Novel biomarkers in heart failure: usefulness in clinical practice

References

• Morrow DA, de Lemos JA. Benchmarks for the assessment of novel cardiovascular biomarkers. Circulation 2007;115(8):949-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008;358(20):2148-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tousoulis D, Kampoli AM, Siasos G, et al. Circulating biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure. Curr Med Chem 2009;16(29):3828-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hudson MP, O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, et al. Implications of elevated cardiac troponin T in ambulatory patients with heart failure: a prospective analysis. Am Heart J 2004;147(3):546-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor CM, Fiuzat M, Lombardi C, et al. Impact of serial troponin release on outcomes in patients with acute heart failure: analysis from the PROTECT pilot study. Circ Heart Fail 2011;4(6):724-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felker GM, Hasselblad V, Tang WH, et al. Troponin I in acute decompensated heart failure: insights from the ASCEND-HF study. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14(11):1257-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62(16):e147-239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Januzzi JL Jr, Filippatos G, Nieminen M, Gheorghiade M. Troponin elevation in patients with heart failure: on behalf of the third universal definition of myocardial infarction global task force: heart failure section. Eur Heart J 2012;33(18):2265-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisel A, Mueller C, Nowak R, et al. Mid-region pro-hormone markers for diagnosis and prognosis in acute dyspnea: results from the BACH (biomarkers in acute heart failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55(19):2062-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2012;33(14):1787-847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donoghue M, Kenney P, Oestreicher E, et al. Usefulness of aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide testing for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of dyspneic patients with diabetes mellitus seen in the emergency department (from the PRIDE Study). Am J Cardiol 2007;100(9):1336-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishikimi T, Saito Y, Kitamura K, et al. Increased plasma levels of adrenomedullin in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26(6):1424-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu CM, Cheung BM, Leung R, et al. Increase in plasma adrenomedullin in patients with heart failure characterised by diastolic dysfunction. Heart 2001;86(2):155-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagaya N, Satoh T, Nishikimi T, et al. Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of adrenomedullin infusion in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 2000;101(5):498-503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah RV, Truong QA, Gaggin HK, et al. Mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and pro-adrenomedullin testing for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients with acute dyspnoea. Eur Heart J 2012;33(17):2197-205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue Y, Taub P, Iqbal N, et al. Mid-region pro-adrenomedullin adds predictive value to clinical predictors and Framingham risk score for long-term mortality in stable outpatients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15(12):1343-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlbrecht C, Hulsmann M, Strunk G, et al. Prognostic value of plasma midregional pro-adrenomedullin and C-terminal-pro-endothelin-1 in chronic heart failure outpatients. Eur J Heart Fail 2009;11(4):361-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Haehling S, Filippatos GS, Papassotiriou J, et al. Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin as a novel predictor of mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12(5):484-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klip IT, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. Prognostic value of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin in patients with heart failure after an acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2011;97(11):892-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tousoulis D, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, et al. Predictive value of biomarkers in patients with heart failure. Curr Med Chem 2012;19(16):2534-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanada S, Hakuno D, Higgins LJ, et al. IL-33 and ST2 comprise a critical biomechanically induced and cardioprotective signaling system. J Clin Invest 2007;117(6):1538-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller T, Dieplinger B, Gegenhuber A, et al. Increased plasma concentrations of soluble ST2 are predictive for 1-year mortality in patients with acute destabilized heart failure. Clin Chem 2008;54(4):752-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayes-Genis A, Zamora E, de Antonio M, et al. Soluble ST2 serum concentration and renal function in heart failure. J Card Fail 2013;19(11):768-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felker GM, Fiuzat M, Thompson V, et al. Soluble ST2 in ambulatory patients with heart failure: association with functional capacity and long-term outcomes. Circ Heart Fail 2013;6(6):1172-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir RA, Miller AM, Murphy GE, et al. Serum soluble ST2: a potential novel mediator in left ventricular and infarct remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55(3):243-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual-Figal DA, Ordonez-Llanos J, Tornel PL, et al. Soluble ST2 for predicting sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54(23):2174-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg EO, Shimpo M, Hurwitz S, et al. Identification of serum soluble ST2 receptor as a novel heart failure biomarker. Circulation 2003;107(5):721-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldous SJ, Richards AM, Troughton R, Than M. ST2 has diagnostic and prognostic utility for all-cause mortality and heart failure in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain. J Card Fail 2012;18(4):304-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Januzzi JL Jr, Peacock WF, Maisel AS, et al. Measurement of the interleukin family member ST2 in patients with acute dyspnea: results from the PRIDE (Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50(7):607-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochholzer W, Morrow DA, Giugliano RP. Novel biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: update 2010. Am Heart J 2010;160(4):583-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempf T, Eden M, Strelau J, et al. The transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member growth-differentiation factor-15 protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circ Res 2006;98(3):351-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind L, Wallentin L, Kempf T, et al. Growth-differentiation factor-15 is an independent marker of cardiovascular dysfunction and disease in the elderly: results from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) Study. Eur Heart J 2009;30(19):2346-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahrenberg R, Edelmann F, Mende M, et al. The novel biomarker growth differentiation factor 15 in heart failure with normal ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12(12):1309-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baessler A, Strack C, Rousseva E, et al. Growth-differentiation factor-15 improves reclassification for the diagnosis of heart failure with normal ejection fraction in morbid obesity. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14(11):1240-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan SQ, Ng K, Dhillon O, et al. Growth differentiation factor-15 as a prognostic marker in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2009;30(9):1057-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang F, Guo Y, Yu H, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15 in different stages of heart failure: potential screening implications. Biomarkers 2010;15(8):671-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dharnidharka VR, Kwon C, Stevens G. Serum cystatin C is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40(2):221-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubb A, Nyman U, Bjork J, et al. Simple cystatin C-based prediction equations for glomerular filtration rate compared with the modification of diet in renal disease prediction equation for adults and the Schwartz and the Counahan-Barratt prediction equations for children. Clin Chem 2005;51(8):1420-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubb A, Bjork J, Lindstrom V, et al. A cystatin C-based formula without anthropometric variables estimates glomerular filtration rate better than creatinine clearance using the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2005;65(2):153-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taglieri N, Koenig W, Kaski JC. Cystatin C and cardiovascular risk. Clin Chem 2009;55(11):1932-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassus J, Harjola VP, Sund R, et al. Prognostic value of cystatin C in acute heart failure in relation to other markers of renal function and NT-proBNP. Eur Heart J 2007;28(15):1841-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alehagen U, Dahlstrom U, Lindahl TL. Cystatin C and NT-proBNP, a powerful combination of biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with heart failure: results from a 10-year study in primary care. Eur J Heart Fail 2009;11(4):354-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inker LA, Eckfeldt J, Levey AS, et al. Expressing the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) cystatin C equations for estimating GFR with standardized serum cystatin C values. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;58(4):682-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens LA, Coresh J, Schmid CH, et al. Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: a pooled analysis of 3,418 individuals with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;51(3):395-406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hojs R, Bevc S, Ekart R, et al. Serum cystatin C-based equation compared to serum creatinine-based equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Nephrol 2008;70(1):10-17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Damman K, van der Harst P, Smilde TD, et al. Use of cystatin C levels in estimating renal function and prognosis in patients with chronic systolic heart failure. Heart 2012;98(4):319-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valente MA, Hillege HL, Navis G, et al. The chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation outperforms the modification of diet in renal disease equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in chronic systolic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2014;16(1):86-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzano-Fernandez S, Flores-Blanco PJ, Perez-Calvo JI, et al. Comparison of risk prediction with the CKD-EPI and MDRD equations in acute decompensated heart failure. J Card Fail 2013;19(8):583-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Calvo JI, Ruiz-Ruiz FJ, Manzano-Fernandez S, et al. Renal function measurements and mortality in patients with acute heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2013;168(5):4990-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Michalea S, et al. Biomarkers determining cardiovascular risk in patients with kidney disease. Curr Med Chem 2012;19(16):2555-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yndestad A, Landro L, Ueland T, et al. Increased systemic and myocardial expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in clinical and experimental heart failure. Eur Heart J 2009;30(10):1229-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha K, Borowski AG, Troughton RW, et al. Renal dysfunction is a stronger determinant of systemic neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels than myocardial dysfunction in systolic heart failure. J Card Fail 2011;17(6):472-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damman K, van Veldhuisen DJ, Navis G, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), a marker of tubular damage, is increased in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10(10):997-1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Deursen VM, Damman K, Voors AA, et al. Prognostic value of plasma NGAL for mortality in heart failure patients. Circ Heart Fail 2014;7(1):35-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvelos M, Lourenco P, Dias C, et al. Prognostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in acute heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2013;165(1):51-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisel AS, Mueller C, Fitzgerald R, et al. Prognostic utility of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with acute heart failure: the NGAL EvaLuation Along with B-type NaTriuretic Peptide in acutely decompensated heart failure (GALLANT) trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13(8):846-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damman K, Masson S, Hillege HL, et al. Clinical outcome of renal tubular damage in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2011;32(21):2705-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damman K, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Navis G, et al. Tubular damage in chronic systolic heart failure is associated with reduced survival independent of glomerular filtration rate. Heart 2010;96(16):1297-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore E, Bellomo R, Nichol A. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury in anesthesia, intensive care and major surgery: from the bench to clinical research to clinical practice. Minerva Anestesiol 2010;76(6):425-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamijo A, Sugaya T, Hikawa A, et al. Urinary excretion of fatty acid-binding protein reflects stress overload on the proximal tubules. Am J Pathol 2004;165(4):1243-55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Djousse L, Bartz TM, Ix JH, et al. Fatty acid-binding protein 4 and incident heart failure: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15(4):394-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papageorgiou N, Tousoulis D, Androulakis E, et al. The role of microRNAs in the initiation and progression of stable atheromatous plaque. Curr Pharm Des 2013;19(9):1651-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004;116(2):281-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Su B. Small but influential: the role of microRNAs on gene regulatory network and 3'UTR evolution. J Genet Genomics 2009;36(1):1-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hunter MP, Ismail N, Zhang X, et al. Detection of microRNA expression in human peripheral blood microvesicles. PLoS One 2008;3(11):e3694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Fan GC. Extracellular/circulating microRNAs and their potential role in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiovasc Dis 2011;1(2):138-49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilad S, Meiri E, Yogev Y, et al. Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers. PLoS One 2008;3(9):e3148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thum T, Galuppo P, Wolf C, et al. MicroRNAs in the human heart: a clue to fetal gene reprogramming in heart failure. Circulation 2007;116(3):258-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Tousoulis D, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of microRNAs in heart failure. Curr Top Med Chem 2013;13(13):1548-58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Tourikis P, et al. MicroRNAs in cardiovascular therapeutics. Curr Top Med Chem 2013;13(13):1605-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siasos G, Kollia C, Tsigkou V, et al. MicroRNAs: novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in atherosclerosis. Curr Top Med Chem 2013;13(13):1503-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tijsen AJ, Creemers EE, Moerland PD, et al. MiR423-5p as a circulating biomarker for heart failure. Circ Res 2010;106(6):1035-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukushima Y, Nakanishi M, Nonogi H, et al. Assessment of plasma miRNAs in congestive heart failure. Circ J 2011;75(2):336-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heymans S, Corsten MF, Verhesen W, et al. Macrophage microRNA-155 promotes cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Circulation 2013;128(13):1420-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery RL, Hullinger TG, Semus HM, et al. Therapeutic inhibition of miR-208a improves cardiac function and survival during heart failure. Circulation 2011;124(14):1537-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suckau L, Fechner H, Chemaly E, et al. Long-term cardiac-targeted RNA interference for the treatment of heart failure restores cardiac function and reduces pathological hypertrophy. Circulation 2009;119(9):1241-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krutzfeldt J, Rajewsky N, Braich R, et al. Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with ‘antagomirs’. Nature 2005;438(7068):685-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Care A, Catalucci D, Felicetti F, et al. MicroRNA-133 controls cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med 2007;13(5):613-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreth S, Ledderose C, Schutz S, et al. MicroRNA-150 inhibits expression of adiponectin receptor 2 and is a potential therapeutic target in patients with chronic heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Venuraju SM, Yerramasu A, Corder R, Lahiri A. Osteoprotegerin as a predictor of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55(19):2049-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tousoulis D, Siasos G, Maniatis K, et al. Novel biomarkers assessing the calcium deposition in coronary artery disease. Curr Med Chem 2012;19(6):901-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueland T, Jemtland R, Godang K, et al. Prognostic value of osteoprotegerin in heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44(10):1970-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ueland T, Dahl CP, Kjekshus J, et al. Osteoprotegerin predicts progression of chronic heart failure: results from CORONA. Circ Heart Fail 2011;4(2):145-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roysland R, Masson S, Omland T, et al. Prognostic value of osteoprotegerin in chronic heart failure: the GISSI-HF trial. Am Heart J 2010;160(2):286-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rafii S, Lyden D. Therapeutic stem and progenitor cell transplantation for organ vascularization and regeneration. Nat Med 2003;9(6):702-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampoli AM, Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, et al. Biomarkers of premature atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2009;15(7):323-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valgimigli M, Rigolin GM, Fucili A, et al. CD34+ and endothelial progenitor cells in patients with various degrees of congestive heart failure. Circulation 2004;110(10):1209-12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tousoulis D, Andreou I, Tsiatas M, et al. Effects of rosuvastatin and allopurinol on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with congestive heart failure: the impact of inflammatory process and oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis 2011;214(1):151-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michowitz Y, Goldstein E, Wexler D, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and clinical outcome in patients with congestive heart failure. Heart 2007;93(9):1046-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrynchyshyn N, Jourdain P, Desnos M, et al. Galectin-3: a new biomarker for the diagnosis, analysis and prognosis of acute and chronic heart failure. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2013;106(10):541-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Velde AR, Gullestad L, Ueland T, et al. Prognostic value of changes in galectin-3 levels over time in patients with heart failure: data from CORONA and COACH. Circ Heart Fail 2013;6(2):219-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco-Sanchez FJ, Aramburu-Bodas O, Salamanca-Bautista P, et al. Predictive value of serum galectin-3 levels in patients with acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Int J Cardiol 2013;169(3):177-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lok DJ, Klip IT, Lok SI, et al. Incremental prognostic power of novel biomarkers (growth-differentiation factor-15, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, galectin-3, and high-sensitivity troponin-T) in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2013;112(6):831-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gullestad L, Ueland T, Kjekshus J, et al. The predictive value of galectin-3 for mortality and cardiovascular events in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA). Am Heart J 2012;164(6):878-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kortekaas KA, Hoogslag GE, de Boer RA, et al. Galectin-3 and left ventricular reverse remodelling after surgical mitral valve repair. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15(9):1011-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherwi N, Merali S, Wong K. Personalizing biomarker strategies in heart failure with galectin-3. Future Cardiol 2012;8(6):885-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horwich TB, Patel J, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Cardiac troponin I is associated with impaired hemodynamics, progressive left ventricular dysfunction, and increased mortality rates in advanced heart failure. Circulation 2003;108(7):833-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishino M, Takeishi Y, Niizeki T, et al. Risk stratification of chronic heart failure patients by multiple biomarkers: implications of BNP, H-FABP, and PTX3. Circ J 2008;72(11):1800-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjurman C, Jensen J, Petzold M, et al. Assessment of a multimarker strategy for prediction of mortality in older heart failure patients: a cohort study. BMJ Open 2013;3:3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richter B, Koller L, Hohensinner PJ, et al. A multi-biomarker risk score improves prediction of long-term mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2013;168(2):1251-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eurlings LW, Sanders-van Wijk S, van Kimmenade R, et al. Multimarker strategy for short-term risk assessment in patients with dyspnea in the emergency department: the MARKED (Multi mARKer Emergency Dyspnea)-risk score. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60(17):1668-77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu AH, Wians F, Jaffe A. Biological variation of galectin-3 and soluble ST2 for chronic heart failure: implication on interpretation of test results. Am Heart J 2013;165(6):995-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed SH, Clark LL, Pennington WR, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: relationship between changes in proteolytic determinants of matrix composition and structural, functional, and clinical manifestations of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation 2006;113(17):2089-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lainchbury JG, Troughton RW, Strangman KM, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for chronic heart failure: results from the BATTLESCARRED (NT-proBNP-Assisted Treatment To Lessen Serial Cardiac Readmissions and Death) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;55(1):53-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfisterer M, Buser P, Rickli H, et al. BNP-guided vs symptom-guided heart failure therapy: the Trial of Intensified vs Standard Medical Therapy in Elderly Patients With Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-CHF) randomized trial. JAMA 2009;301(4):383-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felker GM, Hasselblad V, Hernandez AF, O'Connor CM. Biomarker-guided therapy in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 2009;158(3):422-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurha P, Wang T, Larimore AH, et al. microRNA-22 promotes heart failure through coordinate suppression of PPAR/ERR-nuclear hormone receptor transcription. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e75882
   Google Scholar
• Greco S, Fasanaro P, Castelvecchio S, et al. MicroRNA dysregulation in diabetic ischemic heart failure patients. Diabetes 2012;61(6):1633-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair N, Kumar S, Gongora E, Gupta S. Circulating miRNA as novel markers for diastolic dysfunction. Mol Cell Biochem 2012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanco RR, Austin H, Vest RN 3rd, et al. Angiotensin receptor type 1 single nucleotide polymorphism 1166A/C is associated with malignant arrhythmias and altered circulating miR-155 levels in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail 2012;18(9):717-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Endo K, Naito Y, Ji X, et al. MicroRNA 210 as a Biomarker for Congestive Heart Failure. Biol Pharm Bull 2013;36(1):48-54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar