The interaction between mother and fetus and the development of allergic asthma

References

• Schatz M, Dombrowski MP, Wise R et al. Asthma morbidity during pregnancy can be predicted by severity classification. J. Allergy Clin. immunol. 112(2), 283–288 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg J, Brecht ML, Morphew T, Tichacek MJ, Chowdhury Y, Galant S. Identifying preschool children with asthma in Orange County. J. Asthma 46(5), 460–464 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorksten B et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 368(9537), 733–743 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litonjua AA, Carey VJ, Burge HA, Weiss ST, Gold DR. Parental history and the risk for childhood asthma. Does mother confer more risk than father? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158(1), 176–181 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Los H, Postmus PE, Boomsma DI. Asthma genetics and intermediate phenotypes: a review from twin studies. Twin Res. 4(2), 81–93 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Moffatt MF, Gut IG, Demenais F et al. A large-scale, consortium-based genomewide association study of asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 363(13), 1211–1221 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukao T, Matsuda S, Koyasu S. Synergistic effects of IL-4 and IL-18 on IL-12-dependent IFN-gamma production by dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 164(1), 64–71 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Anthoni M, Wang G, Leino MS, Lauerma AI, Alenius HT, Wolff HJ. Smad3 -signalling and Th2 cytokines in normal mouse airways and in a mouse model of asthma. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 3(7), 477–485 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Letourneau S, Krieg C, Pantaleo G, Boyman O. IL-2- and CD25-dependent immunoregulatory mechanisms in the homeostasis of T-cell subsets. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 123(4), 758–762 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon GF. Sphingolipids in inflammation: pathological implications and potential therapeutic targets. Br. J. Pharmacol. 158(4), 982–993 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim RH, Kobzik L, Dahl M. Risk for asthma in offspring of asthmatic mothers versus fathers: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 5(4), e10134 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almqvist C, Pershagen G, Wickman M. Low socioeconomic status as a risk factor for asthma, rhinitis and sensitization at 4 years in a birth cohort. Clin. Exp. Allergy 35(5), 612–618 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallol J, Andrade R, Auger F, Rodriguez J, Alvarado R, Figueroa L. Wheezing during the first year of life in infants from low-income population: a descriptive study. Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madr.) 33(5), 257–263 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Scholtens S, Wijga AH, Brunekreef B et al. Maternal overweight before pregnancy and asthma in offspring followed for 8 years. Int. J. Obes. 34(4), 606–613 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Rebordosa C, Kogevinas M, Sorensen HT, Olsen J. Pre-natal exposure to paracetamol and risk of wheezing and asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 37(3), 583–590 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Erkkola M, Nwaru BI, Viljakainen HT. Maternal vitamin D during pregnancy and its relation to immune-mediated diseases in the offspring. Vitam. Horm. 86, 239–260 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Devereux G, Turner SW, Craig LC et al. Low maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy is associated with asthma in 5-year-old children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 174(5), 499–507 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Turner SW, Campbell D, Smith N et al. Associations between fetal size, maternal {alpha}-tocopherol and childhood asthma. Thorax 65(5), 391–397 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortqvist AK, Lundholm C, Carlstrom E, Lichtenstein P, Cnattingius S, Almqvist C. Familial factors do not confound the association between birth weight and childhood asthma. Pediatrics 124(4), e737–e743 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Hancox RJ, Poulton R, Greene JM, Mclachlan CR, Pearce MS, Sears MR. Associations between birth weight, early childhood weight gain and adult lung function. Thorax 64(3), 228–232 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Sonnenschein-Van Der Voort AM, Jaddoe VW, Raat H et al. Fetal and infant growth and asthma symptoms in preschool children: the Generation R Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 185(7), 731–737 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Midodzi WK, Rowe BH, Majaesic CM, Saunders LD, Senthilselvan A. Early life factors associated with incidence of physician-diagnosed asthma in preschool children: results from the Canadian Early Childhood Development cohort study. J. Asthma 47(1), 7–13 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim RH, Kobzik L. Maternal transmission of asthma risk. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 61(1), 1–10 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schatz M, Harden K, Forsythe A et al. The course of asthma during pregnancy, post partum, and with successive pregnancies: a prospective analysis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 81(3), 509–517 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy VE, Gibson P, Talbot PI, Clifton VL. Severe asthma exacerbations during pregnancy. Obstetr. Gynecol. 106(5 Pt 1), 1046–1054 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt JS. Immunobiology of pregnancy. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 4(5), 591–596 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Osei-Kumah A, Ammit AJ, Smith R, Ge Q, Clifton VL. Inflammatory mediator release in normal bronchial smooth muscle cells is altered by pregnant maternal and fetal plasma independent of asthma. Placenta 27(8), 847–852 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy VE, Gibson PG, Giles WB et al. Maternal asthma is associated with reduced female fetal growth. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168(11), 1317–1323 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy VE, Clifton VL, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations during pregnancy: incidence and association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Thorax 61(2), 169–176 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhireva LN, Schatz M, Jones KL, Chambers CD; Organization of Teratology Information Specialists Collaborative Research Group. Asthma control during pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery or impaired fetal growth. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 101(2), 137–143 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Murphy VE, Gibson PG. Asthma in pregnancy. Clin. Chest Med. 32(1), 93–110 ix (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais L, Forget A. Asthma exacerbations during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations among asthmatic women. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 121(6), 1379–1384, 1384 e1 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Porto M, Dunkel-Schetter C, Garite TJ. The association between prenatal stress and infant birth weight and gestational age at birth: a prospective investigation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 169(4), 858–865 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe CL, Lubach GR, Karaszewski JW, Ershler WB. Prenatal endocrine activation alters postnatal cellular immunity in infant monkeys. Brain Behav. Immun. 10(3), 221–234 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez F, Fowell DJ, Puklavec M, Simmonds S, Mason D. Glucocorticoids promote a TH2 cytokine response by CD4+ T cells in vitro. J. Immunol. 156(7), 2406–2412 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norbiato G, Bevilacqua M, Vago T, Clerici M. Glucocorticoids and Th-1, Th-2 type cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and AIDS. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 15(3), 315–323 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Murphy VE, Zakar T, Smith R, Giles WB, Gibson PG, Clifton VL. Reduced 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity is associated with decreased birth weight centile in pregnancies complicated by asthma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87(4), 1660–1668 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich J, Bolte G, Hölscher B et al. Allergens and endotoxin on mothers' mattresses and total immunoglobulin E in cord blood of neonates. Eur. Respir. J. 20(3), 617–623 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Schaub B, Liu J, Hoppler S et al. Maternal farm exposure modulates neonatal immune mechanisms through regulatory T cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 123(4), 774–782 e775 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 299(6710), 1259–1260 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ege MJ. Intestinal microbial diversity in infancy and allergy risk at school age. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 128(3), 653–654 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Simpson A, Tan VY, Winn J et al. Beyond atopy: multiple patterns of sensitization in relation to asthma in a birth cohort study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 181(11), 1200–1206 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The role of dendritic and epithelial cells as master regulators of allergic airway inflammation. Lancet 376(9743), 835–843 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartemes KR, Kita H. Dynamic role of epithelium-derived cytokines in asthma. Clin. Immunol. 143(3), 222–235 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo L, Wei G, Zhu J et al. IL-1 family members and STAT activators induce cytokine production by Th2, Th17, and Th1 cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106(32), 13463–13468 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saenz SA, Siracusa MC, Perrigoue JG et al. IL25 elicits a multipotent progenitor cell population that promotes T(H)2 cytokine responses. Nature 464(7293), 1362–1366 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oboki K, Ohno T, Kajiwara N et al. IL-33 is a crucial amplifier of innate rather than acquired immunity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107(43), 18581–18586 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Headley MB, Zhou B, Shih WX, Aye T, Comeau MR, Ziegler SF. TSLP conditions the lung immune environment for the generation of pathogenic innate and antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. J. Immunol. 182(3), 1641–1647 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill MA. The role of dendritic cells in asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129(4), 889–901 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinski P, Hilkens CM, Wierenga EA, Kapsenberg ML. T-cell priming by type-1 and type-2 polarized dendritic cells: the concept of a third signal. Immunol. Today 20(12), 561–567 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson DJ, Mcmenamin C, Mcwilliam AS, Brenan M, Holt PG. Development of the airway intraepithelial dendritic cell network in the rat from class II major histocompatibility (Ia)-negative precursors: differential regulation of Ia expression at different levels of the respiratory tract. J. Exp. Med. 179(1), 203–212 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Hammad H, Chieppa M, Perros F, Willart MA, Germain RN, Lambrecht BN. House dust mite allergen induces asthma via Toll-like receptor 4 triggering of airway structural cells. Nat. Med. 15(4), 410–416 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermaelen KY, Cataldo D, Tournoy K et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9-mediated dendritic cell recruitment into the airways is a critical step in a mouse model of asthma. J. Immunol. 171(2), 1016–1022 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama Y, Tokuhara D, Sekine S et al. Potential roles of CCR5(+) CCR6(+) dendritic cells induced by nasal ovalbumin plus Flt3 ligand expressing adenovirus for mucosal IgA responses. PLoS ONE 8(4), e60453 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Hammad H, Plantinga M, Deswarte K et al. Inflammatory dendritic cells--not basophils--are necessary and sufficient for induction of Th2 immunity to inhaled house dust mite allergen. J. Exp. Med. 207(10), 2097–2111 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedulov AV, Kobzik L. Allergy risk is mediated by dendritic cells with congenital epigenetic changes. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 44(3), 285–292 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu TX, Munitz A, Rothenberg ME. MicroRNA-21 is up-regulated in allergic airway inflammation and regulates IL-12p35 expression. J Immunol 182(8), 4994–5002 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheedy FJ, Palsson-Mcdermott E, Hennessy EJ et al. Negative regulation of TLR4 via targeting of the proinflammatory tumor suppressor PDCD4 by the microRNA miR-21. Nat. Immunol. 11(2), 141–147 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collison A, Mattes J, Plank M, Foster PS. Inhibition of house dust mite-induced allergic airways disease by antagonism of microRNA-145 is comparable to glucocorticoid treatment. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 128(1), 160–167 e164 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattes J, Collison A, Plank M, Phipps S, Foster PS. Antagonism of microRNA-126 suppresses the effector function of TH2 cells and the development of allergic airways disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106(44), 18704–18709 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, Evans MD et al. Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178(7), 667–672 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtinen P, Ruohola A, Vanto T, Vuorinen T, Ruuskanen O, Jartti T. Prednisolone reduces recurrent wheezing after a first wheezing episode associated with rhinovirus infection or eczema. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119(3), 570–575 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurs N, Gustafsson PM, Bjarnason R et al. Severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma and allergy at age 13. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(2), 137–141 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jartti T, Lehtinen P, Vuorinen T, Ruuskanen O. Bronchiolitis: age and previous wheezing episodes are linked to viral etiology and atopic characteristics. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 28(4), 311–317 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jartti T, Lehtinen P, Vanto T et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of prednisolone in early wheezing induced by rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25(6), 482–488 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Kusel MM, De Klerk NH, Kebadze T et al. Early-life respiratory viral infections, atopic sensitization, and risk of subsequent development of persistent asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119(5), 1105–1110 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sly PD, Kusel M, Holt PG. Do early-life viral infections cause asthma? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125(6), 1202–1205 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wark PaB, Johnston SL, Bucchieri F et al. Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells have a deficient innate immune response to infection with rhinovirus. J. Exp. Med. 201, 937–947 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contoli M, Message SD, Laza-Stanca V et al. Role of deficient type III interferon-lambda production in asthma exacerbations. Nat. Med. 12(9), 1023–1026 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowska R, Szalaty H, Nyczka J. Interferon synthesis by peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with bronchial asthma. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz) 37(5–6), 509–512 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Forbes RL, Wark PA, Murphy VE, Gibson PG. Pregnant women have attenuated innate interferon responses to 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1. J. Infect. Dis. 206(5), 646–653 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes RL, Gibson PG, Murphy VE, Wark PA. Impaired type I and III interferon response to rhinovirus infection during pregnancy and asthma. Thorax 67(3), 209–214 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosco A, Ehteshami S, Stern DA, Martinez FD. Decreased activation of inflammatory networks during acute asthma exacerbations is associated with chronic airflow obstruction. Mucosal. Immunol. 3(4), 399–409 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monick MM, Yarovinsky TO, Powers LS et al. Respiratory syncytial virus up-regulates TLR4 and sensitizes airway epithelial cells to endotoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 278(52), 53035–53044 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace E, Ferraro M, Siena L et al. Cigarette smoke increases Toll-like receptor 4 and modifies lipopolysaccharide-mediated responses in airway epithelial cells. Immunology 124(3), 401–411 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ather JL, Hodgkins SR, Janssen-Heininger YM, Poynter ME. Airway epithelial NF-kappaB activation promotes allergic sensitization to an innocuous inhaled antigen. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 44(5), 631–638 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Kouzaki H, O'grady SM, Lawrence CB, Kita H. Proteases induce production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin by airway epithelial cells through protease-activated receptor-2. J. Immunol. 183(2), 1427–1434 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritz SA, Stampfli MR, Davies DE, Holgate ST, Jordana M. On the generation of allergic airway diseases: from GM-CSF to Kyoto. Trends Immunol. 23(8), 396–402 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Cates EC, Fattouh R, Wattie J et al. Intranasal exposure of mice to house dust mite elicits allergic airway inflammation via a GM-CSF-mediated mechanism. J. Immunol. 173(10), 6384–6392 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uller L, Leino M, Bedke N et al. Double-stranded RNA induces disproportionate expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin versus interferon-beta in bronchial epithelial cells from donors with asthma. Thorax 65(7), 626–632 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wark PA, Johnston SL, Bucchieri F et al. Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells have a deficient innate immune response to infection with rhinovirus. J. Exp. Med. 201(6), 937–947 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cakebread JA, Xu Y, Grainge C et al. Exogenous IFN-beta has antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties in primary bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic subjects exposed to rhinovirus. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127(5), 1148–1154 e1149 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedke N, Sammut D, Green B et al. Transforming growth factor-beta promotes rhinovirus replication in bronchial epithelial cells by suppressing the innate immune response. PLoS ONE 7(9), e44580 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Dahl ME, Dabbagh K, Liggitt D, Kim S, Lewis DB. Viral-induced T helper type 1 responses enhance allergic disease by effects on lung dendritic cells. Nat. Immunol. 5(3), 337–343 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Sallmann E, Reininger B, Brandt S et al. High-affinity IgE receptors on dendritic cells exacerbate Th2-dependent inflammation. J. Immunol. 187(1), 164–171 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Kanner RE, Anthonisen NR, Connett JE; Lung Health Study Research Group. Lower respiratory illnesses promote FEV(1) decline in current smokers but not ex-smokers with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the lung health study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164(3), 358–364 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar