346
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Systemic rotavirus infection

Pages 591-612 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Estes MK, Kapikian AZ. Rotaviruses. In: Fields Virology (Volume 2, 5th Edition). Knipe DM, Howley PM (Eds). Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA 1917–1974 (2007).
  • Barro M, Patton JT. Rotavirus NSP1 inhibits expression of type I interferon by antagonizing the function of interferon regulatory factors IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7. J. Virol.81, 4473–4481 (2007).
  • Taraporewala ZF, Patton JT. Nonstructural proteins involved in genome packaging and replication of rotaviruses and other members of the Reoviridae. Virus Res.101, 57–66 (2004).
  • Poncet D. Translation of rotavirus mRNAs in the infected cell. In: Viral Gastroenteritis, Perspectives in Medical Virology (Volume 9). Desselberger U, Gray J (Eds). Elsevier, NY, USA 185–205 (2003).
  • Ball JM, Mitchell DM, Gibbons TF, Parr RD. Rotavirus NSP4: a multifunctional viral enterotoxin. Viral Immunol.18, 27–40 (2005).
  • Pesavento JB, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Prasad BV. Rotavirus proteins: structure and assembly. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.309, 189–219 (2006).
  • Jourdan N, Maurice M, Delautier D, Quero AM, Servin AL, Trugnan G. Rotavirus is released from the apical surface of cultured human intestinal cells through nonconventional vesicular transport that bypasses the Golgi apparatus. J. Virol.71, 8268–8278 (1997).
  • Rollo EE, Kumar KP, Reich NC et al. The epithelial cell response to rotavirus infection. J. Immunol.163, 4442–4452 (1999).
  • Gentsch JR, Woods PA, Ramachandran M et al. Review of G and P typing results from a global collection of rotavirus strains: implications for vaccine development. J. Infect. Dis.174(Suppl. 1), S30–S36 (1996).
  • Martella V, Ciarlet M, Banyai K et al. Identification of group A porcine rotavirus stains bearing a novel VP4 (P) genotype in Italian swine herds. J. Clin. Microbiol.45, 577–580 (2007).
  • Ramig RF. Genetics of the rotaviruses. Ann. Rev. Microbiol.51, 225–255 (1997).
  • Parashar UD, Hummelman EG, Bresee JS, Miller MA, Glass RI. Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Emerg. Infect. Dis.9, 565–572 (2003).
  • Parashar UD, Gibson CJ, Bresee JS, Glass RI. Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea. Emerg. Infect. Dis.12, 304–306 (2006).
  • Bresee J, Glass RI, Ivanoff B, Gentsch JR. Current status and future priorities for rotavirus vaccine development, evaluation and implementation in developing countries. Vaccine17, 2207–2222 (1999).
  • Glass RI, Parashar UD. The promise of new rotavirus vaccines. N. Engl. J. Med.354, 75–77 (2006).
  • Saif LJ, Fernandez FM. Group A rotavirus veterinary vaccines. J. Infect. Dis.174(Suppl. 1), S98–S106 (1996).
  • Bishop R. Natural history of human rotavirus infections. In: Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract (2nd Edition). Kapikian AZ (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, NY, USA 131–167 (1994).
  • Ramig RF. Minireview: pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic rotavirus infection. J. Virol.78, 10213–10220 (2004).
  • Conner ME, Ramig RF. Viral enteric diseases. In:Viral Pathogenesis. Nathanson N (Ed.). Lippincott-Raven Publishers, PA, USA 713–743 (1997).
  • Kapikian AZ, Hoshino Y, Chanock RM. Rotaviruses. In: Fields Virology (4th Edition). Knipe DM and Howley PM (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA 1787–1833 (2001).
  • Graham DY, Estes MK. Viral infections of the intestine. In: Gastroenterology. Gitnick G (Ed.). Medical Examination Pub. Co., NY, USA 566–578 (1988).
  • Zijlstra RT, Donovan SM, Odle J, Gelberg HB, Petschow BW, Gaskins HR. Protein-energy malnutrition delays small-intestinal recovery in neonatal pigs infected with rotavirus. J. Nutr.127, 1118–1127 (1997).
  • Ball JM, Tian P, Zeng CQ, Morris AP, Estes MK. Age-dependent diarrhea induced by a rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein. Science272, 101–104 (1996).
  • Estes MK, Morris AP. A viral enterotoxin: a new mechanism of virus induced pathogenesis. In: Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases 2. Paul PS, Francis DH (Eds). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, NY, USA 73–82 (1999).
  • Zhang M, Zeng CQ, Morris AP, Estes MK. A functional NSP4 enterotoxin peptide secreted from rotavirus-infected cells. J. Virol.74, 11663–11670 (2000).
  • Perez JF, Chemello ME, Liprandi F, Ruiz MC, Michelangeli F. Oncosis in MA104 cells is induced by rotavirus infection through an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Virology252, 17–27 (1998).
  • Tian P, Estes MK, Hu Y, Ball JM, Zeng CQ, Schilling WP. The rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 mobilizes Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Virol.69, 5763–5772 (1995).
  • Tian P, Hu Y, Schilling WP, Lindsay DA, Eiden J, Estes MK. The nonstructural glycoprotein of rotavirus affects intracellular calcium levels. J. Virol.68, 251–257 (1994).
  • Jourdan N, Brunet JP, Sapin C et al. Rotavirus infection reduces sucrase-isomaltase expression in human intestinal epithelial cells by perturbing protein targeting and organization of microvillar cytoskeleton. J. Virol.72, 7228–7236 (1998).
  • Berkova Z, Crawford SE, Blutt SE, Morris AP, Estes MK. Expression of rotavirus NSP4 alters the actin network organization through the actin remodeling protein cofilin. J. Virol.81, 3545–3553 (2007).
  • Angel J, Tang B, Feng N, Greenberg HB, Bass F. Studies of the role for NSP4 in the pathogenesis of homologous murine rotavirus diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis.177, 455–458 (1998).
  • Morris AP, Scott JK, Ball JM, Zeng CQ, O’Neal WK, Estes MK. NSP4 elicits age-dependent diarrhea and Ca++ mediated CI(-) influx into intestinal crypts of CF mice. Am. J. Physiol.277, G431–G444 (1999).
  • Lundgren O, Svensson L. The enteric nervous system and infectious diarrhea, In: Viral Gastroenteritis. Desselberger U, Gray J (Eds). Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 51–68 (2003).
  • Lundgren O, Timar-Peregrin A, Persson K, Kordasti S, Uhnoo I, Svensson L. Role of the enteric nervous system in the fluid and electrolyte secretion of rotavirus diarrhea. Science287, 491–495 (2000).
  • Lorrot M, Vawweur M. How do rotavirus NSP4 and bacterial enterotoxins lead differently to diarrhea? Virol. J. DOI: 10.1186/1743–422x-4–31 (2007) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Bishop RF, Barnes GL, Cipriani E, Lund JS. Clinical immunity after neonatal rotavirus infection. A protective rotavirus infection against subsequent rotavirus diarrhea. N. Engl. J. Med.309, 72–76 (1983).
  • WHO. The World Health Report – 2005: Make every mother and child count. The WHO, Geneva, Switzerland 190, Annex Table 3 (2005).
  • Kang G. Rotavirus vaccines. Indian J. Med. Microbiol.24, 252–257 (2006).
  • Vesikari T, Matson DO, Dennehy P et al; and the Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial (REST) Team. Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine, N. Engl. J. Med.354, 23–33 (2006).
  • Ruiz-Palacios GM, Perez-Schael I, Velazquez FR et al; and the Human Rotavirus Vaccine Study Group. Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. N. Engl. J. Med.354, 11–22 (2006).
  • CDC. Postmarketing monitoring of intussusception after RotTeq™ vaccination – United States, February 1, 2006–February 15, 2007. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly Rpt56, 218–222 (2007).
  • Powell DG, Dwyer RM, Traub-Dargatz JL et al. Field study of the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an inactivated equine rotavirus vaccine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.211, 193–198 (1997).
  • Cornaglia EM, Fernandez FM, Gottschalk M et al. Reduction in morbidity due to diarrhea in nursing beef calves by use of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus – Escherichia coli vaccine in the dam. Vet. Microbiol.30, 191–202 (1992).
  • Castrucci G, Ferrari M, Angelillo V, Rigonat F, Capodicasa L. Field evaluation of the efficacy of Romovac 50, a new inactivated adjuvanted bovine rotavirus vaccine. Comp. Immun. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.16, 235–239 (1993).
  • Parreno V, Bejar C, Vagnozzi A et al. Modulation by colostrum-acquired maternal antibodies of systemic and mucosal antibody responses to rotavirus in calves experimentally challenged with bovine rotavirus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.100, 7–24 (2004).
  • Gonzalez AM, Nguyen TV, Azevedo MS et al. Antibody responses to human rotavirus (HRV) in gnotobiotic pigs following a new prime/boost vaccine strategy using oral attenuated HRV priming and intranasal VP2/6 rotavirus-like particle (VLP) boosting with ISCOM. Clin. Exp. Immunol.135, 361–372 (2004).
  • Fernandez FM, Conner ME, Hodgins DC et al. Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus in newborn calves fed colostrum supplements from cows immunized with recombinant SA11 rotavirus core-like particle (CLP) or virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Vaccine16, 507–516 (1998).
  • Nguyen TV, Yuan L, Azevedo MSP et al. High titers of ciruclating maternal antibodies suppress effector and memory B-cell responses induced by an attenuated rotavirus priming and rotavirus-like paticle-immunostimulating complex boosting vaccine regimen. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.13, 475–485 (2006).
  • Fischer TK, Viboud C, Parashar U, Malek M, Steiner C, Glass R. Hospitalizations and deaths from diarrhea and rotavirus among children <5 years of age in the United States, 1993–2003. J. Infect. Dis.195, 1117–1125 (2007).
  • Adams WR, Kraft LM. Epizootic diarrheas of infant mice: identification of the etiologic agent. Science141, 359–360 (1963).
  • Kraft LM. Observations on the control and natural history of epidemic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM). Yale J. Biol. Med.31, 121–137 (1958).
  • Kraft LM. Two viruses causing diarrhea in infant mice. In: The Problems of Laboratory Animal Disease. Harris RJC (Ed.). Academic Press, NY, USA 115–127 (1962).
  • Mossel EC, Ramig RF. Rotavirus genome segment 7 (NSP3) is a determinant of extraintestinal spread in the neonatal mouse. J. Virol.76, 6502–6509 (2002).
  • Blutt SE, Kirkwood CD, Parreno V et al. Rotavirus antigenemia and viremia: a common event? Lancet362, 1445–1449 (2003).
  • Bishop RF, Davidson GP, Holmes IH, Ruck BJ. Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Lancet2, 1281–1283 (1973).
  • Blutt SE, Conner ME. Rotavirus: to the gut and beyond! Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol.23, 39–43 (2007).
  • Blutt SE, Matson DO, Crawford SE et al. Rotavirus antigenemia in children is associated with viremia. PLoS Med.4, e121 (2007).
  • Saitoh Y, Matsunl S, Mukouama A. Exanthem subitum and rotavirus. N. Engl. J. Med.304, 845 (1981).
  • Salmi TT, Arstila P, Koivikko A. Central nervous system involvement in patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.10, 29–31 (1978).
  • Konno T, Suzuki H, Katsuzawa T et al. Human rotavirus infection in infants and young children with intussusception. J. Med. Virol.2, 265–269 (1978).
  • Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Levine MM et al. Studies in volunteers with human rotaviruses. Dev. Biol. Stand.53, 209–218 (1983).
  • Carlson JA, Middleton PJ, Szymanski MT, Huber J, Petric M. Fatal rotavirus gastroenteritis; an analysis of 21 cases. Am. J. Dis. Child.132, 477–479 (1978).
  • Grimwood K, Coakley JC, Hudson IL, Bishop RV, Barnes GL. Serum aspartate aminotransferase levels after rotavirus gastroenteritis. J. Pediatr.112, 597–600 (1988).
  • Kovacs A, Chan L, Hotrakitya C, Overturf G, Portnoy B. Serum transaminase elevations in infants with rotavirus gastroenteritis. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.5, 873–877 (1986).
  • McMaster P, Hunt R, Wojtulewicz J, Wilcken B. Instructive case: an unusual cause of hepatitis. J. Pediatr. Child Health37, 587–588 (2001).
  • Gilger MA, Matson DO, Conner ME, Rosenblatt HM, Finegold MJ, Estes MK. Extraintestinal rotavirus infections in children with immunodeficiency. J. Pediatr.120, 912–917 (1992).
  • Wong V. Acute gastroenteritis-related encephalopathy. J. Child. Neurol.12, 906–910 (2001).
  • Keidan I, Shif I, Keren G, Passwell JH. Rotavirus encephalopathy: evidence of central nervous system involvement during rotavirus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.11, 773–775 (1992).
  • Nishimura S, Ushijima H, Shiraishi H. Detection of rotavirus in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients with convulsions and gastroenteritis by means of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Brain Dev.15, 457–459 (1993).
  • Lynch M, Lee B, Azimi P et al. Rotavirus and central nervous system symptoms: cause or contaminant? Case reports and review. Clin. Infect. Dis.33, 932–938 (2001).
  • Iturriza-Gomara M, Auchterlonie IA, Zaw W, Molyneaux P, Desselberger U, Gray J. Rotavirus gastroenteritis and central nervous system (CNS) infection: Characterization of the VP7 and VP4 gene of rotavirus strains isolated from paired fecal and cerebrospinal fluid samples from a child with CNS disease. J. Clin. Microbiol.40, 4797–4799 (2002).
  • Gurwith M, Wenman W, Hinde D, Feltham S, Greenberg H. Prospective study of rotavirus infection in infants and young children. J. Infect. Dis.144, 218–224 (1981).
  • Zhaori GT, Fu LT, Xu YH, Guo YR, Peng ZJ, Shan WS. Detection of rotavirus antigen in tracheal aspirates of infants and children with pneumonia. Chin. Med. J.104, 830–833 (1991).
  • Zheng BJ, Chang RX, Ma GZ et al. Rotavirus infection of the oropharynx and respiratory tract in young children. J. Med. Virol.34, 29–37 (1991).
  • Cioc AM, Nuovo GJ. Histologic and in situ viral findings in the myocardium in cases of sudden unexpected death. Mod. Pathol.9, 914–922 (2002).
  • De La Rubia L, Herrera MI, Cebrero M, De Jong JC. Acute pancreatitis associated with rotavirus infection. Pancreas12, 98–99 (1996).
  • Coulson BS, Witterick PD, Tan Y et al. Growth of rotaviruses in primary pancreatic cells. J. Virol.76, 9537–9544 (2002).
  • Fujinaga S, Kaneko K, Ohtomo Y et al. Acute renal failure due to obstructive uric acid stones associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr. Nephrol.20, 239–240 (2005).
  • Lynch M, Sheih WJ, Tatti K et al. The pathology of rotavirus-associated deaths using new molecular diagnostics. Clin. Infect. Dis.37, 1327–1333 (2003).
  • Light JS, Hodes HL. Studies on epidemic diarrhea of the newborn: isolation of a filtrable agent causing diarrhea in calves. Am. J. Public Health33, 1451–1454 (1943).
  • Mebus CA, Underdahl NR, Rhodes MB, Twiehaus MJ. Calf diarrhea (scours): reproduced with a virus from a field outbreak. Univ. Nebr. Res. Bull.233, 1–16 (1969).
  • Saif LJ, Rosen BI, Parwant AV. Animal rotaviruses. In: Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Kapikian AZ (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, USA 279–367 (1994).
  • LaBonnardiere C, Cohen J, Contrepois M. Interferon activity in rotavirus infected newborn calves. Ann. Rech. Vet.12, 85–91 (1981).
  • Janke BH, Morehouse LG, Solorzano RF. Single and mixed infections of neontal pigs with rotaviruses and enteroviruses: virological studies. Can. J. Vet. Med.52, 360–363 (1988).
  • Shaw DP, Morehouse LG, Salozano RF. Rotavirus replication in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res.50, 1966–1970 (1989).
  • Dharakul T, Riepenhoff-Talty M, Albini B, Ogra PL. Distribution of rotavirus antigen in intestinal lymphoid tissues: potential role in development of the mucosal immune response to rotavirus. Clin. Exp. Immunol.74, 14–19 (1988).
  • Losonsky GA, Johnson JP, Winkelstein JA, Yolken RH. Oral administration of human serum immunoglobulin in immunodeficient patients with viral gastroenteritis. J. Clin. Invest.76, 2362–2367 (1985).
  • Riepenhoff-Talty M, Dharakul T, Kowalski E, Michalak S, Ogra PL. Persistent rotavirus infection in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. J. Virol.61, 3345–3348 (1987).
  • Uhnoo I, Riepenhoff-Talty M, Dharakul T et al. Extramucosal spread and development of hepatitis in immunodeficient and normal mice infected with Rhesus rotavirus. J. Virol.64, 361–368 (1990).
  • Riepenhoff-Talty M, Gouvea V, Evans MJ et al. Detection of group C rotavirus in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia. J. Infect. Dis.174, 8–15 (1996).
  • Riepenhoff-Talty M, Schaekel K, Clark HF et al. Group A rotaviruses produce extrahepatic biliary obstruction in orally inoculated newborn mice. Pediatr. Res.33, 394–399 (1993).
  • Petersen C, Biermanns D, Kuske M, Schakel K, Meyer-Junghanel L, Mildenberger H. New aspects in a murine model for extrahepatic biliary atresia. J. Pediatr. Surg.32, 1190–1195 (1997).
  • Petersen C, Grasshoff S, Luciano L. Diverse morphology of biliary atresia in an animal model. J. Hepatol.28, 603–607 (1998).
  • Czech-Schmidt G, Werhagen W, Szavay P, Leonhardt J, Petersen C. Immunological gap in the infectious animal model for biliary atresia. J. Surg. Res.101, 62–67 (2001).
  • Petersen C, Bruns E, Kuske M, Wussow P. Treatment of extrahepatic biliary atresia with inferferon-α in a murine infectious model. Pediatr. Res.42, 623–628 (1997).
  • Shivakumar P, Campbell KM, Sabla GE et al. Obstruction of hextahepatic bile ducts by lymphocytes is regulated by IFN-γ in experimental biliary atresia. J. Clin. Invest.114, 322–329 (2004).
  • Allen SR, Jafri M, Donnelly B et al. Effect of rotavirus strain on the murine model of biliary atresia. J. Virol.81, 1671–1679 (2007).
  • Bobo L, Ojeh C, Chiu D, Machado A, Colombani P, Schwarz K. Lack of evidence for rotavirus by polymerase chain reaction/enzyme immunoassay of hepatobiliary samples from children with biliary atresia. Pediatr. Res.41, 229–234 (1997).
  • Montero H, Arias CF, Lopez S. Rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP3 is not required for viral protein synthesis. J. Virol.80, 9031–9038 (2006).
  • Mossel EC, Ramig RF. A lymphatic mechanism of rotavirus extraintestinal spread in the neonatal mouse. J. Virol.77, 12352–12356 (2003).
  • Qiao H, Clark HF, DiVietro M, Riepenhoff-Talty M. A comparison of the effects of oral inoculation with Rotashield and pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine (WC3-PV) on suckling CB17SCID mice. J. Gen. Virol.85, 2245–2253 (2004).
  • Fenaux M, Cuadras MA, Feng N, James M, Greenberg HB. Extraintestinal spread and replication of a homologous EC rotavirus strain and a heterologous rhesus rotavirus in BALB/c mice. J. Virol.80, 5219–5232 (2006).
  • Graham KL, O’Donnell J, Tan Y et al. Rotavirus infection of infant and young adult nonobese diabetic mice involves extraintestinal spread and delays diabetes onset. J. Virol.81, 6446–6458 (2007).
  • Crawford SE, Patel DG, Cheng E et al. Rotavirus viremia and extraintestinal viral infection in the neonatal rat model. J. Virol.80, 4820–4832 (2006).
  • Lewis HM, Parry JV, Davies HA et al. A year’s experience of the rotavirus syndrome and its association with respiratory illness. Arch. Dis. Child.54, 339–346 (1979).
  • Zhao W, Nia M, Bridges-Malveo T et al. Evaluation of rotavirus dsRNA load in specimens and body fluids from experimentally infected juvenile macaques by real-time PCR. Virology341, 248–256 (2005).
  • Brown KA, Offit PA. Rotavirus-specific proteins are detected in murine macrophages in both intestinal and extraintestinal lymphoid tissues. Microbial Pathogenesis24, 327–331 (1998).
  • Blutt SE, Warfield KL, Lewis DE, Conner ME. Early response to rotavirus infection involves massive B-cell activation. J. Immunol.168, 5716–5721 (2002).
  • Blutt SE, Crawford SE, Warfield KL, Lewis DE, Estes MK, Conner ME. The VP7 outer capsid protein of rotavirus induces polyclonal B-cell activation. J. Virol.78, 6974–6981 (2004).
  • Narvaez CF, Angel J, Franco MA. Interaction of rotairus with human myeloid dendritic cells. J. Virol.79, 14526–14535 (2005).
  • Mesa MC, Rodriguez L-S, Franco MA, Angel J. Interaction of rotavirus with human peripheral blood monomuclear cells: plasmacytoid dendritic cells play a role in stimulating memory rotavirus specific T cells in vitro. Virology DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.04.007 (2007) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Istrate C, Dougai I, Charpilienne A et al. Bone marrow dendritic cells internalize live RF-81 bovine rotavirus and rotaivrus like particles (RF 2/6-GFP-VLP and RF 8*2/6/7-VLP) but are only activated by live bovine rotavirus. Scand. J. Immunol.65, 494–502 (2007).
  • Dougai I, McInerney GM, Kidmark AS et al. Role of interferon regulatory factor 3 in type I interferon responsed in rotavirus infected dendritic cells and fibroblasts. J. Virol.81, 2758–2768 (2007).
  • Blutt SE, Fenaux M, Warfield KL, Greenberg HB, Conner ME. Active viremia in rotavirus-infected mice. J. Virol.80, 6702–6705 (2006).
  • Azevedo MS, Yuan L, Jeong KI et al. Viremia and nasal and rectal shedding of rotavirus in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with Wa human rotavirus. J. Virol.79, 5428–5436 (2005).
  • Fischer TK, Ashley D, Kerin T et al. Rotavirus antigenemia in patients with acute gastroenteritis. J. Infect. Dis.192, 913–919 (2005).
  • Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O. Rotavirus antigenemia in children with encephalopathy accompanied by rotavirus gastroenteritis. Arch. Virol.150, 1927–1931 (2005).
  • Chiappini E, Azzari C, Moriondo M, Galli L, de Martino M. Viremia is a common finding in immunocompetent children with rotavirus infection. J. Med. Virol.76, 265–267 (2005).
  • Ray P, Fenaux M, Sharma S et al. Quantitative evaluation of rotaviral antigenemia in children with acute rotaviral diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis.194, 588–593 (2006).
  • Fleeton MN, Contractor N, Leon F, Wetzel JD, Dermody TS, Kelsall BL. Peyer’s patch dendritic cells process viral antigen from apoptotic epithelial cells in the intestine of reovirus-infected mice. J. Exp. Med.200, 235–245 (2004).
  • Svensson L, Finlay BB, Bass D, vonVonsdorff C-H, Greenberg HB. Symmetric infection of rotavirus on polarized human intestinal epithelial (CaCo-2) cells. J. Virol.65, 4190–4197 (1991).
  • Boshuizen JA, Rossen JWA, Sitaram CK et al. Rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4 binds to the extracellular matrix proteins laminin-β and fibronectin. J. Virol.78, 10045–10053 (2004).
  • Tompkins D, Hudson MJ, Smith HR et al. A study of infectious intestinal disease in England: microbiological findings in cases and controls. Commun. Dis. Public Health2, 108–113 (1999).
  • Amar CFL, East CL, Gray J, Iturriza-Gomara M, Maclure EA, McLauchlin J. Detection by PCR of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4,627 fecal samples; re-examination of the English case–control infectious intestinal disease study (1993–1996). Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.26(5), 311–323 (2007).
  • Teitelbaum JK, Daghistani R. Rotavirus causes hepatic transaminase elevation. Dig. Dis. Sci. DOI 10.1007/s10620–007–9743–2 (2007) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Nigrovic LE, Lumeng C, Landrigan C, Chiang VW. Rotavirus cerebellitis? Clin. Infect. Dis.34, 130–134 (2002).
  • Herrmann JE, Lawrenz-Wolf B, Seewald C, Wehinger H. 5th day convulsion of the newborn infant in rotaivrus infections. Monatsschrift Kinderheikunde141, 120–123 (1993).
  • Ben-Ami T, Sinai L, Granot E. Afebrile seizures and rotavirus gastroenteritis: an infrequently recognized association. Clin. Pediatr.46, 178–180 (2007).
  • Shiihara T, Watanabe M, Honma A et al. Rotavirus associated acute encephalitis/encephalopathy and concurrent cerebellitis: report of two cases. Brain Dev. DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2007.04.005 (2007) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Guimaraes MAAM, Nozawa CM, Guimaraes ACC, Ramos S. Rotavirus and reovirus interaction with mouse peritoneal resident phagocytic cells. Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res.30, 1187–1190 (1997).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.