157
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Response of gait deficits to neuromuscular electrical stimulation for stroke survivors

Pages 1511-1522 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Sacco RL. Pathogenesis, Classification, and Epidemiology of Cerebrovascular Disease. In: Merritt’s Neurology (11th Edition). Rowland LP (Ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, PA, USA, 275–290 (2005).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults. MMWR 2001. 50(112), 120–125 (1999).
  • Hurst W. The Heart, Arteries and Veins (10th Edition). McGraw-Hill, NY, USA (2002).
  • Kelley-Hayes M. The influence of gender and age on disability following ischemic stroke: the Framingham study. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis.12(114), 119–126 (2003).
  • Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation113(6), E85–E151 (2006).
  • Daly JJ, Barnickle K, Kobetic EB, Marsolais R. Electrically induced gait changes post stroke. J. Neuro. Rehab.7(1), 17–25 (1993).
  • Waters RL, Campbell J, Thomas L, Hugaos L, Davis P. Energy cost of walking in lower extremity casts. J. Bone Joint Surg.64(6), 896–899 (1982).
  • Waters RL, Campbell JM, Nakai R. Therapeutic electrical stimulation of the lower limb by epimysial electrodes. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.233, 44–52 (1988).
  • Mayo N, Wood-Dauphinee ES, Ahmed S et al. Disablement following stroke. Disabil. Rehabil.21(5–6), 258–268 (1999).
  • Yan T, Hui-Chan CW. Functional electrical stimulation improves motor recovery of the lower extremity and walking ability of subjects with first acute stroke. Stroke36, 80–85 (2005).
  • Merletti R, Zelaschi F, Latella D et al. A control study of muscle force recovery in hemiparetic patients during treatment with functional electrical stimulation. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med.10(3), 147–154 (1978).
  • Alfieri V. Electrical treatment of spasticity. Reflex tonic activity in hemiplegic patients and selected specific electrostimulation. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med.14(4), 177–182 (1982).
  • Winchester P, Montgomery J, Bowman B, Hislop H. Effects of feedback stimulation training and cyclical electrical stimulation on knee extension in hemiparetic patients. Phys. Ther.63(7), 1096–1103 (1983).
  • Veltink P, Ladouceur HM, Sinkjaer T. Inhibition of the triceps surae stretch reflex by stimulation of the deep peroneal nerve in persons with spastic stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.81(8), 1016–1024 (2000).
  • O'Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ. Physical Rehabilitation: Assessment and Treatment. F.A. Davis Company, PA, USA (1999).
  • Moore S, Schurr K, Wales A, Moseley R, Herbert A. Observation and analysis of hemiplegic gait: swing phase. Aust. J. Physiother.39(4), 271–278 (1993).
  • Ada L, Dean CM, Hall JM, Bampton S, Crompton J. Treadmill and overground walking improves walking after stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.84(10), 1486–1491 (2003).
  • Dean CM, Richards CL, Malouin F. Task-related circuit training improves locomotor tasks, chronic stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.81(4), 409–417 (2000).
  • Wade DT, Collen FM, Robb GF, Warlow CP. Physiotherapy intervention late after stroke. Br. Med. J.304(6827), 609–613 (1992).
  • Werner RA, Kessler S. Effectiveness of outpatient rehabilitation for postacute stroke. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil.75(2), 114–120 (1996).
  • Moseley A, Stark MA, C ameron ID, Pollock A. Treadmill training and weight-support for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (3) CD002840 (2003).
  • Kosak MC, Reding MJ. Comparison of weight-support versus bracing. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil.14(1), 13–19 (2000).
  • Barbeau H, Visintin M. Optimal outcomes obtained with weight-support in stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.84(10), 1458–1465 (2003).
  • Liston R, Mickelborough J, Harris B, Hann AW, Tallis RC. Conventional physiotherapy and treadmill re-training for higher-level gait disorders in CVA. Age Ageing29(4), 311–318 (2000).
  • Visintin M, Barbeau H, Korner-Bitensky N, Mato N. A new approach to retrain gait in stroke through weight-support. Stroke29(6), 1122–1128 (1998).
  • Ding Y, Li J, Lai Q et al. Motor balance and coordination training enhances functional outcome in rat with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurosci.123(3), 667–674 (2004).
  • Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC. Effect of duration of upper- and lower-extremity rehabilitation sessions and walking speed on recovery of interlimb coordination in hemiplegia. Phys. Ther.82(5), 432–448 (2002).
  • Nudo RJ, Miliken GW, Jenkins WM, Merzenich MM. Use dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J. Neurosci.1516(2), 785–807 (1996).
  • Nudo RJ, Wise BM, Sifuentes GW, Milliken F. Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct. Science272, 1791–1794 (1996).
  • Singer R, Lidor JH, Cauraugh R. To be aware or not aware? What to think about while learning and performing a motor skill. Sport Psychologist7, 19–30 (1993).
  • Butefisch C, Hummelsheim KH, Mauritz H. Repetitive training of isolated movements. J. Neurol. Science130(1), 59–68 (1995).
  • Dean CM, Shepherd RB. Task-related training improves performance of seated reaching tasks after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke28, 722–728 (1997).
  • Elbert T, Pantev C, Wienbruch C. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science270, 305–307 (1995).
  • Pascual-Leone A, Torres F. Plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex representation of the reading finger in Braille readers. Brain116, 39–52 (1993).
  • Daly JJ, Ruff RL. Feasibility of combining multi-channel functional neuromuscular stimulation with weight-supported treadmill training. J. Neurol. Science225, 105–115 (2004).
  • Liberson WT, Holmquest HJ, Scot M, Dow D. Functional electrotherapy: stimulation of the peroneal nerve synchronized with the swing phase of the gait of hemiplegic patients. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.42, 101–105 (1961).
  • Merletti R, Andina A, Galante M, Furlan I. Clinical experience of electronic peroneal stimulators in 50 hemiparetic patients. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med.11(3), 111–121 (1979).
  • Granat MH, Maxwell DJ, Ferguson AC, Lees KR, Barbenel JC. Peroneal stimulator; evaluation for the correction of spastic drop foot in hemiplegia. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.77(1), 19–24 (1996).
  • Taylor PN, Burridge JH, Dunkerley AL et al. Clinical use of the Odstock dropped foot stimulator: its effect on the speed and effort of walking. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.80(12), 1577–1583 (1999)
  • Burridge JH, Taylor PN, Hagan SA, Wood DE, Swain ID. The effects of common peroneal stimulation on the effort and speed of walking: a randomized controlled trial with chronic hemiplegic patients. Clin. Rehabil.11(3), 201–210 (1997).
  • Bogataj U, Gros N, Kljajic M, Acimovic-Janezic R. Enhanced rehabilitation of gait after stroke: a case report of a therapeutic approach using multichannel functional electrical stimulation. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng.5(2), 221–232 (1997).
  • Bogataj U, Gros N, Malezic M et al. Restoration of gait during two to three weeks of therapy with multichannel electrical stimulation. Phys. Ther.69(5), 319–327 (1989).
  • Bogataj U, Gros N, Kljajic M, Acimovic M, Malezic R. The rehabilitation of gait in patients with hemiplegia: a comparison between conventional therapy multichannel functional electrical stimulation therapy. Phys. Ther.75(6), 490–502 (1995).
  • Stanic U, Acimovic-Janezic R, Gros N et al. Multichannel electrical stimulation for correction of hemiplegic gait. Methodology and preliminary results. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med.10(2), 75–92 (1978).
  • Waters RL, McNeal D, Perry J. Experimental correction of footdrop by electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve. J. Bone. Joint. Surg. Am.57(8), 1047–1054 (1975).
  • Weber DJ, Stein RB, Chan KM et al. Functional electrical stimulation using microstimulators to correct foot drop: a case study. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.82(8–9), 784–792 (2004).
  • Strojnik P, Acimovic R, Vavken E, Simic U, Stanic V. Treatment of drop foot using an implantable peroneal underknee stimulator. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med.19(1), 37–43 (1987).
  • Scheiner A, Polando EB, Marsolais G. Design and clinical application of a double helix electrode for functional electrical stimulation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.41(5), 425–431 (1994).
  • Daly JJ, Ruff RL. Electrically induced recovery of gait components for older patients with chronic stroke. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil.79(4), 349–360 (2000).
  • Borges G, Ferguson R, Kobetic K. Development and operation of portable and laboratory electrical stimulation systems for walking in paraplegic subjects. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.6(7), 798–801 (1989).
  • Daly JJ, Ruff RL, Osman S, Hull JJ. The response of prolonged flaccid paralysis to FNS, rehabilitation techniques. Disabil. Rehabil.22(12), 565–573 (2000).
  • Daly JJ, Kollar K, Debogorski AA et al. Performance of an intramuscular electrode during functional neuromuscular stimulation for gait training post stroke. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev.38(5), 513–526 (2001).
  • Daly JJ, Ruff RL, Haycook K et al. Feasibility of gait training for acute stroke patients using FNS with implanted electrodes. J. Neurol. Science179(S1–S2), 103–107 (2000).
  • Daly JJ, Roenigk K, Holcomb J et al. A randomized controlled trial of functional neuromuscular stimulation in chronic stroke subjects. Stroke37(1), 172–178 (2006).
  • Daly JJ. Usefulness of an intra-limb coordination measure in evaluation of gait deficits in stroke survivors. Gait and Posture (2006) (b).
  • Van Peppen RPS, Kwakkel G, Wood-Dauphinee S et al. The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: what’s the evidence? Clin. Rehabil.18, 833–862 (2004).
  • Ryerson S, Levit K. Functional movement reeducation. In: Stroke Rehabilitation. Churchill Livingston Inc., NY, USA (1997).
  • Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Gage FH. Genetic influence on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Science94(19), 10409–10414(1997).
  • Diamond M, Law CF, Rhodes H. Increases in cortical depth and glia numbers in rats subjected to enriched environment. J. Comp. Neurol.128, 117–126 (1966).
  • Greenough WTR, West W, DeVoogd TJ. Subsynaptic plat perforations: changes with age and experience in the rat. Science202, 1096–1098 (1978).
  • Bennett EL, Rosenzweig MR, Diamond MC. Rat brain: effects of environmental enrichment on wet and dry weights. Science163(869), 825–826 (1969).
  • Kolb B, Elliott W. Recovery from early cortical damage in rats. Efects of experience on anatomy and behavior following frontal lesions at 1 or 5 days of age. Behav. Brain Res.26, 47–56 (1987).
  • Green EJ, Greenough WT. Altered synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus of rats reared in complex environments: evidence from hippocampal slices maintained in vitro. J. Neurophysiol.55, 739–750 (1986).
  • Foster TC, Dumas TC. Mechanism for increased hippocampal synaptic strength following differential experience. J. Neurophysiol.85(4), 1377–1383 (2001).
  • Volkmar FR, Greenough WT. Rearing complexity affects branching of dendrites in the visual cortex of the rat. Science176, 1145–1147 (1972).
  • Kolb B, Gibb R. Environmental enrichment and cortical injury: behavioral and anatomical consequences of frontal cortex lesions. Cereb. Cortex1, 189–198 (1991).
  • Globus A, Rosenzweig M, Bennett E, Diamond M. Effects of differential experience on dendritic spine counts in rat cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol.82, 175–181 (1973).
  • Greenough WT, Larson JR, Withers GS. Effects of unilateral and bilateral training in a reaching task on dendritic branching of neurons in the rat motor-sensory forelimb cortex. Behav. Neural. Biol.44, 301–314 (1985).
  • Van Praag H, Kempermann FH, Gage G. Neural consequences of environmental enrichment. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.1(3), 191–198 (2000).
  • Johansson BB, Ohlsson Al. Environmental, social interaction, and physical activity as determinants of functional outcome after cerebral infarction in the rat. Exp. Neurol.91, 33–50 (1996).
  • Biernaskie J, Corbett D. Enriched rehabilitative training promotes improved forelimb motor function and enhanced dendritic growth after focal ischemic injury. J. Neurosci.21, 5272–5280 (2001).
  • Jones TA, Chu CJ, Grande LA, Gregory AD. Motor skills training enhances lesion-induced structural plasticity in the motor cortex of adult rats. J. Neurosci.19, 10153–10163 (1999).
  • Chu CJ, Jones TA. Experience-dependent structural plasticity in cortex heterotopic focal sensorimotorcortical damage. Exp. Neurol.166, 403–413 (2000).
  • Kleim JA, Lussnig E, Schwarz ER, Comery TA, Greenough WT. Synaptogenesis and fos expression in the motor cortex of the adult rat after motor skill training. J. Neurosci.16, 4529–4535 (1996).
  • Pascual-Leone A, Wassermann EM, Sadato M, Hallett N. The role of reading activity on the modulation of motor cortical outputs to the reading hand in Braille readers. Ann. Neurol.38(6), 910–915 (1995).
  • Nelles G, Jentzen W, Jueptner M, Muller HC, Diener S. Arm training induced brain plasticity in stroke studied with serial positron positron emission tomography. Neuro-image (6 Pt 1), 1146–1154 (2001).
  • Manahan-Vaughan D. Group 1 and 2 metabotrophic glutamate receptors play differential roles in hippocampal long-term depression and long-term potentiation in freely-moving rats. J. Neurosci.17, 3303–3311 (1997).
  • Bliss T, Lomo T. Long lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. J. Physiol.232, 331–356 (1973).
  • Zhuo M, Hawkins R. Long-term depression: a learning-related type of synaptic plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system. Rev. Neurosci.6, 259–277 (1995).
  • Lev-Ram V, Jiang T, Wood J, Lawrence R, Tsien D. Synergies and co-incidence requirements between NO, cGMP, CA2+ in the induction of cerebellar long-term depression. Neuron18, 1025–1038 (1997).
  • Garraway S, Pockett S, Hochman S. Primary afferent-evoked synaptic plasticity in deep dorsal horn neurons from neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Neurosci. Lett.230, 61–64 (1997).
  • Ward N. Neural correlates of outcome after stroke: a cross-sectional fMRI study Neural correlates of outcome after stroke: a cross-sectional fMRI study. Brain126(Pt 6), 1430–1448 (2003).
  • Neumann-Haefelin T, Moseley G, Albers M. New magnetic resonance imaging methods for cerebrovascular disease: emerging clinical applications. Neurological Progress47, 559–570 (2000).
  • Newton J, Sunderland A. A pilot study of event-related function magnetic resonance imaging of monitored wrist movements in patients with partial recovery. Stroke33, 2881–2887 (2002).
  • Pineiro R, Pendlebury S. Functional MRI detects posterior shifts in primary sensorimotor cortex activation after stroke evidence of local adaptive reorganization. Stroke32, 1134–1139 (2001).
  • Marshall RS, Perera GM. Evolution of cortical activation during recovery from corticospinal tract infarction. Stroke31, 656–661 (2000).
  • Staines WR, McIlroy WE, Graham SJ, Black SE. Bilateral movement enhances ipsilesional cortical activity in acute stroke: a pilot functional MRI study. Neurology56(3), 401–404 (2001).
  • Carey JR, Kimberley TJ, Lewis SM. Analysis of fMRI and finger tracking training in subjects with chronic stroke. Brain125, 773–788 (2002).
  • Johansen-Berg H, Dawes H, Guy C et al. Correlation between motor improvements and altered fMRI activity after rehabilitative therapy. Brain125, 2741–2731 (2002).
  • Levy CE, Nichols DS. Functional MRI evidence of cortical reorganization in upper-limb stroke hemiplegia treated with constraint-induced movement therapy. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil.80, 4–12 (2001).
  • Zemke AC, Heagerty PJ, Lee C, Cramer SC. Motor cortex organization after stroke is related to side of stroke and level of recovery. Stroke34, 1–4 (2003).
  • Feydy A, Carlier A, Roby-Brami R. Longitudinal study of motor recovery after stroke: recruitment and focusing of brain activation. Stroke33, 1610–1617 (2002).
  • Dai R, Stein RB, Andrews BJ, James KB, Wieler M. Application of tilt sensors in functional electrical stimulation. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng.4(2), 63–72 (1996).
  • Daly JJ, Roenigk KL, Butler KM et al. Response of sagittal plane gait kinematics to weight-supported treadmill training and functional neuromuscular stimulation following stroke. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev.41(6), 807–820 (2004).
  • Tinetti ME. Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.34(2), 119–126 (1986).
  • Lord S, Halligan EPW, Wade DT. Visual gait analysis: the development of a clinical assessment and scale. Clin. Rehabil.12(2), 107–119 (1998).
  • Whiteneck G, Charlifue GSW, Gerhart KA, Overholser JD, Richardson GN. Quantifying handicap: a new measure of long-term rehabilitation outcomes. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.73(6), 519–526 (1992).
  • Wood-Dauphinee SL, Opzoomer MA, Williams JI, March WO, Spitzer B. Assessment of global function: the Reintegration to Normal Living Index. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.69(8), 583–590 (1988).
  • Duncan P, Wallace WD, Lai SM et al. The stroke impact scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Stroke30(10), 2131–2140 (1999).
  • Glanz M, Klawansky S, Stason W, Berkey TC, Chalmers C. Functional electrostimulation in poststroke rehabilitation: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.77(6), 549–553 (1996).
  • Levin MF, Hui-Chan CW. Relief of hemiparetic spasticity by TENS is associated with improvement in reflex and voluntary motor functions. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.85(2), 131–142 (1992).
  • Macko R, Smith FGV, Dobrovolny CL et al. Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.82(7), 879–884 (2001).
  • Daly JJ, Ruff RL, Osman A, Scheiner S. Electrically induced recovery of volitional gait components for older stroke patients. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab.79(4), 349–360 (2000).
  • Daly JJ, Roenigk K, Holcomb J et al. A randomized controlled trial of functional neuromuscular stimulation in chronic stroke subjects. Stroke37(1), 172–178 (2006).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.