Stress microscopy and confocal Raman imaging of load-bearing surfaces in artificial hip joints

References

• Raman CV, Krishnan KS. A new type of secondary radiation. Nature121, 501–502 (1928).
   Google Scholar
• Lewis IR, Edwards HGM. Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy: From the Research Laboratory to the Process Line. Marcel Dekker Ltd, New York, USA and Basel, Switzerland (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Smith E, Dent E. Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Chichester, UK (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Pezzotti G. Raman Piezo-spectroscopic analysis of natural and synthetic biomaterials. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.381, 577–590 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabner L. Spectroscopic technique for the measurement of residual stress in sintered Al2O3. J. Appl. Phys.49, 580–583 (1978).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin KJ, Batchelder DN. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy through a planar interface. Appl. Spectrosc.55, 517–524 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Bruneel JL, Lassegues JC, Sourisseau C. In-depth analyses by confocal Raman microspectrometry: experimental features and modeling of the refraction effects. J. Raman Spectrosc.33, 815–828 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Worldwide Orthopaedic Market-2000–2001. Dorland’s Biomedical, Knowledge Enterprises, Inc., PA, USA (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Cordingley R, Kohan L, Ben-Nissan B, Pezzotti G. Alumina and zirconia bioceramics in orthopaedic applications. J. Aust. Ceram. Soc.29(1), 30–38 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Heros RJ, Willmann G. Ceramic in total hip arthroplasty: history, mechanical properties, clinical results, and current manufacturing state of the art. Sem. Arthroplasty9(2), 114–122 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Ma Q, Clarke DR. Piezo-spectroscopic determination of residual stresses in polycrystalline alumina. J. Am. Ceram. Soc.77(2), 298–302 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Anastassakis E, Pinczuk A, Burstein E, Pollak FH, Cardona M. Effect of static uniaxial stress on the Raman spectrum of silicon. Solid State Commun.8, 133–136 (1970).
   Google Scholar
• Feher E, Sturge MD. Effect of stress on the trigonal splittings of d3 ions in sapphire (α-Al2O3). Physical Rev.172(2), 172–249 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• He J, Clarke DR. Determination of the Piezospectroscopic coefficients for chromium-doped sapphire. J. Am. Ceram. Soc.78(5), 1347–1353 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adar F. Evolution and revolution of Raman instrumentation – applications of available technologies to spectroscopy and microscopy. In: Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy. Lewis IR, Edwards HGM (Eds). Marcel Dekker, NY, USA 11–40 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Lipkin DM, Clarke DR. Sample-probe interactions in spectroscopy: sampling microscopic property gradients. J. Appl. Phys.77, 1855–1863 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezzotti G, Porporati AA. Raman spectroscopic analysis of phase-transformation and stress patterns in zirconia hip joints. J. Biomed. Optics9(2), 372–384 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson A, Jain SC. Spatially resolved stress analysis using Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman. Spectrosc.30, 885–891 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan KS, Zhu W, Pezzotti G. Determination of in-depth probe response function using spectral perturbation methods. J. Appl. Phys.98, 113101–113108 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Wolfram S. MATHEMATICA 4. Wolfram Research, Inc., IL, USA (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Pezzotti G, Tateiwa T, Zhu W, Kumakura T, Yamamoto K. Fluorescence spectroscopic analysis of surface and sub-surface residual stress fields in alumina hip joints. J. Biomed. Optics,11, 24009–24018 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Pezzotti G. Introducing a unique measurement for biomaterial nanomechanics. Key Eng. Mater.240–242, 893–900 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Clarke IC, Manaka M, Green DD et al. Current status of zirconia used in total hip implants – clinical and laboratory studies. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.85-A(Suppl. 4), 73–84 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Katagiri G, Ishida H, Ishitani A, Masaki T. Direct determination by a Raman microprobe of the transformation zone size in Y2O3-containing tetragonal ZrO2 polycrystals. In: Advances in Ceramics, Vol. 24: Science and Technology of Zirconia. Somiya S, Yamamoto N, Yanagida H (Eds). American Ceramic Society, OH, USA, 537–544 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Sedel L, Kerboull L, Christel P, Meunier A, Witvoet J. Alumina-on-alumina hip replacement: results and survivorship in young patients. J. Bone. Joint Surg. Br.72-B, 658–663 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Mahoney O, Dimon JH. Unsatisfactory results with a ceramic total hip prosthesis. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.72-A, 663–671 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• O’Leary J, Mallory TH, Kraus TJ, Lombardi AV Jr, Lye CL. Mittelmeier ceramic total hip arthroplasty: A retrospective study. J. Arthroplasty3, 87–96 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willmann G. Ceramics for total hip replacement – what a surgeon should know. Orthopaedics21, 173–177 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shishido T, Clarke IC, Williams P et al. Clinical and simulator wear study of alumina THR to 17 years and beyond. J. Biomed. Mater. Res.67B(1), 638–647 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Tvergaard V, Hutchinson JW. Microcracking in ceramics induced by thermal expansion or elastic anisotropy. J. Am. Ceram. Soc.71, 157–166 (1988).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke FJP. Residual strain and fracture stress-grain size relationships in brittle solids. Acta Metall.12, 139–142 (1964).
   Google Scholar
• Tateiwa T, Clarke IC, Shirasu H et al. Surface micro-analyses of long-term worn retrieved ‘Osteal™’ alumina ceramic THR. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Strobl GR, Hagedorn W. Raman spectroscopic method for determining the crystallinity of polyethylene. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed.16, 1181–1193 (1978).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rull F, Prieto AC, Casado JM, Sobron F, Edwards HGM. Estimation of crystallinity in polyethylene by Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectr.24, 545–550 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeom B, Yu Y-J, McKellop HA, Salovey R. Profile of oxidation in irradiated polyethylene. J. Polym. Sci.: Part A: Polym. Chem.36, 329–339 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylor CC, Meier RJ, Kip BJ et al. Raman spectroscopy employed for the determination of the intermediate phase in polyethylene. Macromolecules28, 2969–2978 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerbi G, Gallino G, Del Fanti N, Baini L. Structural depth profiling in polyethylene films by multiple internal reflection infra-red spectroscopy. Polymer30, 2324–2327 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz SM, Muratoglu OK, Buchanan FJ et al. Interlaboratory studies to determine optimal analytical methods for measuring the oxidation index of UHMWPE. Biomaterials22, 2875–2881 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chenery DH. Detection of peroxy species in ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene by Raman spectroscopy. Biomaterials18, 415–419 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taddei P, Affatato S, Fagnano C, Bordini B, Tinti A, Toni A. Vibrational spectroscopy of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene hip prostheses: influence of the sterilization method on crystallinity and surface oxidation. J. Mol. Structure613, 121–129 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyomoto M, Miwa Y, Pezzotti G. Strain in UHMWPE for orthopaedic use studied by Raman microprobe spectroscopy. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed.18(2), 165–178 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premnath V, Harris WH, Jasty M, Merrill EW. γ sterilization of UHMWPE articular implants: an analysis of the oxidation problem. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. Biomaterials17, 1741–1753 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhateja SK, Andrews EH, Yarbrough SM. Radiation induced crystallinity changes in linear polyethylene: long-term aging effects. Polym. J.21, 739–750 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premnath V, Bellare A, Merrill EW, Jasty MJ, Harris WH. Molecular rearrangements in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene after irradiation and long-term storage in air. Polymer40, 2215–2229 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezzotti G. Raman spectroscopic analysis of natural and synthetic biomaterials. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.381(3), 577–590 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Pezzotti G, Tateiwa T, Zhu W, Kumakura T, Yamada K, Yamamoto K. J. Biomed. Opt.11(2), 124009 (2006).
   Google Scholar