60
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Treatment and prevention of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and hemolytic uremic syndrome

Pages 653-663 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Konowalchuk J, Speirs JI, Stavric S. Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun.18(3), 775–779 (1977).
  • Wilson MW, Bettelheim KA. Cytotoxic Escherichia coli serotypes. Lancet1(8161), 201 (1980).
  • Karmali MA, Steele BT, Petric M, Lim C. Sporadic cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with faecal cytotoxin and cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in stools. Lancet1(8325), 619–620 (1983).
  • Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet365(9464), 1073–1086 (2005).
  • Scheutz F, Pierard D, Strockbine NA. Variants of verocytotoxin, their nomenclature and association with clinical manifesation. Presented at: 6th International Symposium on Shiga Toxin (Verocytotoxin)-Producing E. coli Infections (VTEC 2006 Melbourne), Melbourne, Australia, 26 September 2006 (Abstract SY07.1).
  • Varma JK, Greene KD, Reller ME et al. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection following exposure to a contaminated building. JAMA290(20), 2709–2712 (2003).
  • Cobbold R, Desmarchelier P. A longitudinal study of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) prevalence in three Australian dairy herds. Vet. Microbiol.71(1–2), 125–137 (2000).
  • Goldwater PN, Bettelheim KA. Escherichia coli ‘O’ group serology of a haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) epidemic. Scand. J. Infect. Dis32(4), 385–394 (2000).
  • Goldwater PN, Bettelheim KA. New perspectives on the role of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other enterohaemorrhagic E. coli serotypes in human disease. J. Med. Microbiol.47(12), 1039–1045 (1998).
  • Lian EC. Pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: ADAMTS13 deficiency and beyond. Semin. Thromb. Hemost.31(6), 625–632 (2005).
  • Pulz M, Matussek A, Monazahian M et al. Comparison of a Shiga toxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and two types of PCR for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in human stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol.41(10), 4671–4675 (2003).
  • Ostroff SM, Kobayashi JM, Lewis JH. Infections with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Washington state. The first year of statewide disease surveillance. JAMA262(3), 355–359 (1989).
  • Todd WT, Dundas S. The management of VTEC O157 infection. Int. J. Food Microbiol.66(1–2), 103–110 (2001).
  • Rowe PC, Walop W, Lior H, Mackenzie AM. Haemolytic anaemia after childhood Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection: are females at increased risk? Epidemiol. Infect.106(3), 523–530 (1991).
  • Westerholt S, Hartung T, Tollens M et al. Inflammatory and immunological parameters in children with haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and gastroenteritis – pathophysiological and diagnostic clues. Cytokine12(6), 822–827 (2000).
  • Caprioli J, Castelletti F, Bucchioni S et al. Complement factor H mutations and gene polymorphisms in haemolytic uraemic syndrome: the C-257T, the A2089G and the G2881T polymorphisms are strongly associated with the disease. Hum. Mol. Genet.12(24), 3385–3395 (2003).
  • Prager R, Annemuller S, Tschape H. Diversity of virulence patterns among Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from human clinical cases-need for more detailed diagnostics. Int. J. Med. Microbiol.295(1), 29–38 (2005).
  • Strauch E, Schaudinn C, Beutin L. First-time isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage encoding the Shiga toxin 2c variant, which is globally spread in strains of Escherichia coli O157. Infect. Immun.72(12), 7030–7039 (2004).
  • Stevens MP, Roe AJ, Vlisidou I et al. Mutation of toxB and a truncated version of the efa-1 gene in Escherichia coli O157:H7 influences the expression and secretion of locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded proteins but not intestinal colonization in calves or sheep. Infect. Immun.72(9), 5402–5411 (2004).
  • Jores J, Wagner S, Rumer L et al. Description of a 111-kb pathogenicity island (PAI) encoding various virulence features in the enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strain RW1374 (O103:H2) and detection of a similar PAI in other EHEC strains of serotype 0103:H2. Int. J. Med. Microbiol.294(7), 417–425 (2005).
  • Schuller S, Frankel G, Phillips AD. Interaction of Shiga toxin from Escherichia coli with human intestinal epithelial cell lines and explants: Stx2 induces epithelial damage in organ culture. Cell. Microbiol.6(3), 289–301 (2004).
  • Taylor FB Jr, Tesh VL, DeBault L et al. Characterization of the baboon responses to Shiga-like toxin: descriptive study of a new primate model of toxic responses to Stx-1. Am. J. Pathol.154(4), 1285–1299 (1999).
  • Wang X, Guo W, Wang Q, Soltesz V, Andersson R. Effects of a water-soluble ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose on gut physiology, bacteriology, and bacterial translocation in acute liver failure. J. Invest. Surg.8(1), 65–84 (1995).
  • Robinson CM, Sinclair JF, Smith MJ, O’Brien AD. Shiga toxin of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli type O157:H7 promotes intestinal colonization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(25), 9667–9672 (2006).
  • Hovde CJ, Calderwood SB, Mekalanos JJ, Collier RJ. Evidence that glutamic acid 167 is an active-site residue of Shiga-like toxin I. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA85(8), 2568–2572 (1988).
  • Furutani M, Ito K, Oku Y, Takeda Y, Igarashi K. Demonstration of RNA N-glycosidase activity of a Vero toxin (VT2 variant) produced by Escherichia coli O91:H21 from a patient with the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Microbiol. Immunol.34(4), 387–392 (1990).
  • Brigotti M, Carnicelli D, Accorsi P, Rizzi S, Montanaro L, Sperti S. 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-D]pyrimidine (4-APP) as a novel inhibitor of the RNA and DNA depurination induced by Shiga toxin 1. Nucleic Acids Res.28(12), 2383–2388 (2000).
  • Chandler WL, Jelacic S, Boster DR et al. Prothrombotic coagulation abnormalities preceding the hemolytic–uremic syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med.346(1), 23–32 (2002).
  • Nevard CH, Jurd KM, Lane DA, Philippou H, Haycock GB, Hunt BJ. Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in childhood diarrhoea-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Thromb. Haemost.78(6), 1450–1455 (1997).
  • Kulkarni H, Goldwater PN, Martin A, Bettelheim KA. Escherichia coli ‘O’ group serological responses and clinical correlations in epidemic HUS patients. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.25(4), 249–268 (2002).
  • Ramos MV, Fernandez GC, Patey N et al. Involvement of the fractalkine pathway in the pathogenesis of childhood hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood109(6), 2438–2445 (2007).
  • Thorpe CM, Smith WE, Hurley BP, Acheson DW. Shiga toxins induce, superinduce, and stabilize a variety of C-X-C chemokine mRNAs in intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in increased chemokine expression. Infect. Immun.69(10), 6140–6147 (2001).
  • Fernandez GC, Rubel C, Dran G, Gomez S, Isturiz MA, Palermo MS. Shiga toxin-2 induces neutrophilia and neutrophil activation in a murine model of hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clin. Immunol.95(3), 227–234 (2000).
  • Sakiri R, Ramegowda B, Tesh VL. Shiga toxin type 1 activates tumor necrosis factor-α gene transcription and nuclear translocation of the transcriptional activators nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1. Blood92(2), 558–566 (1998).
  • Creydt VP, Miyakawa MF, Martin F, Zotta E, Silberstein C, Ibarra C. The Shiga toxin 2 B subunit inhibits net fluid absorption in human colon and elicits fluid accumulation in rat colon loops. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res.37(6), 799–808 (2004).
  • Hoffman MA, Menge C, Casey TA, Laegreid W, Bosworth BT, Dean-Nystrom EA. Bovine immune response to Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.13(12), 1322–1327 (2006).
  • Smith DR, Moxley RA, Klopfenstein TJ, Erickson GE. Effect of regional vaccination within the feedyard on Escherichia coli O157:H7 rectal colonization, fecal shedding, and hide contamination. Presented at: 6th International Symposium on Shigella Toxin (Verocytotoxin) Producing E. coli Infections (VTEC 2006 Melbourne). Melbourne, Australia, 26 September 2006.
  • Sheng H, Knecht HJ, Kudva IT, Hovde CJ. Application of bacteriophages to control intestinal Escherichia coli O157:H7 levels in ruminants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.72(8), 5359–5366 (2006).
  • Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Brabban AD et al. Fecal prevalence of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, Listeria, and bacteriophage infecting E. coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle in the Southern Plains region of the United States. Foodborne Pathog. Dis.3(3), 234–244 (2006).
  • Raya RR, Varey P, Oot RA et al. Isolation and characterization of a new T-even bacteriophage, CEV1, and determination of its potential to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 levels in sheep. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.72(9), 6405–6410 (2006).
  • Zhao T, Doyle MP, Harmon BG, Brown CA, Mueller PO, Parks AH. Reduction of carriage of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle by inoculation with probiotic bacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol.36(3), 641–647 (1998).
  • Edrington TS, Callaway TR, Ives SE et al. Seasonal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ruminants: a new hypothesis. Foodborne Pathog. Dis.3(4), 413–421 (2006).
  • Ferens WA, Halver M, Gustin KE, Ott T, Hovde CJ. Differential sensitivity of viruses to the antiviral activity of Shiga toxin 1 A subunit. Virus Res.125(1), 104–108 (2007).
  • Edrington T, Callaway T, Ives S et al. Ractopamine HCl decreases fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. Presented at: 6th International Symposium on Shigella Toxin (Verocytotoxin) Producing E. coli Infections (VTEC 2006 Melbourne). Melbourne, Australia, 26 September 2006.
  • Paton AW, Paton JC, Goldwater PN, Manning PA. Direct detection of Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin genes in primary fecal cultures by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol.31(11), 3063–3067 (1993).
  • Ake JA, Jelacic S, Ciol MA et al. Relative nephroprotection during Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections: association with intravenous volume expansion. Pediatrics115(6), e673–e680 (2005).
  • Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, Watkins SL, Tarr PI. The risk of the hemolytic–uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. N. Engl. J. Med.342(26), 1930–1936 (2000).
  • Safdar N, Said A, Gangnon RE, Maki DG. Risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 enteritis: a meta-analysis. JAMA288(8), 996–1001 (2002).
  • Grif K, Dierich MP, Karch H, Allerberger F. Strain-specific differences in the amount of Shiga toxin released from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 following exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.17(11), 761–766 (1998).
  • Zhang X, McDaniel AD, Wolf LE, Keusch GT, Waldor MK, Acheson DW. Quinolone antibiotics induce Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages, toxin production, and death in mice. J. Infect. Dis.181(2), 664–670 (2000).
  • Kurioka T, Yunou Y, Harada H, Kita E. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for infection with Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in mice with protein-calorie malnutrition. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.18(8), 561–571 (1999).
  • Ikeda K, Ida O, Kimoto K, Takatorige T, Nakanishi N, Tatara K. Effect of early fosfomycin treatment on prevention of hemolytic uremic syndrome accompanying Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Clin. Nephrol.52(6), 357–362 (1999).
  • Bennish ML, Khan WA, Begum M et al. Low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in Bangladesh. Clin. Infect. Dis.42(3), 356–362 (2006).
  • Kim SH, Yang SJ, Koo HC et al. Inhibitory activity of Bifidobacterium longum HY8001 against Vero cytotoxin of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J. Food Prot.64(11), 1667–1673 (2001).
  • Cornick NA, Jelacic S, Ciol MA, Tarr PI. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections: discordance between filterable fecal Shiga toxin and disease outcome. J. Infect. Dis.186(1), 57–63 (2002).
  • Yiu SC, Lingwood CA. Polyisobutylmethacrylate modifies glycolipid binding specificity of verotoxin 1 in thin-layer chromatogram overlay procedures. Anal. Biochem.202(1), 188–192 (1992).
  • Armstrong GD, Rowe PC, Goodyer P et al. A Phase I study of chemically synthesized verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin) Pk-trisaccharide receptors attached to chromosorb for preventing hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J. Infect. Dis.171(4), 1042–1045 (1995).
  • Takeda T, Yoshino K, Adachi E, Sato Y, Yamagata K. In vitro assessment of a chemically synthesized Shiga toxin receptor analog attached to chromosorb P (Synsorb Pk) as a specific absorbing agent of Shiga toxin 1 and 2. Microbiol. Immunol.43(4), 331–337 (1999).
  • Ito H, Takeda T, Honda M et al. Preventive effect of TAK-751S on complications of hemorrhagic colitis (results of clinical study of TAK-751S). Jpn J. Antibiot.55(2), 203–227 (2002).
  • Trachtman H, Cnaan A, Christen E et al. Effect of an oral Shiga toxin-binding agent on diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA290(10), 1337–1344 (2003).
  • Paton AW, Morona R, Paton JC. A new biological agent for treatment of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli infections and dysentery in humans. Nat. Med.6(3), 265–270 (2000).
  • Paton AW, Morona R, Paton JC. Neutralization of Shiga toxins Stx1, Stx2c, and Stx2e by recombinant bacteria expressing mimics of globotriose and globotetraose. Infect. Immun.69(3), 1967–1970 (2001).
  • Pinyon RA, Paton JC, Paton AW, Botten JA, Morona R. Refinement of a therapeutic Shiga toxin-binding probiotic for human trials. J. Infect. Dis.189(9), 1547–1555 (2004).
  • Nishikawa K, Matsuoka K, Watanabe M et al. Identification of the optimal structure required for a Shiga toxin neutralizer with oriented carbohydrates to function in the circulation. J. Infect. Dis.191(12), 2097–2105 (2005).
  • Watanabe M, Igai K, Matsuoka K et al. Structural analysis of the interaction between Shiga toxin B subunits and linear polymers bearing clustered globotriose residues. Infect. Immun.74(3), 1984–1988 (2006).
  • Watanabe M, Matsuoka K, Kita E et al. Oral therapeutic agents with highly clustered globotriose for treatment of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli infections. J. Infect. Dis.189(3), 360–368 (2004).
  • Karmali MA. Prospects for preventing serious systemic toxemic complications of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections using Shiga toxin receptor analogues. J. Infect. Dis.189(3), 355–359 (2004).
  • Ashkenazi S, Cleary TG, Lopez E, Pickering LK. Anticytotoxin-neutralizing antibodies in immune globulin preparations: potential use in hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J. Pediatr.113(6), 1008–1014 (1988).
  • Havens PL, Dunne WM, Burd EM. Effects of human intravenous immune globulin on diarrhea caused by Shiga-like toxin I and Shiga-like toxin II in infant rabbits. Microbiol. Immunol.36(10), 1077–1085 (1992).
  • Donohue-Rolfe A, Kondova I, Mukherjee J, Chios K, Hutto D, Tzipori S. Antibody-based protection of gnotobiotic piglets infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7 against systemic complications associated with Shiga toxin 2. Infect. Immun.67(7), 3645–3648 (1999).
  • Islam MS, Stimson WH. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic potential against Shiga toxin. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol.33(1), 11–16 (1990).
  • Davidson GP, Whyte PB, Daniels E et al. Passive immunisation of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Lancet2(8665), 709–712 (1989).
  • Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, Busch DH, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H. Bovine colostrum ameliorates diarrhea in infection with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and E. coli expressing intimin and hemolysin. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.29(4), 452–456 (1999).
  • Paton AW, Voss E, Manning PA, Paton JC. Antibodies to lipopolysaccharide block adherence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli to human intestinal epithelial (Henle 407) cells. Microb. Pathog.24(1), 57–63 (1998).
  • Mills SD, Sekizaki T, Gonzalez-Carrero MI, Timmis KN. Analysis and genetic manipulation of Shigella virulence determinants for vaccine development. Vaccine6(2), 116–122 (1988).
  • Wang L, Curd H, Reeves PR. Immunization of mice with live oral vaccine based on a Salmonella enterica (sv Typhimurium) aroA strain expressing the Escherichia coli O111 O antigen. Microb. Pathog.27(1), 55–59 (1999).
  • Bettelheim KA, Evangelidis H, Pearce JL, Sowers E, Strockbine NA. Isolation of a Citrobacter freundii strain which carries the Escherichia coli O157 antigen. J. Clin. Microbiol.31(3), 760–761 (1993).
  • Makino S, Watarai M, Tabuchi H et al. Genetically modified Shiga toxin 2e (Stx2e) producing Escherichia coli is a vaccine candidate for porcine edema disease. Microb. Pathog.31(1), 1–8 (2001).
  • Harari I, Arnon R. Carboxy-terminal peptides from the B subunit of Shiga toxin induce a local and parenteral protective effect. Mol. Immunol.27(7), 613–621 (1990).
  • Boyd B, Richardson S, Gariepy J. Serological responses to the B subunit of Shiga-like toxin 1 and its peptide fragments indicate that the B subunit is a vaccine candidate to counter action of the toxin. Infect. Immun.59(3), 750–757 (1991).
  • Robbins JB, Chu C, Watson DC et al. O-specific side-chain toxin-protein conjugates as parenteral vaccines for the prevention of shigellosis and related diseases. Rev. Infect. Dis.13(Suppl. 4), S362–S365 (1991).
  • Smith MJ, Teel LD, Carvalho HM, Melton-Celsa AR, O’Brien AD. Development of a hybrid Shiga holotoxoid vaccine to elicit heterologous protection against Shiga toxins types 1 and 2. Vaccine24(19), 4122–4129 (2006).
  • Bielaszewska M, Clarke I, Karmali MA, Petric M. Localization of intravenously administered verocytotoxins (Shiga-like toxins) 1 and 2 in rabbits immunized with homologous and heterologous toxoids and toxin subunits. Infect. Immun.65(7), 2509–2516 (1997).
  • Agin TS, Zhu C, Johnson LA, Thate TE, Yang Z, Boedeker EC. Protection against hemorrhagic colitis in an animal model by oral immunization with isogeneic rabbit enteropathogenic Escherichia coli attenuated by truncating intimin. Infect. Immun.73(10), 6608–6619 (2005).
  • Zhu C, Ruiz-Perez F, Yang Z et al. Delivery of heterologous protein antigens via hemolysin or autotransporter systems by an attenuated ler mutant of rabbit enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Vaccine24(18), 3821–3831 (2006).
  • Imai Y, Nagai R, Ono Y et al. Production of secretory immunoglobulin A against Shiga toxin-binding subunits in mice by mucosal immunization. Infect. Immun.72(2), 889–895 (2004).
  • Suzaki Y, Ami Y, Nagata N et al. Protection of monkeys against Shiga toxin induced by Shiga toxin-liposome conjugates. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.127(4), 294–298 (2002).
  • Uchida T. STX-liposome conjugates as candidate vaccines. Drugs Today (Barc.)39(9), 673–693 (2003).
  • Elliott E, Ridley G, Hodson E, Craig J. Interventions for preventing haemolytic uraemic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. (Protocol). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.2, CD003596 (2002).
  • Raife T, Friedman KD, Fenwick B. Lepirudin prevents lethal effects of Shiga toxin in a canine model. Thromb. Haemost.92(2), 387–393 (2004).
  • Pergolizzi RG, Crystal RG. Genetic medicine at the RNA level: modifications of the genetic repertoire for therapeutic purposes by pre-mRNA trans-splicing. C R Biol.327(8), 695–709 (2004).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.