Tocilizumab: molecular intervention therapy in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis

References

• Cassidy JT, Petty RE. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In: Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology (5th Edition). Cassidy JT, Petty RE (Eds). WB Saunders, PA, USA, 291–303 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Billiau AD, Roskams T, Van Damme-Lombaerts R, Matthys P, Wouters C. Macrophage activation syndrome: characteristic findings on liver biopsy illustrating the key role of activated IFN-γ-producing lymphocytes and IL-6- and TNF-α-producing macrophages. Blood105, 1648–1651 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packham JC, Hall MA, Pimm TJ. Long-term follow-up of 246 adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: predictive factors for mood and pain. Rheumatology (Oxford)41, 1444–1449 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual V, Allantaz F, Patel P et al. How the study of children with rheumatic diseases identified interferon α and interleukin 1 as novel therapeutic targets. Immunol. Rev.223, 39–59 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vastert SJ, van Wijk R, D’Urbano LE et al. Mutations in the perforin gene can be linked to macrophage activation syndrome in patients with systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology49, 441–449 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jager W, Vastert SJ, Beekman JM et al. Defective phosphorylation of interleukin-18 receptor b causes impaired natural killer cell function in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.60, 2782–2793 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Benedetti F, Massa M, Robbioni P. Correlation of interleukin-6 levels with joint involvement and thrombocytosis in patients with systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.34, 1158–1163 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieskovska J, Guo D, Derman E. Growth impairment in IL-6-overexpressing transgenic mice is associated with induction of SOCS3 mRNA. Growth Horm. IGF Res.13, 26–35 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vastert SJ, Kuis W, Grom AA. Systemic JIA: new development in the understanding of the pathophysiology and therapy. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol.23, 655–664 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harden LM, du Plessis I, Poole S et al. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β act synergistically within the brain to induce sickness behavior and fever in rats. Brain Behav. Immun.22, 838–849 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj DSC. Role of interleukin-6 in the anemia of chronic disease. Semin. Arthritis Rheum.38, 382–388 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fournier T, Medjoubi-N N, Porquet D. α-1-acid glycoprotein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1482, 157–171 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagihara K, Nishikawa T, Sugamata Y et al. Essential role of STAT3 in cytokine-driven NF-κB-mediated serum amyloid A gene expression. Genes Cells10, 1051–1063 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa T, Hagihara K, Serada S et al. Transcriptional complex formation of c-Fos, STAT3, and hepatocyte NF-1α is essential for cytokine-driven C-reactive protein gene expression. J. Immunol.180, 3492–3501 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houssiau FA, Devogelaer JP, Van Damme J, de Deuxchaisnes CN, Van Snick J. Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum.31, 784–788 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshizaki K, Matsuda T, Nishimoto N et al. Pathogenic significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF-2) in Castleman’s disease. Blood74, 1360–1367 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwamoto M, Nara H, Hirata D, Minota S, Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K. Humanized monoclonal anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody for treatment of intractable adult-onset Still’s disease. Arthritis Rheum.46, 3388–3389 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato K, Tsuchiya, Saldanha J et al. Reshaping a human antibody to inhibit the interleukin-6-dependent tumor cell growth. Cancer Res.53, 851–856 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota S, Miyame T, Imagawa T et al. Therapeutic efficacy of humanized recombinant anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.52, 818–825 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota S, Imagawa T, Mori M et al. Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, withdrawal Phase III trial. Lancet371, 998–1006 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Benedetti F, Martini A. Targeting the interleukin-6 receptor: a new treatment for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis? Arthritis Rheum.52, 687–693 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual V, Allantaz F, Arce E et al. Role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the pathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and clinical aspect to IL-1 blockade. J. Exp. Med.201, 1479–1486 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurati A, Teruzzi B, Salmaso A et al. Macrophage activation syndrome during anti-IL1 receptor therapy (anakinra) in a patient affected by systemic-onset idiopathic juvenile arthritis. Paed. Rheumatol. Online3, 79–85 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Lequerre T, Quarties F, Rosellini D et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) treatment in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult onset Still disease: preliminary experience in France. Ann. Rheum. Dis.67, 302–308 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty RE, Southwood TR, Manners P et al. International League of Association for Rheumatology. International League Association for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001. J. Rheumatol.31, 390–392 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zak M, Muller J, Karup Pedersen F. Final height, armspan, subischial leg length and body proportion in juvenile chronic arthritis: a long-term follow-up study. Horm. Res.52, 80–85 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakajima S, Naruto T, Miyamae T, Imagawa T, Mori M, Nishimaki S, Yokota S. Interleukin-6 inhibits early differentiation of ATDC5 chondrogenic progenitor cells. Cytokine47, 91–97 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Immonen K, Savolainen A, Kautiainen H, Hakala M. Longterm outcome of amyloidosis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J. Rheumatol.35, 907–912 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortis E, Insalaco A. Macrophage activation syndrome in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Acta Pediatr. Suppl.95, 38–41 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Grom AA. Natural killer cell dysfunction: a common pathway in systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, macrophage activation syndrome, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis? Arthritis Rheum.50, 689–698 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janka G. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: when the immune system runs amok. Klin. Padiatr.221, 278–285 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto T, Hirano T. Molecular regulation of B lymphocyte response. Annu. Rev. Immunol.6, 485–512 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T. Interleukin-6 and its receptor: ten years later. Int. Rev. Immunol.16, 249–284 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taga T, Kishimoto T. Gp130 and the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. Annu. Rev. Immunol.15, 797–819 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaman DW, Leung S, Li X, Stark GR. Regulation of STAT-dependent pathway by growth factors and cytokines. FASEB J.10, 1578–1588 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taga T, Kishimoto T. Gp130 and the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. Ann. Rev. Immunol.15, 797–819 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Benedetti F, Pignati P, Gerloni V et al. Differences in synovial fluid cytokine levels between juvenile and adult rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol.24, 1403–1409 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanovsky AA, Almeida MC, Aronoff DM et al. Fever and hypothermia in systemic inflammation: recent discoveries and revisions. Front. Biosci.10, 2193–2216 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatti P, Vivarelli M, Meazza C, Rizzolo MG, Martini A, De Benedetti F. Abnormal regulation of interleukin 6 in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J. Rheumatol.28, 1670–1676 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grom AA. Macrophage activation syndrome and reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: the same entities? Curr. Opin Rheumatol.15, 587–590 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravelli A, Caria MC, Buratti S et al. Methotrexate as a possible trigger of macrophage activation syndrome in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J. Rheumatol.28, 865–867 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bihl F, Emmenegger U, Reichen J et al. Macrophage activation syndrome is associated with lobular hepatitis and severe duct injury with cholestasis. J. Hepatol.44, 1208–1212 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabile A, Bertoni B, Ansuini V, La Torraca I, Salli A, Rigante D. The clinical spectrum and treatment options of macrophage activation syndrome in the pediatric age. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.10, 53–59 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller LL, Miller SC, Torti SV, Tsuji Y, Torti FM. Iron-independent induction of ferritin H chain by tumor necrosis factor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA88, 4946–4950 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aulitzky WE, Tilg H, Herold M, Berger M, Vogel W, Judmaier G. Enhanced serum levels of β-2-microglobulin, neopterin, and interferon-γ in patients treated with recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α. J. Interferon Res.8, 655–664 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pucci B, Bertani F, Karpinich NO et al. Detailing the role of Bax translocation, cytochrome c release, and perinuclear clustering of the mitochondria in the killing of HeLa cells by TNF. J. Cell. Physiol.217, 442–449 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soriano ME, Nicolosi L, Bernardi P. Desensitization of the permeability transition pore by cyclosporin a prevents activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and liver damage by tumor necrosis factor-α. J. Biol. Chem.279, 36803–36808 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semb H, Peterson J, Tavernier J, Olivecrona T. Multiple effects of tumor necrosis factor on lipoprotein lipase in vivo. J. Biol. Chem.262(17), 8390–8394 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanovsky AA, Simons CT, Kulchitsky VA. ‘Biphasic’ fever often consist of more than two phases. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.275, R323–R331 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Kawai T et al. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity11, 443–451 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harden LM, du Plessis I, Poole S, Laburn HP. Interleukin-6 and leptin mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced fever and sickness behavior. Physiol. Behav.89, 146–155 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oka T, Oka K, Kobayashi T et al. Charcteristics of thermoregulatory and febrile responses in mice defiant in prostaglandin EP1 and EP3 receptors. J. Physiol.551, 945–954 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones SA, Richards PJ, Scheller J, Rose-John S. IL-6 transsignaling: the in vivo consequences. J. Interferon Cytokine Res.25, 241–253 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacober ML, Mamoni RL, Lima CS, Dos Anjos BL, Grotto HZ. Anaemia in patients with cancer: role of inflammatory activity on iron metabolism and severity of anaemia. Med. Oncol.24, 323–329 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldhuis GJ, Willemse PH, Mulder NH, Limburg PC, De Vries EG. Potential use of recombinant human interleukin-6 in clinical oncology. Leuk. Lymphoma20, 373–379 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth E, Ganz T. The role of hepcidin in iron metabolism. Acta Haematol.122, 78–86 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mima T, Nishimoto N. Clinical value of blocking IL-6 receptor. Curr. Opin Rheumatol.21, 224–230 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V, Keller C, Taudorf S, Pedersen BK. IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J. Clin. Invest.113, 1271–1276 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novick D, Engelmann H, Revel M, Leitner O, Rubinstein M. Monoclonal antibodies to the soluble human IL-6 receptor: affinity purification, ELISA, and inhibition of ligand binding. Hybridoma10, 137–146 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum.50, 1761–1769 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannini EH, Ruperto N, Ravelli A, Lovell DJ, Felson DT, Martini A. Preliminary definition of improvement in juvenile arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.40, 1202–1209 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar