461
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Urinary biomarkers of physical activity: candidates and clinical utility

, , , &

References

  • The Growing Cost of Obesity in 2008: Three Years on. Access Economics Pty Ltd, Australia (2008).
  • The cost of work-related injury and illness for Australian employers, workers and the community. Safe Work Australia (2012).
  • Leigh JP. Economic burden of occupational injury and illness in the United States. Milbank Q. 89(4), 728–772 (2011).
  • Plotnikoff RC, Lippke S, Trinh L, Courneya KS, Birkett N, Sigal RJ. Protection motivation theory and the prediction of physical activity among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large population sample. Br. J. Health Psychol. 15(Pt 3), 643–661 (2010).
  • Harrison S, Hayes SC, Newman B. Level of physical activity and characteristics associated with change following breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Psychooncology 18(4), 387–394 (2009).
  • Irwin ML. Physical activity interventions for cancer survivors. Br. J. Sports Med. 43(1), 32–38 (2009).
  • Karatay S, Yildirim K, Melikoglu MA, Akcay F, Senel K. Effects of dynamic exercise on circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis. Clin.Rheumatol. 26(10), 1635–1639 (2007).
  • Sorichter S, Martin M, Julius P et al. Effects of unaccustomed and accustomed exercise on the immune response in runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38(10), 1739–1745 (2006).
  • Woitge HW, Friedmann B, Suttner S et al. Changes in bone turnover induced by aerobic and anaerobic exercise in young males. J. Bone Miner.Res. 13(12), 1797–1804 (1998).
  • Nagaiah G, Hazard HW, Abraham J. Role of obesity and exercise in breast cancer survivors. Oncology (Williston Park) 24(4), 342–346 (2010).
  • Gaesser GA. Exercise for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Curr. Diab. Rep. 7(1), 14–19 (2007).
  • Punnett L, Wegman DH. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: the epidemiologic evidence and the debate. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 14(1), 13–23 (2004).
  • Booth FW, Laye MJ. Lack of adequate appreciation of physical exercise’s complexities can pre-empt appropriate design and interpretation in scientific discovery. J. Physiol. 587(Pt 23), 5527–5539 (2009).
  • Zimmerli LU, Schiffer E, Zurbig P et al. Urinary proteomic biomarkers in coronary artery disease. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 7(2), 290–298 (2008).
  • Ramautar R, Berger R, Van Der Greef J, Hankemeier T. Human Metabolomics: strategies to understand biology. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 17, 1–6 (2013).
  • Chen R, Mias GI, Li-Pook-Than J et al. Personal omics profiling reveals dynamic molecular and medical phenotypes. Cell 148(6), 1293–1307 (2012).
  • Petibois C, Cazorla G, Poortmans JR, Deleris G. Biochemical aspects of overtraining in endurance sports: a review. Sports Med. 32(13), 867–878 (2002).
  • Schiess R, Wollscheid B, Aebersold R. Targeted proteomic strategy for clinical biomarker discovery. Mol. Oncol. 3(1), 33–44 (2009).
  • Pfaffe T, Cooper-White J, Beyerlein P, Kostner K, Punyadeera C. Diagnostic potential of saliva: current state and future applications. Clin.Chem. 57(5), 675–687 (2011).
  • Kemna E, Tjalsma H, Laarakkers C, Nemeth E, Willems H, Swinkels D. Novel urine hepcidin assay by mass spectrometry. Blood 106(9), 3268–3270 (2005).
  • Wittke S, Haubitz M, Walden M et al. Detection of acute tubulointerstitial rejection by proteomic analysis of urinary samples in renal transplant recipients. Am. J. Transplant. 5(10), 2479–2488 (2005).
  • Albalat A, Mischak H, Mullen W. Clinical application of urinary proteomics/peptidomics. Expert Rev. Proteomics 8(5), 615–629 (2011).
  • Kreunin P, Zhao J, Rosser C, Urquidi V, Lubman DM, Goodison S. Bladder cancer associated glycoprotein signatures revealed by urinary proteomic profiling. J. Proteome Res. 6(7), 2631–2639 (2007).
  • Kageyama S, Isono T, Iwaki H et al. Identification by proteomic analysis of calreticulin as a marker for bladder cancer and evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of its detection in urine. Clin. Chem. 50(5), 857–866 (2004).
  • Rehman I, Azzouzi AR, Catto JW et al. Proteomic analysis of voided urine after prostatic massage from patients with prostate cancer: a pilot study. Urology 64(6), 1238–1243 (2004).
  • Wood SL, Knowles MA, Thompson D, Selby PJ, Banks RE. Proteomic studies of urinary biomarkers for prostate, bladder and kidney cancers. Nat. Rev. Urol. 10(4), 206–218 (2013).
  • Camici M. Renal glomerular permselectivity and vascular endothelium. Biomed.Pharmacother. 59(1–2), 30–37 (2005).
  • Boeniger MF, Lowry LK, Rosenberg J. Interpretation of urine results used to assess chemical exposure with emphasis on creatinine adjustments: a review. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54(10), 615–627 (1993).
  • D’Amico G, Bazzi C. Pathophysiology of proteinuria. Kidney Int. 63(3), 809–825 (2003).
  • Warren JD, Blumbergs PC, Thompson PD. Rhabdomyolysis: a review. Muscle Nerve 25(3), 332–347 (2002).
  • Mason HJ, Evans G, Moore A. Urinary biomarkers and occupational musculoskeletal disorders in the lower limbs. Occup. Med. 61(5), 341–348 (2011).
  • Thongboonkerd V. Urinary proteomics: towards biomarker discovery, diagnostics and prognostics. Mol. Biosyst. 4(8), 810–815 (2008).
  • Adachi J, Kumar C, Zhang Y, Olsen JV, Mann M. The human urinary proteome contains more than 1500 proteins, including a large proportion of membrane proteins. Genome Biol. 7(9), R80 (2006).
  • Li QR, Fan KX, Li RX et al. A comprehensive and non-prefractionation on the protein level approach for the human urinary proteome: touching phosphorylation in urine. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 24(6), 823–832 (2010).
  • Marimuthu A, O’Meally RN, Chaerkady R et al. A comprehensive map of the human urinary proteome. J. Proteome Res. 10(6), 2734–2743 (2011).
  • Nagaraj N, Mann M. Quantitative analysis of the intra- and inter-individual variability of the normal urinary proteome. J. Proteome Res. 10(2), 637–645 (2011).
  • Kentsis A, Monigatti F, Dorff K, Campagne F, Bachur R, Steen H. Urine proteomics for profiling of human disease using high accuracy mass spectrometry. Proteomics Clin. Appl. 3(9), 1052–1061 (2009).
  • Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 45(1), 186–205 (2012).
  • Kellmann M. Preventing overtraining in athletes in high-intensity sports and stress/recovery monitoring. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 20 (Suppl. 2), 95–102 (2010).
  • Kreher JB, Schwartz JB. Overtraining syndrome: a practical guide. Sports Health 4(2), 128–138 (2012).
  • Gleeson M. Biochemical and immunological markers of over-training. J. Sports Sci. Med. 1(2), 31–41 (2002).
  • Finsterer J. Biomarkers of peripheral muscle fatigue during exercise. BMC Musculoskelet.Disord. 13, 218 (2012).
  • Exercise is medicine. Exercise is medicine (2011).
  • Bennell KL, Hinman RS. A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. J. Sci. Med. Sport 14(1), 4–9 (2011).
  • Hayes SC, Spence RR, Galvao DA, Newton RU. Australian Association for Exercise and Sport Science position stand: optimising cancer outcomes through exercise. J. Sci. Med. Sport 12(4), 428–434 (2009).
  • Norton K, Norton L, Sadgrove D. Position statement on physical activity and exercise intensity terminology. J. Sci. Med. Sport 13(5), 496–502 (2010).
  • Selig SE, Levinger I, Williams ADet al. Exercise & Sports Science Australia Position Statement on exercise training and chronic heart failure. J. Sci. Med. Sport 13(3), 288–294 (2010).
  • Sharman JE, Stowasser M. Australian Association for Exercise and Sports Science position statement on exercise and hypertension. J. Sci. Med. Sport 12(2), 252–257 (2009).
  • Exercise is Medicine Strategic Plan 2011–2013. Exercise & Sport Science Australia (2011).
  • Pechlivanis A, Kostidis S, Saraslanidis P et al. (1)H NMR-based metabonomic investigation of the effect of two different exercise sessions on the metabolic fingerprint of human urine. J. Proteome Res. 9(12), 6405–6416 (2010).
  • Pechlivanis A, Kostidis S, Saraslanidis P et al. 1H NMR study on the short- and long-term impact of two training programs of sprint running on the metabolic fingerprint of human serum. J. Proteome Res. 12(1), 470–480 (2013).
  • Lee R, West D, Phillips SM, Britz-Mckibbin P. Differential metabolomics for quantitative assessment of oxidative stress with strenuous exercise and nutritional intervention: thiol-specific regulation of cellular metabolism with N-acetyl-L-cysteine pretreatment. Anal. Chem. 82(7), 2959–2968 (2010).
  • Enea C, Seguin F, Petitpas-Mulliez J et al. (1)H NMR-based metabolomics approach for exploring urinary metabolome modifications after acute and chronic physical exercise. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 396(3), 1167–1176 (2010).
  • Klenk J, Denkinger M, Nikolaus T, Peter R, Rothenbacher D, Koenig W. Association of objectively measured physical activity with established and novel cardiovascular biomarkers in elderly subjects: every step counts. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 67(2), 194–197 (2013).
  • Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Salvagno GL, Aloe R, Schena F, Guidi GC. Variation of serum and urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) after strenuous physical exercise. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 50(9), 1585–1589 (2012).
  • Chorell E, Moritz T, Branth S, Antti H, Svensson MB. Predictive metabolomics evaluation of nutrition-modulated metabolic stress responses in human blood serum during the early recovery phase of strenuous physical exercise. J. Proteome Res. 8(6), 2966–2977 (2009).
  • Chorell E, Svensson MB, Moritz T, Antti H. Physical fitness level is reflected by alterations in the human plasma metabolome. Mol. Biosyst. 8(4), 1187–1196 (2012).
  • Lewis GD, Farrell L, Wood MJ et al. Metabolic signatures of exercise in human plasma. Sci. Transl. Med. 2(33), 33–37 (2010).
  • Sorichter S, Mair J, Koller A et al. Release of muscle proteins after downhill running in male and female subjects. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 11(1), 28–32 (2001).
  • Sietsema KE, Meng F, Yates NAet al. Potential biomarkers of muscle injury after eccentric exercise. Biomarkers 15(3), 249–258 (2010).
  • Hirose L, Nosaka K, Newton M et al. Changes in inflammatory mediators following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Exerc.Immunol.Rev. 10, 75–90 (2004).
  • Paulsen G, Benestad HB, Strom-Gundersen I, Morkrid L, Lappegard KT, Raastad T. Delayed leukocytosis and cytokine response to high-force eccentric exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37(11), 1877–1883 (2005).
  • Sorichter S, Mair J, Koller A, Pelsers MM, Puschendorf B, Glatz JF. Early assessment of exercise induced skeletal muscle injury using plasma fatty acid binding protein. Br. J. Sports Med. 32(2), 121–124 (1998).
  • Calles-Escandon J, Cunningham JJ, Snyder P et al. Influence of exercise on urea, creatinine, and 3-methylhistidine excretion in normal human subjects. Am. J. Physiol. 246(4 Pt 1), e334–e338 (1984).
  • Decombaz J, Reinhardt P, Anantharaman K, Von Glutz G, Poortmans JR. Biochemical changes in a 100 km run: free amino acids, urea, and creatinine. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 41(1), 61–72 (1979).
  • Mayersohn M, Conrad KA, Achari R. The influence of a cooked meat meal on creatinine plasma concentration and creatinine clearance. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15(2), 227–230 (1983).
  • Pasternack A, Kuhlback B. Diurnal variations of serum and urine creatine and creatinine. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 27(1), 1–7 (1971).
  • Baxmann AC, Ahmed MS, Marques NC et al. Influence of muscle mass and physical activity on serum and urinary creatinine and serum cystatin C. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3(2), 348–354 (2008).
  • Maher AD, Fonville JM, Coen M, Lindon JC, Rae CD, Nicholson JK. Statistical total correlation spectroscopy scaling for enhancement of metabolic information recovery in biological NMR spectra. Anal. Chem. 84(2), 1083–1091 (2012).
  • Yan B, A J, Wang G et al. Metabolomic investigation into variation of endogenous metabolites in professional athletes subject to strength-endurance training. J. Appl. Physiol. 106(2), 531–538 (2009).
  • Vaughan M. The production and release of glycerol by adipose tissue incubated in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 237, 3354–3358 (1962).
  • Ormsbee MJ, Thyfault JP, Johnson EA, Kraus RM, Choi MD, Hickner RC. Fat metabolism and acute resistance exercise in trained men. J. Appl. Physiol. 102(5), 1767–1772 (2007).
  • Goto K, Ishii N, Sugihara S, Yoshioka T, Takamatsu K. Effects of resistance exercise on lipolysis during subsequent submaximal exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 39(2), 308–315 (2007).
  • Carp SJ, Barbe MF, Winter KA, Amin M, Barr AE. Inflammatory biomarkers increase with severity of upper-extremity overuse disorders. Clinical Science (London) 112(5), 305–314 (2007).
  • Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK. Contraction-induced myokine production and release: is skeletal muscle an endocrine organ? Exerc. Sport. Sci. Rev. 33(3), 114–119 (2005).
  • Amat AM, Corrales JaM, Serrano FR et al. Role of alpha-actin in muscle damage of injured athletes in comparison with traditional markers. Br. J. Sports Med. 41(7), 442–446 (2007).
  • Paschalis V, Giakas G, Baltzopoulos V et al. The effects of muscle damage following eccentric exercise on gait biomechanics. Gait Posture 25(2), 236–242 (2007).
  • Yuan Y, Kwong AW, Kaptein WA et al. The responses of fatty acid-binding protein and creatine kinase to acute and chronic exercise in junior rowers. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 74(3), 277–283 (2003).
  • Delacour H, Nervale A, Servonnet A, Pagliano B, Dehan C, Gardet V. [Variations of plasma concentrations of h-FABP during a muscular exercise]. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris) 65(1), 27–32 (2007).
  • Ohkaru Y, Asayama K, Ishii H et al. Development of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of human heart type fatty acid-binding protein in plasma and urine by using two different monoclonal antibodies specific for human heart fatty acid-binding protein. J. Immunol. Methods 178(1), 99–111 (1995).
  • Lammi MJ, Hayrinen J, Mahonen A. Proteomic analysis of cartilage- and bone-associated samples. Electrophoresis 27(13), 2687–2701 (2006).
  • Dahlmann B. Proteasomes. Essays Biochem. 41, 31–48 (2005).
  • Ordway GA, Neufer PD, Chin ER, Demartino GN. Chronic contractile activity upregulates the proteasome system in rabbit skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 88(3), 1134–1141 (2000).
  • Lu HK, Hsieh CC, Hsu JJ, Yang YK, Chou HN. Preventive effects of Spirulinaplatensis on skeletal muscle damage under exercise-induced oxidative stress. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 98(2), 220–226 (2006).
  • Mignini F, Tomassoni D, Traini E, Streccioni V. Antioxidant endogenous defense in a human model of physical stress. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 30(8), 776–784 (2008).
  • Pan CH, Chan CC, Huang YL, Wu KY. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and malondialdehyde in male workers in Chinese restaurants. Occup. Environ. Med. 65(11), 732–735 (2008).
  • Rennie MJ, Edwards RH, Davies CT et al. Protein and amino acid turnover during and after exercise. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 8(5), 499–501 (1980).
  • Tarnopolsky MA, Macdougall JD, Atkinson SA. Influence of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean body mass. J. Appl. Physiol. 64(1), 187–193 (1988).
  • Wilkerson JE, Batterton DL, Horvath SM. Ammonia production following maximal exercise: treadmill vs. bicycle testing. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 34(3), 169–172 (1975).
  • Langberg H, Skovgaard D, Asp S, Kjaer M. Time pattern of exercise-induced changes in type I collagen turnover after prolonged endurance exercise in humans. Calcif. Tissue Int. 67(1), 41–44 (2000).
  • Tofas T, Jamurtas AZ, Fatouros I et al. Plyometric exercise increases serum indices of muscle damage and collagen breakdown. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22(2), 490–496 (2008).
  • Brown SJ, Child RB, Day SH, Donnelly AE. Indices of skeletal muscle damage and connective tissue breakdown following eccentric muscle contractions. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 75(4), 369–374 (1997).
  • Nogueira Ade C, Vale RG, Gomes AL, Dantas EH. The effect of muscle actions on the level of connective tissue damage. Res. Sports Med. 19(4), 259–270 (2011).
  • Brentano MA, Martins Kruel LF. A review on strength exercise-induced muscle damage: applications, adaptation mechanisms and limitations. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 51(1), 1–10 (2011).
  • Crameri RM, Aagaard P, Qvortrup K, Langberg H, Olesen J, Kjaer M. Myofibre damage in human skeletal muscle: effects of electrical stimulation versus voluntary contraction. J. Physiol. 583(Pt 1), 365–380 (2007).
  • Spiering BA, Kraemer WJ, Anderson JM et al. Resistance exercise biology: manipulation of resistance exercise programme variables determines the responses of cellular and molecular signalling pathways. Sports Med. 38(7), 527–540 (2008).
  • Yu JG, Carlsson L, Thornell LE. Evidence for myofibril remodeling as opposed to myofibril damage in human muscles with DOMS: an ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic study. Histochem. Cell Biol. 121(3), 219–227 (2004).
  • Yu JG, Malm C, Thornell LE. Eccentric contractions leading to DOMS do not cause loss of desmin nor fibre necrosis in human muscle. Histochem. Cell Biol. 118(1), 29–34 (2002).
  • Myint T, Fraser GE, Lindsted KD, Knutsen SF, Hubbard RW, Bennett HW. Urinary 1-methylhistidine is a marker of meat consumption in Black and in White California Seventh-day Adventists. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152(8), 752–755 (2000).
  • Santos ES, Pereira MP, Minuzzo L et al. Electrical cardioversion and myocardial injury: evaluation by new cardiac injury markers. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 86(3), 191–197 (2006).
  • Lazarim FL, Antunes-Neto JM, Da Silva FO et al. The upper values of plasma creatine kinase of professional soccer players during the Brazilian National Championship. J. Sci. Med. Sport 12(1), 85–90 (2009).
  • Apple FS. Creatine kinase isoforms and myoglobin: early detection of myocardial infarction and reperfusion. Coron. Artery Dis. 10(2), 75–79 (1999).
  • Hyatt JP, Clarkson PM. Creatine kinase release and clearance using MM variants following repeated bouts of eccentric exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30(7), 1059–1065 (1998).
  • Carmeli E, Moas M, Reznick AZ, Coleman R. Matrix metalloproteinases and skeletal muscle: a brief review. Muscle Nerve 29(2), 191–197 (2004).
  • Rullman E, Norrbom J, Stromberg A et al. Endurance exercise activates matrix metalloproteinases in human skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 106(3), 804–812 (2009).
  • Moore DR, Phillips SM, Babraj JA, Smith K, Rennie MJ. Myofibrillar and collagen protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle in young men after maximal shortening and lengthening contractions. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288(6), e1153–e1159 (2005).
  • Lynch GS, Fary CJ, Williams DA. Quantitative measurement of resting skeletal muscle [Ca2+]i following acute and long-term downhill running exercise in mice. Cell Calcium 22(5), 373–383 (1997).
  • Brotto MA, Nosek TM. Hydrogen peroxide disrupts Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat skeletal muscle fibers. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(2), 731–737 (1996).
  • Raastad T, Owe SG, Paulsen G et al. Changes in calpain activity, muscle structure, and function after eccentric exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 42(1), 86–95 (2010).
  • Duguez S, Bartoli M, Richard I. Calpain 3: a key regulator of the sarcomere? FEBS J. 273(15), 3427–3436 (2006).
  • Goll DE, Thompson VF, Taylor RG, Zalewska T. Is calpain activity regulated by membranes and autolysis or by calcium and calpastatin? Bioessays 14(8), 549–556 (1992).
  • Belcastro AN, Gilchrist JS, Scrubb JA, Arthur G. Calcium-supported calpain degradation rates for cardiac myofibrils in diabetes. Sulfhydryl and hydrophobic interactions. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 135(1), 51–60 (1994).
  • Raj DA, Booker TS, Belcastro AN. Striated muscle calcium-stimulated cysteine protease (calpain-like) activity promotes myeloperoxidase activity with exercise. Eur. J. Physiol. (Pflugers Archive) 435(6), 804–809 (1998).
  • Kanda K, Sugama K, Hayashida H et al. Eccentric exercise-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness and changes in markers of muscle damage and inflammation. Exerc. Immunol. Rev. 19, 72–85 (2013).
  • Macintyre DL, Reid WD, Lyster DM, Mckenzie DC. Different effects of strenuous eccentric exercise on the accumulation of neutrophils in muscle in women and men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(1–2), 47–53 (2000).
  • Pizza FX, Baylies H, Mitchell JB. Adaptation to eccentric exercise: neutrophils and E-selectin during early recovery. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 26(3), 245–253 (2001).
  • Margonis K, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ et al. Oxidative stress biomarkers responses to physical overtraining: implications for diagnosis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 43(6), 901–910 (2007).
  • Gomez-Cabrera MC, Close GL, Kayani A, Mcardle A, Vina J, Jackson MJ. Effect of xanthine oxidase-generated extracellular superoxide on skeletal muscle force generation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 298(1), R2–R8 (2010).
  • Tetik S, Kaya K, Demir M, Eksioglu-Demiralp E, Yardimci T. Oxidative modification of fibrinogen affects its binding activity to glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 16(1), 51–59 (2010).
  • Stadtman ER, Oliver CN. Metal-catalyzed oxidation of proteins. Physiological consequences. J. Biol. Chem. 266(4), 2005–2008 (1991).
  • Stadtman ER, Levine RL. Chemical modification of proteins by reactive oxygen species. In: Redox Proteomics: from Protein Modifications to Cellular Dysfunction and Disease. Dalle-Donne I, Scaloni A, Butterfield DA (Eds). Wiley, Hoboken, USA, 3–23 (2006).
  • Dalle-Donne I, Giustarini D, Colombo R, Rossi R, Milzani A. Protein carbonylation in human diseases. Trends Mol. Med. 9(4), 169–176 (2003).
  • Freeman ML, Borrelli MJ, Syed K, Senisterra G, Stafford DM, Lepock JR. Characterization of a signal generated by oxidation of protein thiols that activates the heat shock transcription factor. J. Cell Physiol. 164(2), 356–366 (1995).
  • Mcduffee AT, Senisterra G, Huntley S et al. Proteins containing non-native disulfide bonds generated by oxidative stress can act as signals for the induction of the heat shock response. J. Cell Physiol. 171(2), 143–151 (1997).
  • Radak Z, Kaneko T, Tahara S et al. The effect of exercise training on oxidative damage of lipids, proteins, and DNA in rat skeletal muscle: evidence for beneficial outcomes. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27(1–2), 69–74 (1999).
  • Bloomer RJ, Fry AC, Falvo MJ, Moore CA. Protein carbonyls are acutely elevated following single set anaerobic exercise in resistance trained men. J. Sci. Med. Sport 10(6), 411–417 (2007).
  • Toumi H, F’guyer S, Best TM. The role of neutrophils in injury and repair following muscle stretch. J. Anat. 208(4), 459–470 (2006).
  • Vasilaki A, Mcardle F, Iwanejko LM, Mcardle A. Adaptive responses of mouse skeletal muscle to contractile activity: the effect of age. Mech. Ageing Dev. 127(11), 830–839 (2006).
  • Tidball JG. Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288(2), R345–R353 (2005).
  • Nguyen HX, Tidball JG. Null mutation of gp91phox reduces muscle membrane lysis during muscle inflammation in mice. J. Physiol. 553(Pt 3), 833–841 (2003).
  • Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing. Blood 92(9), 3007–3017 (1998).
  • Pryor WA, Stanley JP. Letter: A suggested mechanism for the production of malonaldehyde during the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nonenzymatic production of prostaglandin endoperoxides during autoxidation. J. Org. Chem. 40(24), 3615–3617 (1975).
  • Moore K, Roberts LJ 2nd. Measurement of lipid peroxidation. Free Radic. Res. 28(6), 659–671 (1998).
  • Chen JL, Huang YJ, Pan CH, Hu CW, Chao MR. Determination of urinary malondialdehyde by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS with automated solid-phase extraction: a cautionary note on derivatization optimization. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51(9), 1823–1829 (2011).
  • Childs A, Jacobs C, Kaminski T, Halliwell B, Leeuwenburgh C. Supplementation with vitamin C and N-acetyl-cysteine increases oxidative stress in humans after an acute muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31(6), 745–753 (2001).
  • Parker TJ, Sampson DL, Broszczak D et al. A fragment of the LG3 peptide of endorepellin is present in the urine of physically active mining workers: a potential marker of physical activity. PLoS One 7(3), e33714 (2012).
  • Mongiat M, Sweeney SM, San Antonio JD, Fu J, Iozzo RV. Endorepellin, a novel inhibitor of angiogenesis derived from the C terminus of perlecan. J. Biol. Chem. 278(6), 4238–4249 (2003).
  • Zoeller JJ, Mcquillan A, Whitelock J, Ho SY, Iozzo RV. A central function for perlecan in skeletal muscle and cardiovascular development. J. Cell Biol. 181(2), 381–394 (2008).
  • Whitelock JM, Melrose J, Iozzo RV. Diverse cell signaling events modulated by perlecan. Biochemistry 47(43), 11174–11183 (2008).
  • Gomes R, Kirn-Safran C, Farach-Carson MC, Carson DD. Perlecan: an important component of the cartilage pericellular matrix. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 2(6), 511–516 (2002).
  • Lozzo RV, Cohen IR, Grassel S, Murdoch AD. The biology of perlecan: the multifaceted heparan sulphate proteoglycan of basement membranes and pericellular matrices. Biochem. J. 302 (Pt 3), 625–639 (1994).
  • Van Agtmael T, Bruckner-Tuderman L. Basement membranes and human disease. Cell Tissue Res. 339(1), 167–188 (2010).
  • Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ. Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 81(Suppl. 11), S52–S69 (2002).
  • Clarkson PM, Tremblay I. Exercise-induced muscle damage, repair, and adaptation in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 65(1), 1–6 (1988).
  • Ebbeling CB, Clarkson PM. Exercise-induced muscle damage and adaptation. Sports Med. 7(4), 207–234 (1989).
  • Gonzalez EM, Reed CC, Bix G et al. BMP-1/Tolloid-like metalloproteases process endorepellin, the angiostatic C-terminal fragment of perlecan. J. Biol. Chem. 280(8), 7080–7087 (2005).
  • Brixius K, Schoenberger S, Ladage D et al. Long-term endurance exercise decreases antiangiogenic endostatin signalling in overweight men aged 50-60 years. Br. J. Sports Med. 42(2), 126–129, discussion 129 (2008).
  • Bruserud O, Grovan F, Lindas R, Blymke Moinichen C, Osterhus KK. Serum levels of angioregulatory mediators in healthy individuals depend on age and physical activity: studies of angiogenin, basic fibroblast growth factor, leptin and endostatin. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 65(6), 505–511 (2005).
  • Gu JW, Gadonski G, Wang J, Makey I, Adair TH. Exercise increases endostatin in circulation of healthy volunteers. BMC Physiol. 4, 2 (2004).
  • Suhr F, Brixius K, De Marees M et al. Effects of short-term vibration and hypoxia during high-intensity cycling exercise on circulating levels of angiogenic regulators in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 103(2), 474–483 (2007).
  • Bix G, Castello R, Burrows M et al. Endorepellin in vivo: targeting the tumor vasculature and retarding cancer growth and metabolism. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 98(22), 1634–1646 (2006).
  • O’reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y et al. Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 88(2), 277–285 (1997).
  • Woodall BP, Nystrom A, Iozzo RA et al. Integrin alpha2beta1 is the required receptor for endorepellin angiostatic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 283(4), 2335–2343 (2008).
  • Bix G, Fu J, Gonzalez EM et al. Endorepellin causes endothelial cell disassembly of actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions through alpha2beta1 integrin. J. Cell Biol. 166(1), 97–109 (2004).
  • Sudhakar A, Sugimoto H, Yang C, Lively J, Zeisberg M, Kalluri R. Human tumstatin and human endostatin exhibit distinct antiangiogenic activities mediated by alpha v beta 3 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100(8), 4766–4771 (2003).
  • Wickstrom SA, Alitalo K, Keski-Oja J. Endostatin associates with integrin alpha5beta1 and caveolin-1, and activates Src via a tyrosyl phosphatase-dependent pathway in human endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 62(19), 5580–5589 (2002).
  • Matthews CE, Fortner RT, Xu X, Hankinson SE, Eliassen AH, Ziegler RG. Association between physical activity and urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites in premenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97(10), 3724–3733 (2012).
  • Tonevitsky AG, Maltseva DV, Abbasi A et al. Dynamically regulated miRNA-mRNA networks revealed by exercise. BMC Physiol. 13, 9 (2013).
  • Uhlemann M, Mobius-Winkler S, Fikenzer S et al. Circulating microRNA-126 increases after different forms of endurance exercise in healthy adults. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. PMID: 23150891 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Gillet LC, Navarro P, Tate S et al. Targeted data extraction of the MS/MS spectra generated by data-independent acquisition: a new concept for consistent and accurate proteome analysis. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 11(6), doi:10.1074/mcp. O111.016717 (2012) ( Epub ahead of print).
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics 4364.0.55.004 – Australian Health Survey: Physical Activity, 2011–12. Australian Bureau of Statistics 4364.0.55.004 – Australian Health Survey: Physical Activity, 2011-12 (2012).
  • Smoot ME, Ono K, Ruscheinski J, Wang PL, Ideker T. Cytoscape 2.8: new features for data integration and network visualization. Bioinformatics 27(3), 431–432 (2011).
  • Kanehisa M. Post-genome Informatics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (2000).
  • Huang DW, Sherman BT, Lempicki RA. Bioinformatics enrichment tools: paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists. Nucleic Acids Res. 37(1), 1–13 (2009).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.