as a timing disturbance: neurocognitive abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during temporal processes and normalization with methylphenidate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009;364(1525):1919-31
  • Noreika V, Falter C, Rubia K. Timing deficits in patients with ADHD. Neuropsychologia 2012;51(51):235-66
  • Plichta MM, Scheres A. Ventral-striatal responsiveness during reward anticipation in ADHD and its relation to trait impulsivity in the healthy population: a meta-analytic review of the fMRI literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014;38:125-34
  • Hoekzema E, Carmona S, Antoni Ramos-Quiroga J, et al. Laminar thickness alterations in the fronto-parietal cortical mantle of patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Plos One 2012;7:12
  • Shaw P, Malek M, Watson B, et al. Development of Cortical Surface Area and Gyrification in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2012;72:191-7
  • Shaw P, Malek M, Watson B, et al. Trajectories of Cerebral Cortical Development in Childhood and Adolescence and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013;74(8):599-606
  • Cubillo A, Halari R, Smith A, et al. Fronto-cortical and fronto-subcortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with ADHD: a review and evidence for fronto-striatal dysfunctions in adults with ADHD followed up from childhood during motivation and attention. Cortex 2012;48(2):194-215
  • Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, Seidman LJ. Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61(12):1361-9
  • Arnsten A, Rubia K. Neurobiological Circuits Regulating Attention, Movement and Emotion and Their Disruptions in Pediatic Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012;51(4):356-67
  • Lopez-Larson MP, King JB, Terry J, et al. Reduced insular volume in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2012;204(1):32-9
  • Plessen KJ, Bansal R, Zhu HT, et al. Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63(7):795-807
  • Ivanov I, Bansal R, Hao XJ, et al. Morphological Abnormalities of the Thalamus in Youths With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167(4):397-408
  • Almeida Montes LG, Prado Alcantara H, Martinez Garcia RB, et al. Brain cortical thickness in ADHD: age, sex, and clinical correlations. J Atten Disord 2013;17(8):641-54
  • Proal E, Reiss PT, Klein RG, et al. Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-up in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68(11):1122-34
  • Cortese S, Imperati D, Zhou J, et al. White Matter Alterations at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013;74(8):591-8
  • Cubillo A, Rubia K. Structural and functional brain imaging in adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a review. Expert Rev Neurother 2010;10(4):603-20
  • Friston KJ, Rotshtein P, Geng JJ, et al. A critique of functional localisers. Neuroimage 2006;30(4):1077-87
  • Ellison-Wright I, Ellison-Wright Z, Bullmore E. Structural brain change in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder identified by meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2008;8:51
  • Nakao T, Radua C, Rubia K, Mataix-Cols D. Gray matter volume abnormalities in ADHD and the effects of stimulant medication: voxel-based meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168(11):1154-63
  • Frodl T, Skokauskas N. Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012;125(2):114-26
  • Fusar-Poli P, Rubia K, Rossi G, et al. Dopamine transporter alterations in ADHD: pathophysiology or adaptation to psychostimulants? a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2012;169:264-72
  • Weissman DH, Roberts KC, Visscher KM, Woldorff MG. The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention. Nat Neurosci 2006;9(7):971-8
  • Christakou A, Murphy C, Chantiluke C, et al. Disorder-specific functional abnormalities during sustained attention in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and with autism. Mol Psychiatry 2013;18(2):236-44
  • Hart H, Radua J, Mataix D, Rubia K. Meta-analysis of fMRI studies of timing functions in ADHD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012;36(10):2248-56
  • Broyd SJ, Demanuele C, Debener S, et al. Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009;33(3):279-96
  • Almeida Montes LG, Prado Alcantara H, Martinez Garcia RB, et al. Brain cortical thickness in ADHD: age, sex, and clinical correlations. J Atten Disord 2013;17(8):641-54
  • Bledsoe JC, Semrud-Clikeman M, Pliszka SR. Anterior cingulate cortex and symptom severity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 2013;122(2):558-65
  • Castellanos FX, Proal E. Location, location, and thickness: volumetric neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comes of age. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;48(10):979-81
  • Hoekzema E, Carmona S, Ramos-Quiroga JA, et al. Laminar thickness alterations in the fronto-parietal cortical mantle of patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PLoS ONE 2012;7(12):e48286
  • Shaw P, Malek M, Watson B, et al. Development of cortical surface area and gyrification in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2012;72(3):191-7
  • Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104(49):19649-54
  • van Ewijk H, Heslenfeld DJ, Zwiers MP, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012;36(4):1093-106
  • Lawrence KE, Levitt JG, Loo SK, et al. White Matter Microstructure in Subjects With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactiviiy Disorder and Their Siblings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;52(4):431-40
  • Cao Q, Shu N, An L, et al. Probabilistic diffusion tractography and graph theory analysis reveal abnormal white matter structural connectivity networks in drug-naive boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Neurosci 2013;33(26):10676-87
  • Silk T, Vance A, Rinehart N, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm 2007;114(7):Lxxii
  • Pavuluri MN, Yang S, Kamineni K, et al. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of White Matter Fiber Tracts in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65(7):586-93
  • Nagel BJ, Bathula D, Herting M, et al. Altered white matter microstructure in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50(3):283-92
  • Konrad A, Dielentheis TF, El Masri D, et al. Disturbed structural connectivity is related to inattention and impulsivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eur J Neurosci 2010;31(5):912-19
  • Konrad K, Eickhoff SB, Is the ADHD. Brain Wired Differently? A Review on Structural and Functional Connectivity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2010;31(6):904-16
  • Dramsdahl M, Westerhausen R, Haavik J, et al. Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - A diffusion-tensor imaging study of the corpus callosum. Psychiatry Res 2012;201(2):168-73
  • Konrad A, Dielentheis TF, El Masri D, et al. White matter abnormalities and their impact on attentional performance in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012;262(4):351-60
  • Chuang TC, Wu MT, Huang SP, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging study of white matter fiber tracts in adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013;211(2):186-7
  • Yap QJ, Teh I, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Tracking cerebral white matter changes across the lifespan: insights from diffusion tensor imaging studies. J Neural Transm 2013;120(9):1369-95
  • Hart H, Radua J, Mataix D, Rubia K. Meta-analysis of fMRI studies of inhibition and attention in ADHD: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication and age effects. JAMA Psychiatry 2013;70(2):185-98
  • Wiener M, Turkeltaub P, Coslett HB. The image of time: a voxel-wise meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2010;49(2):1728-40
  • Chambers CD, Garavan H, Bellgrove MA. Insights into the neural basis of response inhibition from cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009;33(5):631-46
  • Corbetta M, Patel G, Shulman GL. The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind. Neuron 2008;58(3):306-24
  • Cortese S, Kelly C, Chabernaud C, et al. Toward Systems Neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies. Am J Psychiatry 2012;169(10):1038-55
  • Plichta MM, Vasic N, Wolf RC, et al. Neural hyporesponsiveness and hyperresponsiveness during immediate and delayed reward processing in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65(1):7-14
  • Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, et al. Methylphenidate normalises activation and functional connectivity deficits in attention and motivation networks in medication-naïve children with ADHD during a Rewarded Continuous Performance Task. Neuropharmacology 2009;57:640-52
  • Dibbets P, Evers L, Hurks P, et al. Differences in feedback- and inhibition-related neural activity in adult ADHD. Brain Cogn 2009;70(1):73-83
  • Ströhle A, Stoy M, Wrase J, et al. Reward anticipation and outcomes in adult males with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage 2008;39(3):966-72
  • Brotman MA, Rich BA, Guyer AE, et al. Amygdala activation during emotion processing of neutral faces in children with severe mood dysregulation versus ADHD or bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167(1):61-9
  • Posner J, Nagel BJ, Maia TV, et al. Abnormal amygdalar activation and connectivity in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50(8):828-37. e823
  • Marsh AA, Finger EC, Michell DGV, et al. Reduced amygdala resonse to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behaviour disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:712-20
  • Herpertz SC, Huebner T, Marx I, et al. Emotional processing in male adolescents with childhood-onset conduct disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008;49:781-91
  • Schlochtermeier L, Stoy M, Schlagenhauf F, et al. Childhood methylphenidate treatment of ADHD and response to affective stimuli. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;21(8):646-54
  • Castellanos FX, Proal E. Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal-striatal model. Trends Cogn Sci 2012;16(1):17-26
  • Wang L, Zhu CZ, He Y, et al. Altered small-world brain functional networks in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2009;30(2):638-49
  • Sun L, Cao Q, Long X, et al. Abnormal functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate and the default mode network in drug-naive boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res-Neuroimaging 2012;201(2):120-7
  • Fair DA, Posner J, Nagel BJ, et al. Atypical Default Network Connectivity in Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68(12):1084-91
  • Cao XH, Cao QJ, Long XY, et al. Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity patterns of the putamen in medication-naive children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Res 2009;1303:195-206
  • Sato JR, Takahashi DY, Hoexter MQ, et al. Measuring network’s entropy in ADHD: a new approach to investigate neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroimage 2013;77:44-51
  • Fair DA, Nigg JT, Iyer S, et al. Distinct neural signatures detected for ADHD subtypes after controlling for micro-movements in resting state functional connectivity MRI data. FrontSyst Neurosci 2012;6:80-0
  • Mills KL, Bathula D, Dias TGC, et al. Altered cortico-striatal-thalamic connectivity in relation to spatial working memory capacity in children with ADHD. Front Psychiatry 2012;3:2
  • Uddin LQ, Kelly AMC, Biswal BB, et al. Network homogeneity reveals decreased integrity of default-mode network in ADHD. J Neurosci Methods 2008;169(1):249-54
  • Castellanos FX, Margulies DS, Kelly C, et al. Cingulate-precuneus interactions: a new locus of dysfunction in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63(3):332-7
  • Cocchi L, Bramati IE, Zalesky A, et al. Altered functional brain connectivity in a non-clinical sample of young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Neurosci 2012;32(49):17753-61
  • Hoekzema E, Carmona S, Ramos-Quiroga JA, et al. An independent components and functional connectivity analysis of resting state fMRI data points to neural network dysregulation in adult ADHD. Hum Brain Mapp 2014;35(4):1261-72
  • Posner J, Rauh V, Gruber A, et al. Dissociable attentional and affective circuits in medication-naive children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013;213(1):24-30
  • Dosenbach NUF. Prediction of individual brain maturity using fMRI (vol 329, pg 1358, 2010). Science 2010;330(6005):756
  • Sato JR, Hoexter MQ, Castellanos XF, Rohde LA. Abnormal brain connectivity patterns in adults with ADHD: A COHERENCE Study. Plos One 2012;7:9
  • Vloet TD, Gilsbach S, Neufang S, et al. Neural mechanisms of interference control and time discrimination in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010;49(4):356-67
  • Fassbender C, Zhang H, Buzy WM, et al. A lack of default network suppression is linked to increased distractibility in ADHD. Brain Res 2009;1273:114-28
  • Peterson BS, Potenza MN, Wang Z, et al. An FMRI study of the effects of psychostimulants on default-mode processing during Stroop task performance in youths with ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166(11):1286-94
  • Liddle EB, Hollis C, Batty MJ, et al. Task-related default mode network modulation and inhibitory control in ADHD: effects of motivation and methylphenidate. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011;52(7):761-71
  • Cubillo A, Smith A, Barrat N, et al. Drug-specific laterality effects on frontal lobe activation of Atomoxetine and Methylphenidate in ADHD boys during working memory. Psychol Medicine 2014;44(3):633-46
  • Cubillo A, Halari R, Ecker C, et al. Reduced activation and inter-regional functional connectivity of fronto-striatal networks in adults with childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and persisting symptoms during tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching. J Psychiatr Res 2010;44:629-39
  • Wolf RC, Plichta MM, Sambataro F, et al. Regional brain activation changes and abnormal functional connectivity of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory processing in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2009;30(7):2252-66
  • Clerkin SM, Schulz KP, Berwid OG, et al. Thalamo-cortical activation and connectivity during response preparation in adults with persistent and remitted ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 2013;170(9):1011-19
  • Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, et al. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 2002;288(14):1740-8
  • Cubillo A, Halari R, Giampietro V, et al. Fronto-striatal hypo-activation during interference inhibition and attention allocation in a group of grown up children with ADHD with persistent hyperactive/inattentive behaviours in adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 2011;193(1):17-27
  • Halperin JM, Schulz KP. Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Bull 2006;132(4):560-81
  • Bussing R, Grudnik J, Mason D, et al. ADHD and conduct disorder: an MRI study in a community sample. World J Biol Psychiatry 2002;3(4):216-20
  • Stevens MC, Haney-Caron E. Comparison of brain volume abnormalities between ADHD and conduct disorder in adolescence. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012;37(6):389-98
  • Rubia K, Smith A, Halari R, et al. disorder-specific dissociation of orbitofrontal dysfunction in boys with pure conduct disorder during reward and ventrolateral prefrontal dysfunction in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during sustained attention. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:83-94
  • Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, et al. Disorder-specific inferior frontal dysfunction in boys with pure Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder compared to boys with pure CD during cognitive flexibility. Hum Brain Mapp 2010;31(12):1823-33
  • Rubia K, Halari R, Smith AB, et al. Shared and disorder-specific prefrontal abnormalities in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with pure CD during interference inhibition and attention allocation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009;50(6):669-78
  • Rubia K, Halari R, Smith AB, et al. Dissociated functional brain abnormalities of inhibition in boys with pure conduct disorder and in boys with pure attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165(7):889-97
  • Finger EC, Marsh AA, Mitchell DG, et al. Abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with psychopathic traits during reversal learning. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65(5):586-94
  • Rubia K, Cubillo A, Smith AB, et al. Disorder-specific dysfunction in right inferior prefrontal cortex during two inhibition tasks in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2010;31:287-99
  • Rubia K, Cubillo A, Woolley J, et al. Disorder-specific dysfunctions in patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder compared to patients with Obsessive-compulsive disorder during interference inhibition and attention allocation. Hum Brain Mapp 2011;32(4):601-11
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Ma YM, et al. Effects of expectation on the brain metabolic responses to methylphenidate and to its placebo in non-drug abusing subjects. Neuroimage 2006;32(4):1782-92
  • Kim CH, Cheon KA, Koo MS, et al. Dopamine transporter density in the basal ganglia in obsessive-compulsive disorder, measured with [I-123]IPT SPECT before and after treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Neuropsychobiology 2007;55:156-62
  • Radua J, Mataix-Cols D. Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2009;195(5):393-402
  • Brieber S, Neufang S, Bruning N, et al. Structural brain abnormalities in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007;48(12):1251-8
  • Lim L, Cubillo A, Smith A, et al. Disorder-specific predictive classification of adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) relative to autism using structural magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS ONE 2013;8(5):e63660
  • Di Martino A, Zuo X-N, Kelly C, et al. Shared and Distinct Intrinsic Functional Network Centrality in Autism and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013;74(8):623-32
  • Wingo AP, Ghaemi SN. A systematic review of rates and diagnostic validity of comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(11):1776-84
  • Passarotti AM, Pavuluri MN. Brain functional domains inform therapeutic interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and pediatric bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2011;11(6):897-914
  • Liu IY, Howe M, Garrett A, et al. Striatal volumes in pediatric bipolar patients with and without comorbid ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2011;194(1):14-20
  • Lopez-Larson M, Michael ES, Terry JE, et al. Subcortical differences among youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to those with bipolar disorder with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009;19(1):31-9
  • Biederman J, Makris N, Valera EM, et al. Towards further understanding of the co-morbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder: a MRI study of brain volumes. Psychol Med 2008;38(7):1045-56
  • Makris N, Seidman LJ, Brown A, et al. Further understanding of the comorbidity between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and bipolar disorder in adults: an MRI study of cortical thickness. Psychiatry Res 2012;202(1):1-11
  • Hegarty CE, Foland-Ross LC, Narr KL, et al. ADHD comorbidity can matter when assessing cortical thickness abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012;14(8):843-55
  • Passarotti AM, Sweeney JA, Pavuluri MN. Neural correlates of response inhibition in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2010;181(1):36-43
  • Passarotti AM, Sweeney JA, Pavuluri MN. Differential engagement of cognitive and affective neural systems in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2010;16(1):106-17
  • Passarotti AM, Sweeney JA, Pavuluri MN. Emotion Processing Influences Working Memory Circuits in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010;49(10):1064-80
  • Wilens TE. Effects of methylphenidate on the catecholaminergic system in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28(3 Suppl 2):S46-53
  • Cubillo A, Smith A, Barrett N, et al. Shared and drug-specific effects of Atomoxetine and Methylphenidate on inhibitory brain dysfunction in medication-naive ADHD boys. Cereb Cortex 2014;24(1):174-85
  • Rubia K, Alegria AA, Cubillo A, et al. Effects of stimulants on brain function in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Smith A, Cubillo A, Barrett N, et al. Neurofunctional effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in boys with ADHD during time discrimination. Biol Psychiatry 2013;74(8):615-22
  • Rubia K, Halari R, Taylor E, Brammer M. Methylphenidate normalises fronto-cingulate underactivation during error processing in children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2011;70(3):255-62
  • Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, et al. Methylphenidate normalises fronto-striatal underactivation during interference inhibition in medication-naive boys Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(8):1575-86
  • Vaidya CJ, Austin G, Kirkorian G, et al. Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95(24):14494-9
  • Epstein JN, Casey BJ, Tonev ST, et al. ADHD- and medication-related brain activation effects in concordantly affected parent-child dyads with ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007;48(9):899-913
  • Posner J, Maia TV, Fair D, et al. The attenuation of dysfunctional emotional processing with stimulant medication: an fMRI study of adolescents with ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2011;193(3):151-60
  • Kobel M, Bechtel N, Weber P, et al. Effects of methylphenidate on working memory functioning in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2009;13(6):516-23
  • Shafritz KM, Marchione KE, Gore JC, et al. The effects of methylphenidate on neural systems of attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161(11):1990-7
  • Konrad K, Neufang S, Fink GR, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Long-term effects of methylphenidate on neural networks associated with executive attention in children with ADHD: results from a longitudinal functional MRI study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:1633-41
  • Mizuno K, Yoneda T, Komi M, et al. Osmotic release oral system-methylphenidate improves neural activity during low reward processing in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. NeuroImage Clin 2013;2:366-76
  • Bush G, Spencer TJ, Holmes J, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of methylphenidate and placebo in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during the multi-source interference task. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65(1):102-14
  • Semrud-Clikeman M, Pliszka SR, Lancaster J, Liotti M. Volumetric MRI differences in treatment-naive vs chronically treated children with ADHD (vol 67, pg 1023, 2006). Neurology 2006;67(11):2091
  • Bledsoe J, Semrud-Clikeman M, Pliszka SR. A magnetic resonance imaging study of the cerebellar vermis in chronically treated and treatment-naive children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65(7):620-4
  • Ivanov I, Murrough JW, Bansal R, et al. Cerebellar Morphology and the Effects of Stimulant Medications in Youths with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology in press 2013
  • Sobel LJ, Bansal R, Maia TV, et al. Basal Ganglia Surface Morphology and the Effects of Stimulant Medications in Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167(8):977-86
  • Schnoebelen S, Semrud-Clikeman M, Pliszka SR. Corpus callosum anatomy in chronically treated and stimulant Na < ve ADHD. J Atten Disord 2010;14(3):256-66
  • Shaw P, Sharp WS, Morrison M, et al. Psychostimulant treatment and the developing cortex in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166(1):58-63
  • Bledsoe JC, Semrud-Clikeman M, Pliszka SR. Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Symptom Severity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 2013;122(2):558-65
  • Draganski B, Gaser C, Busch V, et al. Neuroplasticity: changes in grey matter induced by training - Newly honed juggling skills show up as a transient feature on a brain-imaging scan. Nature 2004;427(6972):311-12
  • Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Tomasi D, et al. Methylphenidate-Elicited Dopamine Increases in Ventral Striatum Are Associated with Long-Term Symptom Improvement in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Neurosci 2012;32(3):841-9
  • Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, et al. 3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46(8):989-1002
  • Hazell P. The challenges to demonstrating long-term effects of psychostimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011;24(4):286-90
  • Montoya A, Hervas A, Cardo E, et al. Evaluation of atomoxetine for first-line treatment of newly diagnosed, treatment-naive children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25(11):2745-54
  • Bush G, Holmes J, Shin LM, et al. Atomoxetine increases fronto-parietal functional MRI activation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Psychiatry Res-Neuroimaging 2013;211(1):88-91
  • Schulz KP, Fan J, Bedard A-CV, et al. Common and unique therapeutic mechanisms of stimulant and nonstimulant treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012;69(9):952-61
  • Li A, Cao X-H, Cao Q, et al. Methylphenidate normalizes resting-state brain dysfunction in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(7):1287-95
  • Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(6):942-8
  • Weiler MD, Bellinger D, Simmons E, et al. Reliability and validity of a DSM-IV based ADHD screener. Child Neuropsychol 2000;6(1):3-23
  • Orru G, Pettersson-Yeo W, Marquand AF, et al. Using support vector machine to identify imaging biomarkers of neurological and psychiatric disease: a critical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012;36(4):1140-52
  • ADHD. Available from: http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/adhd200/
  • Cheng W, Ji X, Zhang J, Feng J. Individual classification of ADHD patients by integrating multiscale neuroimaging markers and advanced pattern recognition techniques. Front Syst Neurosci 2012;6:58
  • Colby JB, Rudie JD, Brown JA, et al. Insights into multimodal imaging classification of ADHD. Front Syst Neurosci 2012;6:59
  • Dai D, Wang J, Hua J, He H. Classification of ADHD children through multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. Front Syst Neurosci 2012;6:63
  • Eloyan A, Muschelli J, Nebel MB, et al. Automated diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactive disorder using magnetic resonance imaging. Front Syst Neurosci 2012;6:61
  • Marquand A, De Simoni S, O’Daly O, et al. Quantifying the information content of brain voxels using target information, Gaussian processes and recursive feature elimination Qu. In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Istanbul, Turkey, 2010
  • Hahn T, Marquand AF, Plichta MM, et al. A novel approach to probabilistic biomarker-based classification using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Hum Brain Mapp 2013;34(5):1102-14
  • Hart H, Marquand A, Chantiluke K, et al. Pattern classification of response inhibition in ADHD: toward the development of neurobiological markers for ADHD. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; In press
  • Hart H, Marquand A, Smith A, et al. Predictive neurofunctional markers of ADHD based on pattern classification of temporal processing. J Abnorm Child Psychol & Psychiatry 2013; In press
  • Bansal R, Staib LH, Laine AF, et al. Anatomical brain images alone can accurately diagnose chronic neuropsychiatric illnesses. Plos One 2012;7:12
  • Arns M, de Ridder S, Strehl U, et al. Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clin EEG Neurosci 2009;40(3):180-9
  • Arns M, Strehl U. Evidence for Efficacy of Neurofeedback in ADHD? Am J Psychiatry 2013;170(7):799-800
  • Arns M, Heinrich H, Strehl U. Neurofeedback in ADHD: the long and winding road. Biol Psychiatry 2014;95:108-15
  • Arnold LE, Arns M, Conners K, et al. A Proposed Multisite Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial of Neurofeedback for ADHD: need, Rationale, and Strategy. J Atten Disord 2013;17(5):420-36
  • Lansbergen MM, van Dongen-Boomsma M, Buitelaar JK, Slaats-Willemse D. ADHD and EEG-neurofeedback: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study. J Neural Transm 2011;118(2):275-84
  • van Dongen-Boomsma M, Vollebregt MA, Slaats-Willemse D, Buitelaar JK. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74(8):821-7
  • Ruiz S, Buyukturkoglu K, Rana M, et al. Real-time fMRI brain computer interfaces: self-regulation of single brain regions to networks. Biol Psychol 2014;95:4-20
  • Demirtas-Tatlidede A, Vahabzadeh-Hagh AM, Pascual-Leone A. Can noninvasive brain stimulation enhance cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders? Neuropharmacology 2013;64:566-78
  • Bloch Y, Harel EV, Aviram S, et al. Positive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on attention in ADHD Subjects: a randomized controlled pilot study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010;11(5):755-8

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.