Epidemiology and treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children

References

• Crawford SE, Daum RS. Epidemic community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 24, 459–460 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryback MJ, LaPlante KL. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a review. Pharmacotherapy 25(1), 74–85 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siberry GK. Fighting a rising tide of MRSA infection in the young. Contemp. Pediatr. 22(7), 44–53 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Deresinski S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an evolutionary, epidemiologic, and therapeutic odyssey. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 562–573 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zetola N, Francis JS, Nuermberger EL et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5, 275–286 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salgado CD, Farr BM, Calfee DP. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36, 131–139 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson DA, Kearns AM, Holmes A et al. Re-emergence of early pandemic Staphylococcus aureus as a community-acquired meticillin-resistant clone. Lancet 365, 1256–1258 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank AL, Marcinak, JF, Mangat PD et al. Clindamycin treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 21, 530–534 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan SL, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE et al. Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin. Infect. Dis.40, 1785–1791 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell K, Fergie JE. Exponential increase in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in south Texas children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 21, 988–989 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich DW, Auld DB, Mermel LA. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in southeastern New England. Pediatrics 113, e347–e352 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell AL, Bryant KA, Stover B et al. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infection at a children’s hospital. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 24, 427–430 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulz P, Allen M, Murray Q. Infections due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emergent epidemic in Kentucky. J. Ky. Med. Assoc. 103(5), 194–203 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckingham SC, McDougal LK, Cathey LD et al. Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a Memphis, Tennessee Children’s Hospital. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23, 619–624 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 978–983 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu KC, Chiu HH, Wang JH et al. Characteristics of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in infants and children without known risk factors. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 35, 53–56 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang CC, Lo WT, Chu ML, Siu LK. Epidemiological typing of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus solates from children in Taiwan. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 481–487 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber JT. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, S269–S272 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougal LK, Steward CD, Killgore GE et al. Pulsed-field electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 5113–5120 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus – Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997–1999. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 48, 707–710 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mishaan AMA, Mason EO Jr, Martinez-Aguilar G et al. Emergence of a predominant clone of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus among children in Houston, Texas. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 24, 201–206 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazakova SV, Hageman JC, Matava M et al. A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 468–475 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan ES, Diep BA, Charlebois ED et al. Population dynamics of nasal strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus – and their relation to community-associated disease activity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 192, 811–818 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Fridkin SK, Hageman JC, Morrison M et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1436–1444 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfaro C, Fergie J, Purcell K. Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in complicated parapneumonic effusions. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 24, 274–275 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez BE, Hulten KG, Dishop MK et al. Pulmonary manifestions in children with invasive community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, 583–590 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Aguilar G, Avalos-Mishaan A, Hulten K et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23, 701–706 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongkolrattanothai K, Boyle S, Kahana MD et al. Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by clonally related community-acquired methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant isolates. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37, 1050–1058 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez BE, Martinez-Aguilar G, Hulten KG et al. Severe staphylococcal sepsis in adolescents in the era of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatrics 115, 642–648 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adem PV, Montgomery CP, Husain AN et al. Staphylococcus aureus sepsis and the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 1245–1251 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers HF. Community-associated MRSA – resistance and virulence converge. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1485–1487 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MC, Rio AM, Fonseca Aten M et al. Management and outcome of children with skin and soft tissue abscesses caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23, 123–1279 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma XX, Ito T, Tiensasitorn C et al. Novel type of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec identified in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 1147–1152 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daum RS, Ito T, Hiramatsu K et al. A novel methicillin-resistance cassette in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates of diverse genetic backgrounds. J. Infect. Dis. 186, 1344–1347 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Ma XX, Takeuchi F et al. Novel Type V staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec driven by a novel chromosome recombinase, ccrC. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 1147–1152 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Leclercq R. Mechanisms of resistance to macrolides and lincosamides: nature of the resistance elements and their clinical implications. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34, 482–492 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JS II, Jorgensen JH. Inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci: should clinicians and microbiologists be concerned? Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 280–285 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siberry GK, Tekle T, Carroll K et al. Failure of clindamycin treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus expressing inducible clindamycin resistance in vitro. 37, 1257–1260 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Chavez-Bueno S, Bozogan B, Katz K et al. Inducible clindamycin resistance and molecular epidemiologic trends of pediatric community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphycococcus aureus in Dallas, Texas. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(6), 2283–2288 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K et al. Comparison of community- and healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA 290, 2976–2984 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratu S, Eramo A, Kopec R et al. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital nursery and maternity units. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11, 808–813 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggett HC, Hennessy TW, Rudolph K et al. Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with antibiotic use and the cytotoxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin during a furunculosis outbreak in rural Alaska. J. Infect. Dis. 189, 1565–1573 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki O, Kaneko J, Morizane S et al. The association between Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and the development of deep-seated follicular infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 381–385 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Etienne J. Panton-Valentine leukocidin: a marker of severity for Staphylococcus aureus infection? Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, 591–593 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillet Y, Issartel B, Vanhems P et al. Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet 359(9308), 753–759 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan SL. Treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphycococcus aureus infections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 24(5), 457–458 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcinak JF, Frank AL. Treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.16, 265–269 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chicago Department of Public Health. MRSA in Chicago: guidelines for the primary care provider. Monthly Morbid. Rep. 7(3), 1–4 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Baker CJ, Frenck RW. Change in the management of skin/soft tissue infections needed. AAP News 45(3), 105–107 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Iyer S, Jones DH. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infection: a retrospective analysis of clinical presentation and treatment of a local outbreak. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 50, 854–858 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Aguilar G, Hammerman WA, Mason EO, Kaplan SL. Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22, 593–598 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnigan RH, Pereira KD, Poole MD. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children and adolescents – changing trends. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck. Surg. 129, 1049–1052 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schreckenberger PC, Ilendo E, Ristow KL. Incidence of constitutive and inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in a community and a tertiary care hospital. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(6), 2777–2779 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelazny AM, Ferraro MJ, Glennen A. Selection of strains for quality assessment of the disk induction method for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci: a CLSI Collaborative Study. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(6), 2613–2615 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steward CD, Raney PM, Morrell AK et al. Testing for induction of clindamycin resistance in erythromycin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(4), 1716–1721 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan SL, Afghani B, Pio L et al. Linezolid for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infectons in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22(9 Suppl.), S176–S185 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Healy CM, Hulten KG, Palazzi DL, Campbell JR, Baker CJ. Emergence of new strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 1460–1466 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pankey GA, Sabath LD. Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38, 864–870 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle EA, Cha R, Ryback MJ. Influences of linezolid, penicillin and clindamcyin, alone and in combination, on streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A release. Antibicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(5), 1752–1755 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardo K, Pakulat N, Fleer S et al. Subinhibitory concentrations of linezolid reduce Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor expression. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(2), 546–555 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wargo KA, Eilland EH. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy for comunity-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes (letter). Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 1376–1377 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shelburne SA, Musher DM, Hulten K et al. In vitro killing of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with drug combinations. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(10), 4016–4019 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stryjewski ME, O’Riordan WD, Lau WK et al. Telavancin versus standard therapy for treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections due to Gram-positive bacteria. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 1601–1607 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goergens ED, McEvoy A, Watson M, Barrett IR. Acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. J. Pediatr. Child Health. 41, 59–62 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Gerencer RZ. Successful out-patient treatment of sinusitis exacerbations caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Otololaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 132(6), 828–833 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruhe JJ, Monson T, Bradsher RW, Menon A. Use of long acting tetracyclines for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: case series and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 1429–1434 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noskin GA. Tigecycline: a new glycylcycline for treatment of serious infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41(Suppl. 5), S303–S314 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter CF, Chambers HF. Daptomycin: another novel agent for treating infections due to drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38, 994–1000 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonks JR, Goldmann DA. Telithromycin: a ketolide antibiotic for treatment of respiratory tract infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 1657–1664 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar