Alteration of the intestinal microbiome: fecal microbiota transplant and probiotics for Clostridium difficile and beyond

References

• Surawicz CM, Brandt LJ, Binion DG et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 108(4), 478–98 (2013)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borody TJ, Khoruts A. Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 88–96 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis WR, Schlosser J, Jarvis AA, Chinn RY. National point prevalence of Clostridium difficile in US health care facility inpatients, 2008. Am. J. Infect. Control. 37(4), 263–270 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agito MD, Atreja A, Rizk MK. Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C difficile infection: Ready for prime time? Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 80(2), 101–108 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bakken JS. Fecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Anaerobe 15(6), 285–289 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bakken JS, Borody T, Brandt LJ et al. Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9(12), 1044–1049 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt LJ, Reddy SS. Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. S159–S167 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang F, Luo W, Shi Y, Fan Z, Ji G. Should we standardize the 1,700-year-old fecal microbiota transplantation? Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1755, author reply 1755–1756 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Borody TJ, Warren EF, Leis SM, Surace R, Ashman O, Siarakas S. Bacteriotherapy using fecal flora: toying with human motions. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 38(6), 475–483 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiseman B, Silen W, Bascom GS, Kauvar AJ. Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Surgery 44(5), 854–859 (1958).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt LJ, Aroniadis OC, Mellow M et al. Long-term follow-up of colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1079–1087 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khoruts A, Dicksved J, Jansson JK, Sadowsky MJ. Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44(5), 354–360 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang JY, Antonopoulos DA, Kalra A et al. Decreased diversity of the fecal microbiome in recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis. 197(3), 435–438 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tvede M, Rask-Madsen J. Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in six patients. Lancet 1(8648), 1156–1160 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aas J, Gessert CE, Bakken JS. Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36(5), 580–585 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon SS, Brandt LJ. Treatment of refractory/recurrent C. difficile-associated disease by donated stool transplanted via colonoscopy: a case series of 12 patients. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44(8), 562–566 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly CR, de Leon L, Jasutkar N. Fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection in 26 patients: methodology and results. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 46(2), 145–149 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden TA, Mansberger AR, Lykins LE. Pseudomembraneous enterocolitis: mechanism for restoring floral homeostasis. Am. Surg. 47(4), 178–183 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwan A, Sjölin S, Trottestam U, Aronsson B. Relapsing Clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of normal faeces. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 16(2), 211–215 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persky SE, Brandt LJ. Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by administration of donated stool directly through a colonoscope. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95(11), 3283–3285 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacConnachie AA, Fox R, Kennedy DR, Seaton RA. Faecal transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a UK case series. QJM 102(11) 781–784 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garborg K, Waagsbo B, Stallemo A, Matre J, Sundoy A. Results of faecal donor instillation therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 42(11–12), 857–861 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mellow MH, Kanatzar A. Colonoscopic fecal bacteriotherapy in the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection – results and follow-up. J. Okla. State Med. Assoc. 104(3), 89–91 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohlke F, Surawicz CM, Stollman N. Fecal flora reconstitution for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: results and methodology. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44(8), 567–570 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silverman MS, Davis I, Pillai DR. Success of self-administered home fecal transplantation for chronic Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(5), 471–473 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattila E, Uusitalo-Seppala R, Wuorela M et al. Fecal transplantation, through colonoscopy, is effective therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Gastroenterology 142(3), 490–496 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin TA, Gessert CE, Aas J, Bakken JS. Fecal microbiome transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: Report on a case series. Anaerobe 19, 22–26 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton MJ, Weingarden AR, Sadowsky MJ, Khoruts A. Standardized frozen preparation for transplantation of fecal microbiota for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107(5), 761–767 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M et al. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. N. Engl. J. Med. 368(5), 407–415 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo B, Harstall C, Louie T, Veldhuyzen van Zanten S, Dieleman LA. Systematic review: faecal transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 35(8), 865–875 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough E, Shaikh H, Manges AR. Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 994–1002 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owens C, Broussard E, Surawicz C. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Donor Standardization. Trends Microbiol. (2013) ( In Press).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleger A, Schnell J, Essig A et al. Fecal Transplant in Refractory Clostridium difficile Colitis. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 110(7), 108–115 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• You DM, Franzos MA, Holman RP. Successful treatment of fulminant Clostridium difficile infection with fecal bacteriotherapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 148(8), 632–633 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton S, Stephenson D, Weder C. Pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy – an emerging entity. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 111(10), 1110–1111, 1114 (1974).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kassam Z, Hundal R, Marshall JK, Lee CH. Fecal transplant via retention enema for refractory or recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Arch. Intern. Med. 172(2), 191–193 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zipursky JS, Sidorsky TI, Freedman CA, Sidorsky MN, Kirkland KB. Patient attitudes toward the use of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55(2), 1652–1658 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz M et al. Am. J. Gastroenterol. (2013) ( In Press).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennet JD, Brinkman M. Treatment of ulcerative colitis by implantation of normal colonic flora. Lancet 1(8630), 164 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borody TJ, George L, Andrews P et al. Bowel-flora alteration: a potential cure for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome? Med. J. Aust. 150(10), 604 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borody TJ, Warren EF, Leis S, Surace R, Ashman O. Treatment of ulcerative colitis using fecal bacteriotherapy. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 37(1), 42–47 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JL, Edney RJ, Whelan K. Systematic review: faecal microbiota transplantation in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 36(6), 503–516 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews PJ, Borody TJ. “Putting back the bugs”: bacterial treatment relieves chronic constipation and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Med. J. Aust. 159(9), 633–634 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews PJ, Barnes P, Borody TJ. Chronic constipation reversed by restoration of bowel flora. A case and a hypothesis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4, 245–247 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Collins SM, Bercik P. The relationship between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system in normal gastrointestinal function and disease. Gastroenterology 136(6), 2003–2014 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borody TJ, Leis S, Campbell J, Torres M, Nowak A. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Am. J. Gastroenterol. S352 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Braak H, Rüb U, Gai WP, Del Tredici K. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease: possible routes by which vulnerable neuronal types may be subject to neuroinvasion by an unknown pathogen. J. Neural. Transm. 110(5), 517–536 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananthaswamy A. Faecal transplant eases symptoms of Parkinson's. N. Sci. (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Aroniadis OC, Brandt LJ. Fecal microbiota transplantation: past, present and future. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 29(1), 79–84 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na X, Kelly C. Probiotics in Clostridium difficile Infection. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 45, S154–S158 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson S, Maziade PJ, McFarland LV et al. Is primary prevention of Clostridium difficile infection possible with specific probiotics? Int. J. Infect. Dis. 16(11), e786–e792 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surawicz CM, McFarland LV, Greenberg RN et al. The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31(4), 1012–1017 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR et al. Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 307(18), 1959–1969 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao XW, Mubasher M, Fang CY, Reifer C, Miller LE. Dose-response efficacy of a proprietary probiotic formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in adult patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105(7), 1636–1641 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N et al. Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ 335(7610), 80 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borody TJ, Campbell J. Fecal microbiota transplantation: current status and future directions. Expert. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5(6), 653–655 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grehan MJ, Borody TJ, Leis SM, Campbell J, Mitchell H, Wettstein A. Durable alteration of the colonic microbiota by the administration of donor fecal flora. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44(8), 551–561 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannock GW, Munro K, Harmsen HJ, Welling GW, Smart J, Gopal PK. Analysis of the fecal microflora of human subjects consuming a probiotic product containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66(6), 2578–2588 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31(5), 431–455 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston BC, Ma SS, Goldenberg JZ et al. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 157(12), 878–888 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer BJ, Dieleman LA. Probiotics in the treatment of human inflammatory bowel diseases: update 2011. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 45( Suppl.) S139–S144 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM, Forti G, Modeo ME, Gigliobianco A. Low-dose balsalazide plus a high-potency probiotic preparation is more effective than balsalazide alone or mesalazine in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Med. Sci. Monit. 10(11), PI126–PI131 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthes H, Krummenerl T, Giensch M et al. Treatment of mild to moderate acute attacks of distal ulcerative colitis with rectally-administered E. coli Nissle 1917: dose-dependent efficacy. Gastroenterology 130, A–119 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Papa A et al. Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105(10), 2218–2227 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood A, Midha V, Makharia GK et al. The probiotic preparation, VSL#3 induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7(11), 1202–1209, (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miele E, Pascarella F, Giannetti E, Quaglietta L, Baldassano RN, Staiano A. Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104(2), 437–443 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie ML, Romanuk TN. A meta-analysis of probiotic efficacy for gastrointestinal diseases. PLoS ONE 7(4), e34938 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Helwig U et al. Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 124(5), 1202–1209 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A et al. Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 119(2), 305–309 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton-Miller J. Probiotics in the management of irritable bowel syndrome: a review of clinical trials. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 13, 212–216 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• McFarland LV, Dublin S. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. World J. Gastroenterol. 14(17), 2650–2661 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moayyedi P, Ford AC, Talley NJ et al. The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Gut 59(3), 325–332 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan K, Quigley EM. Probiotics in the management of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 29(2), 184–189 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringel Y, Ringel-Kulka T. The rationale and clinical effectiveness of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 45, S145–S148 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan K. Probiotics and prebiotics in the management of irritable bowel syndrome: a review of recent clinical trials and systematic reviews. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 14(6), 581–587 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huebner ES, Surawicz CM. Probiotics in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal infections. Gastroenterol. Clin. North. Am. 355–365 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canducci F, Cremonini F, Armuzzi A et al. Probiotics and Helicobacter pylori eradication. Dig. Liver. Dis. 34( Suppl. 2), S81–S83 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oláh A, Belágyi T, Issekutz A, Gamal ME, Bengmark S. Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. Br. J. Surg. 89(9), 1103–1107 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besselink MG, Timmerman HM, Buskens E et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (PROPATRIA): design and rationale of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised multicenter trial [ISRCTN38327949]. BMC Surg. 4, 12 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 371(9613), 651–659 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Christensen KM et al. Probiotic yogurt for the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103(7), 1707–1715 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JE, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Dong PL, Chen M, Duan ZP. Probiotic yogurt effects on intestinal flora of patients with chronic liver disease. Nurs. Res. 59(6), 426–432 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karlsson C, Ahrne S, Molin G et al. Probiotic therapy to men with incipient arteriosclerosis initiates increased bacterial diversity in colon: a randomized controlled trial. Atherosclerosis 208(1), 228–233 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naruszewicz M, Johansson ML, Zapolska-Downar D, Bukowska H. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on cardiovascular disease risk factors in smokers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76(6), 1249–1255 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang WH, Wang Z, Levison BS et al. Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. N. Engl. J. Med. 368(17), 1575–1584 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ataie-Jafari A, Larijani B, Alavi Majd H, Tahbaz F. Cholesterol-lowering effect of probiotic yogurt in comparison with ordinary yogurt in mildly to moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 54(1), 22–27 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson LU, Jenkins DJ, Amer MA, Reichert R, Jenkins A, Kamulsky J. The effect of fermented and unfermented milks on serum cholesterol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 36(6), 1106–1111 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Roos NM, Schouten G, Katan MB. Yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus does not lower blood lipids in healthy men and women with normal to borderline high serum cholesterol levels. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 53(4), 277–280 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiao JZ, Kondo S, Takahashi N et al. Effects of milk products fermented by Bifidobacterium longum on blood lipids in rats and healthy adult male volunteers. J. Dairy. Sci. 86(7), 2452–2461 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara DJ, Lowell AE, Sabb JE. Effect of yogurt intake on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in normolipidemic males. Atherosclerosis 79(2–3), 167–171 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kekkonen RA, Sysi-Aho M, Seppanen-Laakso T et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG intervention on global serum lipidomic profiles in healthy adults. World J. Gastroenterol. 14(20), 3188–3194 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fabian E, Elmadfa I. Influence of daily consumption of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the plasma lipid profile in young healthy women. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 50(4), 387–393 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Z, Liu XM, Zhang QX et al. Influence of consumption of probiotics on the plasma lipid profile: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 21(11), 844–850 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ejtahed HS, Mohtadi-Nia J, Homayouni-Rad A et al. Effect of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis on lipid profile in individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Dairy Sci. 94(7), 3288–3294 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint HJ. Obesity and the gut microbiota. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 45, S128–S132 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE. Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity. Mayo Clin. Proc. 83(4), 460–469 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444(7122), 1022–1023 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur R, Amichai M, Chua KS, Mirocha J, Barlow GM, Pimentel M. Methane and hydrogen positivity on breath test is associated with greater body mass index and body fat. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98(4), E698–E702 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ly NP, Litonjua A, Gold DR, Celedón JC. Gut microbiota, probiotics, and vitamin D: interrelated exposures influencing allergy, asthma, and obesity? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127(5), 1087–1094; quiz 1095–1086 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalliomäki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87(3), 534–538 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoto R, Kalliomaki M, Laitinen K, Isolauri E. The impact of perinatal probiotic intervention on the development of overweight and obesity: follow-up study from birth to 10 years. Int. J. Obes. 34(10), 1531–1537 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen N, Vogensen FK, van den Berg FW et al. Gut microbiota in human adults with Type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. PLoS ONE, 5(2), e9085 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejtahed HS, Mohtadi-Nia J, Homayouni-Rad A, Niafar M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Mofid V. Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in Type 2 diabetic patients. Nutrition 28(5), 539–543 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrieze A, Van Nood E, Holleman F et al. Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology 143(4), 913–916.e917 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawase M, He F, Kubota A et al. Effect of fermented milk prepared with two probiotic strains on Japanese cedar pollinosis in a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 128(3), 429–434 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Canavate A, Sierra S, Lara-Villoslada F et al. A probiotic dairy product containing L. gasseri CECT5714 and L. coryniformis CECT5711 induces immunological changes in children suffering from allergy. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 20(6), 592–600 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozdemir O. Various effects of different probiotic strains in allergic disorders: an update from laboratory and clinical data. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 160(3), 295–304 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita H, He F, Kawase M et al. Preliminary human study for possible alteration of serum immunoglobulin E production in perennial allergic rhinitis with fermented milk prepared with Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356. Microbiol. Immunol. 50(9), 701–706 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olivares M, Díaz-Ropero MP, Gómez N et al. The consumption of two new probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri CECT 5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT 5711, boosts the immune system of healthy humans. Int. Microbiol. 9(1), 47–52 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MP, Meldrum S, Taylor AL, Dunstan JA, Prescott SL. Early probiotic supplementation for allergy prevention: long-term outcomes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 130(5), 1209–1211 e1205 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuitunen M, Kukkonen K, Juntunen-Backman K et al. Probiotics prevent IgE-associated allergy until age 5 years in cesarean-delivered children but not in the total cohort. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 123(2), 335–341 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miraglia del Giudice M, De Luca MG, Capristo C. Probiotics and atopic dermatitis. A new strategy in atopic dermatitis. Dig. Liver Dis. 34( Suppl. 2), S68–S71 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerasimov SV, Vasjuta VV, Myhovych OO, Bondarchuk LI. Probiotic supplement reduces atopic dermatitis in preschool children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 11(5), 351–361 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drago L, Toscano M, De Vecchi E, Piconi S, Iemoli E. Changing of fecal flora and clinical effect of L. salivarius LS01 in adults with atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 46, S56–S63 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iemoli E, Trabattoni D, Parisotto S et al. Probiotics reduce gut microbial translocation and improve adult atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 46, S33–S40 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JY, Kwon JH, Ahn SH et al. Effect of probiotic mix (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus) in the primary prevention of eczema: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 21(2 Pt 2), e386–e393 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niers L, Martin R, Rijkers G et al. The effects of selected probiotic strains on the development of eczema (the PandA study). Allergy 64(9), 1349–1358 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch M, Nart J, Audivert S et al. Isolation and characterization of probiotic strains for improving oral health. Arch. Oral Biol. 57(5), 539–549 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flichy-Fernandez AJ, Alegre-Domingo T, Penarrocha-Oltra D, Penarrocha-Diago M. Probiotic treatment in the oral cavity: an update. Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal 15(5), e677–e680 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Näse L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E et al. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res. 35(6), 412–420 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahola AJ, Yli-Knuuttila H, Suomalainen T et al. Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Arch. Oral Biol. 47(11), 799–804 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caglar E, Kuscu OO, Selvi Kuvvetli S, Kavaloglu Cildir S, Sandalli N, Twetman S. Short-term effect of ice-cream containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 on the number of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Acta Odontol. Scand. 66(3), 154–158 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caglar E, Kuscu OO, Cildir SK, Kuvvetli SS, Sandalli N. A probiotic lozenge administered medical device and its effect on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 18(1), 35–39 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caglar E, Kavaloglu SC, Kuscu OO, Sandalli N, Holgerson PL, Twetman S. Effect of chewing gums containing xylitol or probiotic bacteria on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Clin. Oral Investig. 11(4), 425–429 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caglar E, Cildir SK, Ergeneli S, Sandalli N, Twetman S. Salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli levels after ingestion of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 by straws or tablets. Acta Odontol. Scand. 64(5), 314–318 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caglar E, Sandalli N, Twetman S, Kavaloglu S, Ergeneli S, Selvi S. Effect of yogurt with Bifidobacterium DN-173 010 on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in young adults. Acta Odontol. Scand. 63(6), 317–320 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang LC, Huang CS, Ou-Yang LW, Lin SY. Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei effect on cariogenic bacterial flora. Clin. Oral Investig. 15(4), 471–476 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhingra K. Methodological issues in randomized trials assessing probiotics for periodontal treatment. J. Periodontal Res, 47(1), 15–26 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasse P, Carlsson B, Dahl C, Paulsson A, Nilsson A, Sinkiewicz G. Decreased gum bleeding and reduced gingivitis by the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Swed. Dent. J. 30(2), 55–60 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Twetman S, Derawi B, Keller M, Ekstrand K, Yucel-Lindberg T, Stecksen-Blicks C. Short-term effect of chewing gums containing probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri on the levels of inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid. Acta Odontol. Scand. 67(1), 19–24 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwamoto T, Suzuki N, Tanabe K, Takeshita T, Hirofuji T. Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on halitosis and oral health: an open-label pilot trial. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 110(2), 201–208 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Moore CJ, Speiser G, Tagg JR. A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. J. Appl. Microbiol. 100(4), 754–764 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keller MK, Bardow A, Jensdottir T, Lykkeaa J, Twetman S. Effect of chewing gums containing the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri on oral malodour. Acta Odontol. Scand. 70(3), 246–250 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatakka K, Ahola AJ, Yli-Knuuttila H et al. Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly - a randomized controlled trial. J. Dent. Res. 86(2), 125–130 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koll P, Mandar R, Marcotte H, Leibur E, Mikelsaar M, Hammarstrom L. Characterization of oral lactobacilli as potential probiotics for oral health. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 23(2), 139–147 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamont RF, Sobel JD, Akins RA et al. The vaginal microbiome: new information about genital tract flora using molecular based techniques. BJOG 118(5), 533–549 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonio MA, Meyn LA, Murray PJ, Busse B, Hillier SL. Vaginal colonization by probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 is decreased by sexual activity and endogenous Lactobacilli. J. Infect. Dis. 199(10), 1506–1513 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anukam K, Osazuwa E, Ahonkhai I et al. Augmentation of antimicrobial metronidazole therapy of bacterial vaginosis with oral probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Microbes Infect. 8(6), 1450–1454 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anukam KC, Osazuwa E, Osemene GI, Ehigiagbe F, Bruce AW, Reid G. Clinical study comparing probiotic Lactobacillus GR-1 and RC-14 with metronidazole vaginal gel to treat symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Microbes Infect. 8(12–13), 2772–2776 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hemalatha R, Mastromarino P, Ramalaxmi BA, Balakrishna NV, Sesikeran B. Effectiveness of vaginal tablets containing lactobacilli versus pH tablets on vaginal health and inflammatory cytokines: a randomized, double-blind study. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31(11), 3097–3105 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrstrom S, Daroczy K, Rylander E et al. Lactic acid bacteria colonization and clinical outcome after probiotic supplementation in conventionally treated bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Microbes Infect. 12(10), 691–699 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guillemard E, Tondu F, Lacoin F, Schrezenmeir J. Consumption of a fermented dairy product containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 reduces the duration of respiratory infections in the elderly in a randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Nutr. 103(1), 58–68 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillemard E, Tanguy J, Flavigny A, de la Motte S, Schrezenmeir J. Effects of consumption of a fermented dairy product containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 on common respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in shift workers in a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 29(5), 455–468 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyer GJ, Li S, Mubasher ME, Reifer C, Ouwehand AC. Probiotic effects on cold and influenza-like symptom incidence and duration in children. 124, e172–e179 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Lin JS, Chiu YH, Lin NT et al. Different effects of probiotic species/strains on infections in preschool children: A double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Vaccine 27(7), 1073–1079 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merenstein D, Murphy M, Fokar A et al. Use of a fermented dairy probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei (DN-114 001) to decrease the rate of illness in kids: the DRINK study. A patient-oriented, double-blind, cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 64(7), 669–677 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Pierro F, Adami T, Rapacioli G, Giardini N, Streitberger C. Clinical evaluation of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 in the prevention of recurrent pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in adults. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 13(3), 339–343 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forestier C, Guelon D, Cluytens V, Gillart T, Sirot J, De Champs C. Oral probiotic and prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study in intensive care unit patients. Crit. Care. 12(3), R69(2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow LE, Kollef MH, Casale TB. Probiotic prophylaxis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 182(8), 1058–1064 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anukam KC, Osazuwa EO, Osadolor HB, Bruce AW, Reid G. Yogurt containing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 helps resolve moderate diarrhea and increases CD4 count in HIV/AIDS patients. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 42(3), 239–243 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummelen R, Changalucha J, Butamanya NL et al. Effect of 25 weeks probiotic supplementation on immune function of HIV patients. Gut Microbes 2(2), 80–85 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo R, Martin V, Maldonado A, Jimenez E, Fernandez L, Rodriguez JM. Treatment of infectious mastitis during lactation: antibiotics versus oral administration of Lactobacilli isolated from breast milk. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50(12), 1551–1558 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenks K, Stebbings S, Burton J, Schultz M, Herbison P, Highton J. Probiotic therapy for the treatment of spondyloarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. J. Rheumatol. 37(10), 2118–2125 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messaoudi M, Violle N, Bisson JF, Desor D, Javelot H, Rougeot C. Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers. Gut Microbes 2(4), 256–261 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messaoudi M, Lalonde R, Violle N et al. Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects. Br. J. Nutr. 105(5), 755–764 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar