References
- Grifantini R, Finco O, Bartolini E et al. Multiplasmid DNA vaccination avoids antigenic competition and enhances immunogenicity of a poorly immunogenic plasmid. Eur. J. Immunol.28, 1225–1232 (1998).
- Williamson ED, Bennett AM, Perkins SD et al. Coimmunization with a plasmid DNA cocktail primes mice against anthrax and plague. Vaccine20, 2933–2941 (2002).
- Hassett DE, Zhang J, Whitton JL. Neonatal DNA immunization with a plasmid encoding an internal viral protein is effective in the presence of maternal antibodies and protects against subsequent viral challenge. J. Virol.71,7881–7888 (1997).
- Van Loock M, Lambin S, Volckaert G, Goddeeris BM, Vanrompay D. Influence of maternal antibodies on Chlamydophila psittaci-specific immune responses in turkeys elicited by naked DNA. Vaccine22, 1616–1623 (2004).
- Ulmer JB, Donnelly JJ, Parker SE et al. Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science259, 1745–1749 (1993).
- Kuklin N, Daheshia M, Karem K, Manickan E, Rouse BT. Induction of mucosal immunity against herpes simplex virus by plasmid DNA immunization. J. Virol.71,3138–3145 (1997).
- Bennett AM, Phillpotts RJ, Perkins SD, Jacobs SC, Williamson ED. Gene gun-mediated vaccination is superior to manual delivery for immunisation with DNA vaccines expressing protective antigens from Yersinia pestis or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine18, 588–596 (2000).
- Otten G, Schaefer M, Doe B et al. Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency in rhesus macaques by electroporation. Vaccine22, 2489–2493 (2004).
- Stan AC, Casares S, Brumeanu TD, Klinman DM, Bona CA. CpG motifs of DNA vaccines induce the expression of chemokines and MHC class II molecules on myocytes. Eur. J. Immunol.31, 301–310 (2001).
- Whitton JL, Rodriguez F, Zhang J, Hassett DE. DNA immunization: mechanistic studies. Vaccine17, 1612–1619 (1999).
- Corr M, Lee DL, Carson DA, Tighe H. Gene vaccination with naked plasmid DNA: mechanism of CTL priming. J. Exp. Med.184, 1555–1560 (1996).
- Doe B, Selby M, Barnett S, Baenziger J, Walker CM. Induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by intramuscular immunization with plasmid DNA is facilitated by bone marrow-derived cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93, 8578–8583 (1996).
- Fu TM, Ulmer JB, Caulfield MJ et al. Priming of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by DNA vaccines: requirement for professional antigen-presenting cells and evidence for antigen transfer from myocytes. Mol. Med.3, 362–371 (1997).
- Iwasaki A, Torres CAT, Ohashi PS, Robinson HL, Barber BH. The dominant role of bone marrow-derived cells in CTL induction following plasmid DNA immunization at different sites. J. Immunol.159, 11–14 (1997).
- Ulmer JB, Deck RR, Dewitt CM, Donnelly JJ, Liu MA. Generation of MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by expression of a viral protein in muscle cells: antigen presentation by nonmuscle cells. Immunology89, 59–67 (1996).
- Torres CAT, Iwasaki A, Barber BH, Robinson HL. Differential dependence on target site tissue for gene gun and intramuscular DNA immunizations. J. Immunol.158, 4529–4532 (1997).
- Raz E, Tighe H, Sato Y et al. Preferential induction of a Th-1 immune response and inhibition of specific IgE antibody formation by plasmid DNA immunization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93, 5141–5145 (1996).
- Feltquate DM, Heaney S, Webster RG, Robinson HL. Different T-helper cell types and antibody isotypes generated by saline and gene-gun DNA immunization. J. Immunol.158, 2278–2284 (1997).
- Weiss R, Scheiblhofer S, Freund J et al. Gene-gun bombardment with gold particles displays a particular Th2-promoting signal that over-rules the Th1-inducing effect of immunostimulatory CpG motifs in DNA vaccines. Vaccine20, 3148–3154 (2002).
- Kawabata S, Terao Y, Fujiwara T, Nakagawa I, Hamada S. Targeted salivary gland immunization with plasmid DNA elicits specific salivary immunoglobulin A and G antibodies and serum immunoglobulin G antibodies in mice. Infect. Immun.67, 5863–5868 (1999).
- Fynan EF, Webster RG, Fuller DH et al. DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA90, 11478–11482 (1993).
- Bohm W, Mertens T, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Routes of plasmid DNA vaccination that prime murine humoral and cellular immune responses. Vaccine16, 949–954 (1998).
- McCluskie MJ, Brazolot Millan CL, Gramzinski RA et al. Route and method of delivery of DNA vaccine influence immune responses in mice and nonhuman primates. Mol. Med.5, 287–300 (1999).
- Livingston JB, Lu S, Robinson HL, Anderson DJ. The induction of mucosal immunity in the female genital tract using gene-gun technology. Part 1: antigen expression. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.772, 265–267 (1995).
- McCluskie MJ, Chu YL, Xia JL et al. Direct gene transfer to the respiratory tract of mice with pure plasmid and lipid-formulated DNA. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Devel.8, 401–414 (1998).
- Chen SC, Jones DH, Fynan EF et al. Protective immunity induced by oral immunization with a rotavirus DNA vaccine encapsulated in microparticles. J. Virol.72, 5757–5761 (1998).
- Sizemore DR, Branstrom AA, Sadoff JC. Attenuated Shigella as a DNA delivery vehicle for DNA-mediated immunization. Science270, 299–302 (1995).
- Gerdts V, Babiuk LA, Littel-van den Hurk SV, Griebel PJ. Fetal immunization by a DNA vaccine delivered into the oral cavity. Nature Med.6, 929–932 (2000).
- Gerdts V, Snider M, Brownlie R, Babiuk LA, Griebel PJ. Oral DNA vaccination in utero induces mucosal immunity and immune memory in the neonate. J. Immunol.168, 1877–1885 (2002).
- Triyatni M, Jilbert AR, Qiao M et al. Protective efficacy of DNA vaccines against duck hepatitis B virus infection. J. Virol.72, 84–94 (1998).
- Haagmans BL, van Rooij EMA, Dubelaar M et al. Vaccination of pigs against pseudorabies virus with plasmid DNA encoding glycoprotein D. Vaccine17, 1264–1271 (1999).
- Kanellos T, Sylvester ID, Howard CR, Russell PH. DNA is as effective as protein at inducing antibody in fish. Vaccine17, 965–972 (1999).
- Yu X, Tu C, Li H et al. DNA-mediated protection against classical swine fever virus. Vaccine19, 1520–1525 (2001).
- McConkey SJ, Reece WHH, Moorthy VS et al. Enhanced T-cell immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines boosted by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara in humans. Nature Med.9, 729–735 (2003).
- Nobiron I, Thompson I, Brownlie J, Collins ME. DNA vaccination against bovine viral diarrhoea virus induces humoral and cellular responses in cattle with evidence for protection against viral challenge. Vaccine21, 2082–2092 (2003).
- Ma XY, Forns X, Gutierrez R et al. DNA-based vaccination against hepatitis C virus (HCV): effect of expressing different forms of HCV E2 protein and use of CpG-optimized vectors in mice. Vaccine20, 3263–3271 (2002).
- Messina JP, Gilkeson GS, Pisetsky DS. Stimulation of in vitro murine lymphocyte proliferation by bacterial DNA. J. Immunol.147, 1759–1764 (1991).
- Sato Y, Roman M, Tighe H et al. Immunostimulatory DNA sequences necessary for effective intradermal gene immunization. Science273, 352–354 (1996).
- Irvine KR, Rao J, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Cytokine enhancement of DNA immunization leads to effective treatment of established pulmonary metastases. J. Immunol.156, 238–245 (1996).
- Chow YH, Huang WL, Chi WK, Chu YD, Tao MH. Improvement of hepatitis B virus DNA vaccines by plasmids coexpressing hepatitis B surface antigen and interleukin-2. J. Virol.71, 169–178 (1997).
- Kim JJ, Ayyavoo V, Bagarazzi ML et al.In vivo engineering of a cellular immune response by coadministration of IL-12 expression vector with a DNA immunogen. J. Immunol.158, 816–826 (1997).
- Okada E, Sasaki S, Ishii N et al. Intranasal immunization of a DNA vaccine with IL-12- and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing plasmids in liposomes induces strong mucosal and cell-mediated immune responses against HIV-1 antigens. J. Immunol.159, 3638–3647 (1997).
- Kim IJ, Karaca K, Pertile TL, Erickson SA, Sharma JM. Enhanced expression of cytokine genes in spleen macrophages during acute infection with infectious bursal disease virus in chickens. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.61, 331–341 (1998).
- Wu Y, Kipps TJ. Deoxyribonucleic acid vaccines encoding antigens with rapid proteasome-dependent degradation are highly efficient inducers of cytolytic T-lymphocytes. J. Immunol.159, 6037–6043 (1997).
- Bouloc A, Walker P, Grivel JC, Vogel JC, Katz SI. Immunization through dermal delivery of protein-encoding DNA: a role for migratory dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol.29, 446–454 (1999).
- Toda S, Ishii N, Okada E et al. HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses induced by DNA vaccination were enhanced by mannan-coated liposomes and inhibited by anti-interferon-γ antibody. Immunology92, 111–117 (1997).
- Syrengelas AD, Chen TT, Levy R. DNA immunization induces protective immunity against B-cell lymphoma. Nature Med.2, 1038–1041 (1996).
- Boyle JS, Brady JL, Lew AM. Enhanced responses to a DNA vaccine encoding a fusion antigen that is directed to sites of immune induction. Nature392, 408–411 (1998).
- Widera G, Austin M, Rabussay D et al. Increased DNA vaccine delivery and immunogenicity by electroporation in vivo.J. Immunol.164, 4635–4640 (2000).
- Crook K, McLachlan G, Stevenson BJ, Porteous DJ. Plasmid DNA molecules complexed with cationic liposomes are protected from degradation by nucleases and shearing by aerosolisation. Gene Therapy3, 834–839 (1996).
- Xu YH, Szoka FC. Mechanism of DNA release from cationic liposome/DNA complexes used in cell transfection. Biochemistry35, 5616–5623 (1996).
- Quahabi E, Thiry M, Pector V et al. The role of endosome destabilizing activity in the gene transfer process mediated by cationic lipids. FEBS Letts414, 187–192 (1997).
- Clark MA, Blair H, Liang L et al. Targeting polymerised liposome vaccine carriers to intestinal M-cells. Vaccine20, 208–217 (2002).
- Livingston BD, Newman M, Crimi C et al. Optimization of epitope processing enhances immunogenicity of multiepitope DNA vaccines. Vaccine19, 4652–4660 (2001).
- Wolkers MC, Toebes M, Okabe M, Haanen JBAG, Schumacher TNM. Optimizing the efficacy of epitope-directed DNA vaccination. J. Immunol.168, 4998–5004 (2002).
- Rice J, Elliott T, Buchan S, Stevenson FK. DNA fusion vaccine designed to induce cytotoxic T-cell responses against defined peptide motifs: implications for cancer vaccines. J. Immunol.167, 1558–1565 (2001).
- Palmowski MJ, Choi EM-L, Hermans IF et al. Competition between CTL narrows the immune response induced by prime–boost vaccination protocols. J. Immunol.168, 4391–4398 (2002).
- Ezekowitz R, Sastry K, Bailly P, Warner A. Molecular characterization of the human macrophage mannose receptor: demonstration of multiple carbohydrate recognition-like domains and phagocytosis of yeasts in COS-1 cells. J. Exp. Med.172, 1785–1794 (1990).
- Alexopoulou L, Holt AC, Medzhitov R, Flavell RA. Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature413, 732–738 (2001).
- Gewirtz AT, Navas TA, Lyons S, Godowski PJ, Madara JL. Cutting edge: bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression. J. Immunol.167, 1882–1885 (2001).
- Hayashi F, Smith KD, Ozinsky A et al. The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5. Nature410, 1099–1103 (2001).
- Bird AP. CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature321, 209–213 (1986).
- Cardon LR, Burge C, Clayton DA, Karlin S. Pervasive CpG suppression in animal mitochondrial genomes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA91, 3799–3803 (1994).
- Krieg AM, Yi AK, Matson S et al. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation. Nature374, 546–549 (1995).
- Krieg AM. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Ann. Rev. Immunol.20, 709–760 (2002).
- Yi AK, Chang M, Peckham DW, Krieg AM, Ashman RF. CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotides rescue mature spleen B-cells from spontaneous apoptosis and promote cell cycle entry. J. Immunol.160, 5898–5906 (1998).
- Tokunaga T, Yano O, Kuramoto E et al. Synthetic oligonucleotides with particular base sequences from the cDNA-encoding proteins of Mycobacterium bovis BCG induce interferons and activate natural killer cells. Microbiol. Immunol.36, 55–66 (1992).
- Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T et al. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature408, 740–745 (2000).
- Takeshita F, Leifer CA, Gursel I et al. Cutting edge: role of Toll-like receptor 9 in CpG DNA-induced activation of human cells. J. Immunol.167, 3555–3558 (2001).
- Hornung V, Rothenfusser S, Britsch S et al. Quantitative expression of Toll-like receptor 1–10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J. Immunol.168, 4531–4537 (2002).
- Tauszig S, Jouanguy E, Hoffmann JA, Imler J-L. Toll-related receptors and the control of antimicrobial peptide expression in Drosophila.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97, 10520–10525 (2000).
- Latz E, Schoenemeyer A, Visintin A et al. TLR9 signals after translocating from the ER to CpG DNA in the lysosome. Nature Immunol.5, 190–198 (2004).
- Yamamoto T, Yamamoto S, Kataoka T, Tokunaga T. Lipofection of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide having a palindromic sequence of AACGTT to murine splenocytes enhances interferon production and natural killer activity. Microbiol. Immunol.38, 831–836 (1994).
- Yi AK, Tuetken R, Redford T et al. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA activate leukocytes through the pH-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. J. Immunol.160, 4755–4761 (1998).
- Klinman DM, Yamshchikov G, Ishigatsubo Y. Contribution of CpG motifs to the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. J. Immunol.158, 3635–3639 (1997).
- Roman M, Martin-Orozco E, Goodman JS et al. Immunostimulatory DNA sequences function as T-helper-1-promoting adjuvants. Nature Med.3, 849–854 (1997).
- Magnusson M, Johansson E, Berg M et al. The plasmid pcDNA3 differentially induces production of interferon-α and interleukin-6 in cultures of porcine leukocytes. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.78, 45–56 (2001).
- Hartmann G, Weeratna RD, Ballas ZK et al. Delineation of a CpG phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide for activating primate immune responses in vitro and in vivo.J. Immunol.164, 1617–1624 (2000).
- Bauer S, Kirschning CJ, Hacker H et al. Human TLR9 confers responsiveness to bacterial DNA via species-specific CpG motif recognition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98, 9237–9242 (2001).
- Rankin R, Pontarollo R, Ioannou X et al. CpG motif identification for veterinary and laboratory species demonstrates that sequence recognition is highly conserved. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Devel.11, 333–340 (2001).
- He HQ, Kogut MH. CpG-ODN-induced nitric oxide production is mediated through clathrin-dependent endocytosis, endosomal maturation, and activation of PKC, MEK1/2 and p38 MAPK, and NF-κB pathways in avian macrophage cells (HD11). Cell. Signalling15, 911–917 (2003).
- Xie H, Raybourne RB, Babu US, Lillehoj HS, Heckert RA. CpG-induced immunomodulation and intracellular bacterial killing in a chicken macrophage cell line. Devel. Comp. Immunol.27, 823–834 (2003).
- Kojima Y, Xin KQ, Ooki T et al. Adjuvant effect of multi-CpG motifs on an HIV-1 DNA vaccine. Vaccine20, 2857–2865 (2002).
- Pontarollo RA, Babiuk LA, Hecker R, Littel-van den Hurk SV. Augmentation of cellular immune responses to bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein D by vaccination with CpG-enhanced plasmid vectors. J. Gen. Virol.83, 2973–2981 (2002).
- Schelonka RL, Infante AJ. Neonatal immunology. Seminars Perinatol.22, 2–14 (1998).
- Adkins B. T-cell function in newborn mice and humans. Immunol. Today20, 330–335 (1999).
- Marshall-Clarke S, Reen D, Tasker L, Hassan J. Neonatal immunity: how well has it grown up? Immunol. Today21, 35–41 (2000).
- Droege W. Amplifying and suppressive effect of thymus cells. Nature234, 549–551 (1971).
- Droege W. The antigen-inexperienced thymic suppressor cells: a class of lymphocytes in the young chicken thymus that inhibits antibody production and cell-mediated immune responses. Eur. J. Immunol.6, 279–287 (1976).
- Seto F. Early development of the avian immune system. Poult. Sci.60, 1981–1995 (1981).
- Mast J, Goddeeris BM. Development of immunocompetence of broiler chickens. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.70, 245–256 (1999).
- Kogut MH, Rothwell L, Kaiser P. Differential effects of age on chicken heterophil functional activation by recombinant chicken interleukin-2. Devel. Comp. Immunol.26, 817–830 (2002).
- Sharma JM, Burmester BR. Resistance to Marek’s disease at hatching in chickens vaccinated as embryos with the turkey herpesvirus. Avian Dis.26, 134–141 (1982).
- Billingham RE, Brent L, Medawar FRS. Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature172, 603–606 (1953).
- Forsthuber T, Yip HC, Lehmann PV. Induction of Th1 and Th2 immunity in neonatal mice. Science271, 1728–1730 (1996).
- Ridge JP, Fuchs EJ, Matzinger P. Neonatal tolerance revisited: turning on newborn T-cells with dendritic cells. Science271, 1723–1726 (1996).
- Sarzotti M, Robbins DS, Hoffman PM. Induction of protective CTL responses in newborn mice by a murine retrovirus. Science271, 1726–1728 (1996).
- Pennisi E. Teetering on the brink of danger. Science271, 1665–1667 (1996).
- Manickan E, Yu ZY, Rouse BT. DNA immunization of neonates induces immunity despite the presence of maternal antibody. J. Clin. Invest.100, 2371–2375 (1997).
- Prince AM, Whalen R, Brotman B. Successful nucleic acid-based immunization of newborn chimpanzees against hepatitis B virus. Vaccine15, 916–919 (1997).
- Sarzotti M, Dean TA, Remington MP et al. Induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses in newborn mice by DNA immunization. Vaccine15, 795–797 (1997).
- Wang YJ, Xiang ZQ, Pasquini S, Ertl HCJ. Immune response to neonatal genetic immunization. Virology228, 278–284 (1997).
- Bot A, Bot S, Bona C. Enhanced protection against influenza virus of mice immunized as newborns with a mixture of plasmids expressing hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein. Vaccine16, 1675–1682 (1998).
- Mor G, Yamshchikov G, Sedegah M et al. Induction of neonatal tolerance by plasmid DNA vaccination of mice. J. Clin. Invest.98, 2700–2705 (1996).
- Robinson HL, Hunt LA, Webster RG. Protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immunization with a haemagglutinin-expressing plasmid DNA. Vaccine11, 957–960 (1993).
- Kodihalli S, Haynes JR, Robinson HL, Webster RG. Crossprotection among lethal H5N2 influenza viruses induced by DNA vaccine to the hemagglutinin. J. Virol.71, 3391–3396 (1997).
- Sakaguchi M, Nakamura H, Sonoda K, Hamada F, Hirai K. Protection of chickens from Newcastle disease by vaccination with a linear plasmid DNA expressing the F protein of Newcastle disease virus. Vaccine14, 747–52 (1996).
- Tischer BK, Schumacher D, Beer M et al. A DNA vaccine containing an infectious Marek’s disease virus genome can confer protection against tumorigenic Marek’s disease in chickens. J. Gen. Virol.83, 2367–2376 (2002).
- Plachy J, Hejnar J, Trtkova K et al. DNA vaccination against v-src oncogene-induced tumours in congenic chickens. Vaccine19, 4526–4535 (2001).
- Chang HC, Lin TL, Wu CC. DNA-mediated vaccination against infectious bursal disease in chickens. Vaccine20, 328–335 (2001).
- Chang HC, Lin TL, Wu CC. DNA vaccination with plasmids containing various fragments of large segment genome of infectious bursal disease virus. Vaccine21, 507–513 (2003).
- Li JR, Huang YW, Liang XY et al. Plasmid DNA encoding antigens of infectious bursal disease viruses induce protective immune responses in chickens: factors influencing efficacy. Virus Res.98, 63–74 (2003).
- Heckert RA, Elankumaran S, Oshop GL, Vakharia VN. A novel transcutaneous plasmid-dimethylsulfoxide delivery technique for avian nucleic acid immunization. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.89, 67–81 (2002).
- Fodor I, Horvath E, Fodor N et al. Induction of protective immunity in chickens immunised with plasmid DNA encoding infectious bursal disease virus antigens. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica47, 481–492 (1999).
- Shaw I, Davison TF. Protection from IBDV-induced bursal damage by a recombinant fowlpox vaccine, fpIBD1, is dependent on the titre of challenge virus and chicken genotype. Vaccine18, 3230–3241 (2000).
- Hulse DJ, Romero CH. Fate of plasmid DNA encoding infectious bursal disease virus VP2 capsid protein after injection into the pectoralis muscle of the chicken. Poult. Sci.81, 213–216 (2002).
- Li J, Liang X, Huang Y et al. Enhancement of the immunogenicity of DNA vaccine against infectious bursal disease virus by codelivery with plasmid encoding chicken interleukin-2. Virology329, 89–100 (2004).
- Song KD, Lillehoj HS, Choi KD et al. A DNA vaccine encoding a conserved Eimeria protein induces protective immunity against live Eimeria acervulina challenge. Vaccine19, 243–252 (2001).
- Min W, Lillehoj HS, Burnside J et al. Adjuvant effects of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-γ, TGF-β4 and lymphotactin on DNA vaccination against Eimeria acervulina.Vaccine20, 267–274 (2001).
- Russell PH, Mackie A. Eye-drop DNA can induce IgA in the tears and bile of chickens. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.80, 327–332 (2001).
- Suarez DL, Schultz-Cherry S. The effect of eukaryotic expression vectors and adjuvants on DNA vaccines in chickens using an avian influenza model. Avian Dis.44, 861–868 (2000).
- Rollier C, Charollois C, Jamard C, Trepo C, Cova L. Early life humoral response of ducks to DNA immunization against hepadnavirus large envelope protein. Vaccine18, 3091–3096 (2000).
- Seo SH, Collisson EW. Specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are involved in in vivo clearance of infectious bronchitis virus. J. Virol.71, 5173–5177 (1997).
- Vanrompay D, Cox E, Vandenbussche F, Volckaert G, Goddeeris B. Protection of turkeys against Chlamydia psittaci challenge by gene gun-based DNA immunizations. Vaccine17, 2628–2635 (1999).
- Vanrompay D, Cox E, Kaiser P et al. Protection of turkeys against Chlamydophila psittaci challenge by parenteral and mucosal inoculations and the effect of turkey interferon-γ on genetic immunization. Immunology103, 106–112 (2001).
- Ahmad J, Sharma JM. Protection against hemorrhagic enteritis and Newcastle disease in turkeys by embryo vaccination with monovalent and bivalent vaccines. Avian Dis.37, 485–491 (1993).
- Ahmad J, Sharma JM. Evaluation of a modified live virus vaccine administered in ovo to protect chickens against Newcastle disease. Am. J. Vet. Res.53, 1999–2004 (1992).
- Bucy RP, Chen CLH, Cooper MD. Ontogeny of T-cell receptors in the chicken thymus. J. Immunol.144, 1161–1168 (1990).
- Cooper MD, Chen CLH, Bucy RP, Thompson CB. Avian T-cell ontogeny. Adv. Immunol.50, 87–117 (1991).
- Woods R, Linna J. Transport of cells from bursa of Fabricius to spleen and thymus. Acta Path. Micro. Scand.64, 470–476 (1965).
- Kowalczyk K, Daiss J, Halpern J, Roth TF. Quantitation of maternal-fetal IgG transport in the chicken. Immunology54, 755–762 (1985).
- Siegrist C-A, Barrios C, Martinez X et al. Influence of maternal antibodies on vaccine responses: inhibition of antibody but not T-cell responses allows successful early prime–boost strategies in mice. Eur. J. Immunol.28, 4138–4148 (1998).
- Sharma JM. Embryo vaccination with infectious bursal disease virus alone or in combination with Marek’s disease vaccine. Avian Dis.29, 1155–1169 (1985).
- Littel-van den Hurk SV, Braun RP, Lewis PJ et al. Immunization of neonates with DNA encoding a bovine herpesvirus glycoprotein is effective in the presence of maternal antibodies. Viral Immunol.12, 67–77 (1999).
- Gildersleeve RP. In ovo technology update. Proceedings of the EEC Poultry Work Group. Zootechnica International XVII. Mestre, Italy, May (1994).
- Johnston PA, Liu H, O’Connell T et al. Applications in in ovo technology. Poult. Sci.76, 165–178 (1997).
- Whitfill CE, Haddad EE, Ricks CA et al. Determination of optimum formulation of a novel infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine constructed by mixing bursal disease antibody with IBDV. Avian Dis.39, 687–699 (1995).
- Haddad EE., Whitfill CE, Avakian AP et al. Efficacy of a novel infectious bursal disease virus immune complex vaccine in broiler chickens. Avian Dis.41, 882–889 (1997).
- Jeurissen SHM, Janse EM, Lehrbach PR et al. The working mechanism of an immune complex vaccine that protects chickens against infectious bursal disease. Immunology95, 494–500 (1998).
- Sharma JM, Lee LF, Wakenell PS. Comparative viral, immunologic, and pathologic responses of chickens inoculated with herpesvirus of turkeys as embryos or at hatch. Am. J. Vet. Res.45, 1619–1623 (1984).
- Gildersleeve R, Hoyle CM, Miles AM et al. Development performance of an egg injection machine for administration of Marek’s disease. J. App. Poult. Res.2, 337–346 (1993).
- Islam AFMF, Walkden-Brown SW, Wong CW et al. Influence of vaccine deposition site on postvaccinal viraemia and vaccine efficacy in broiler chickens following in ovo vaccination against Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol.30, 525–533 (2001).
- Jochemsen P, Jeurissen SHM. The localisation and uptake of in ovo injected soluble and particulate substances in the chicken. Poult. Sci.81, 1811–1817 (2002).
- Oshop GL, Elankumaran S, Vakharia VN, Heckert RA. In ovo delivery of DNA to the avian embryo. Vaccine21, 1275–1281 (2003).
- Kapczynski DR, Hilt DA, Shapiro D, Sellers HS, Jackwood DJ. Protection of chickens from infectious bronchitis by in ovo and intramuscular vaccination with a DNA vaccine expressing the S1 glycoprotein. Avian Dis.47, 272–285 (2003).
- Bayliss CD, Peters RW, Cook JK et al. A recombinant fowlpox virus that expresses the VP2 antigen of infectious bursal disease virus induces protection against mortality caused by the virus. Arch. Virol.120, 193–205 (1991).
- Davison F, Nair V. Use of Marek's disease vaccines: could they be driving the virus to increasing virulence? Expert Rev. Vaccines4(1), 77–88 (2004).