295
Views
41
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Report

Defining primary bile acid diarrhea: making the diagnosis and recognizing the disorder

Pages 561-567 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Hofmann AF. The syndrome of ileal disease and the broken enterohepatic circulation: cholerheic enteropathy. Gastroenterology52(4), 752–757 (1967).
  • Hofmann AF. Bile acids: trying to understand their chemistry and biology with the hope of helping patients. Hepatology49(5), 1403–1418 (2009).
  • Westergaard H. Bile acid malabsorption. Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol.10(1), 28–33 (2007).
  • Fromm H, Hofmann AF. Breath test for altered bile-acid metabolism. Lancet2(7725), 621–625 (1971).
  • Boyd GS, Merrick MV, Monks R, Thomas IL. Se-75-labeled bile acid analogs, new radiopharmaceuticals for investigating the enterohepatic circulation. J. Nucl. Med.22(8), 720–725 (1981).
  • Merrick MV, Eastwood MA, Ford MJ. Is bile acid malabsorption underdiagnosed? An evaluation of accuracy of diagnosis by measurement of SeHCAT retention. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)290(6469), 665–668 (1985).
  • Sciarretta G, Fagioli G, Furno A et al. 75SeHCAT test in the detection of bile acid malabsorption in functional diarrhoea and its correlation with small bowel transit. Gut28(8), 970–975 (1987).
  • Ford GA, Preece JD, Davies IH, Wilkinson SP. Use of the SeHCAT test in the investigation of diarrhoea. Postgrad. Med. J.68(798), 272–276 (1992).
  • Williams AJK, Merrick MV, Eastwood MA. Idiopathic bile acid malabsorption – a review of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and response to treatment. Gut32, 1004–1006 (1991).
  • Nyhlin H, Merrick MV, Eastwood MA. Bile acid malabsorption in Crohn’s disease and indications for its assessment using SeHCAT. Gut35, 90–93 (1994).
  • Smith MJ, Cherian P, Raju GS, Dawson BF, Mahon S, Bardhan KD. Bile acid malabsorption in persistent diarrhoea. J. R. Coll. Physicians (Lond.)34, 448–451 (2000).
  • Wildt S, Rasmussen SN, Madsen JL, Rumessen JJ. Bile acid malabsorption in patients with chronic diarrhoea: clinical value of SeHCAT test. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.38, 826–830 (2003).
  • Thaysen EH, Pedersen L. Diarrhoea associated with idiopathic bile acid malabsorption. Fact or fantasy? Dan. Med. Bull.20(6), 174–177 (1973).
  • Thaysen EH, Pedersen L. Idiopathic bile acid catharsis. Gut17(12), 965–970 (1976).
  • Fromm H, Malavolti M. Bile acid induced diarrhoea. Clin. Gastroenterol.15, 567–582 (1986).
  • Wedlake L, A’Hern R, Thomas K, Walters JRF, Andreyev HJN. Systematic review: the prevalence of idiopathic bile acid malabsorption (I-BAM) as diagnosed by SeHCAT scanning in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Aliment Pharmacol. Ther.30, 707–717 (2009).
  • Ford AC. Applicability of the reported prevalence of bile salt malabsorption in irritable bowel. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther.31(1), 161–162 (2010).
  • Khalid U, Lalji A, Stafferton R, Andreyev J. Bile acid malabsorption: a forgotten diagnosis? Clin. Medicine10(2), 124–126 (2010).
  • Brydon WG, Nyhlin H, Eastwood MA, Merrick MV. Serum 7 α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and selenohomocholyltaurine (SeHCAT) whole body retention in the assessment of bile acid induced diarrhoea. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.8(2), 117–123 (1996).
  • Sauter GH, Munzing W, von Rilter C, Paumgartner G. Bile acid malabsorption as a cause of chronic diarrhea: diagnostic value of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in serum. Dig. Dis. Sci.44(1), 14–19 (1999).
  • Camilleri M, Nadeau A, Tremaine WJ et al. Measurement of serum 7 α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (or 7 αC4), a surrogate test for bile acid malabsorption in health, ileal disease and irritable bowel syndrome using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Neurogastroenterol. Motil.21(7), 734–e43 (2009).
  • Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve M, Salas A et al. Systematic evaluation of the causes of chronic watery diarrhea with functional characteristics. Am. J. Gastroenterol.102(11), 2520–2528 (2007).
  • Fan X, Sellin JH. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, bile acid malabsorption and gluten intolerance as possible causes of chronic watery diarrhoea. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.29(10), 1069–1077 (2009).
  • Spiller RC, Thompson WG. Bowel disorders. Am. J. Gastroenterol.105(4), 775–785 (2010).
  • Thomas PD, Forbes A, Green J et al. Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea, 2nd edition. Gut52(Suppl. 5), v1–v15 (2003).
  • Williams JG, Roberts SE, Ali MF et al. Gastroenterology services in the UK. The burden of disease, and the organisation and delivery of services for gastrointestinal and liver disorders: a review of the evidence. Gut56(Suppl. 1), 1–113 (2007).
  • Leeds JS, Hopper AD, Sanders DS. Coeliac disease. Br. Med. Bull.88(1), 157–170 (2008).
  • Richey R, Howdle P, Shaw E, Stokes T. Recognition and assessment of coeliac disease in children and adults: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ338, b1684 (2009).
  • Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity (‘celiac sprue’). Gastroenterology102(1), 330–354 (1992).
  • Hiatt JG, Shamsie SG, Schectman G. Discontinuation rates of cholesterol-lowering medications: implications for primary care. Am. J. Manag. Care5(4), 437–444 (1999).
  • Rossel P, Sortsoe JH, Qvist P, Arveschoug A. Prognosis of adult-onset idiopathic bile acid malabsorption. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.34(6), 587–590 (1999).
  • Wedlake L, Thomas K, Lalji A, Anagnostopoulos C, Andreyev HJN. Effectiveness and tolerability of colesevelam hydrochloride for bile-acid malabsorption in patients with cancer: a retrospective chart review and patient questionnaire. Clin. Therap.31(11), 2549–2558 (2009).
  • Walters JRF, Pattni SS. Managing bile acid diarrhoea. Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol. (2010) (In press).
  • Sollid LM, Khosla C. Future therapeutic options for celiac disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2(3), 140–147 (2005).
  • Bajor A, Kilander A, Galman C, Rudling M, Ung KA. Budesonide treatment is associated with increased bile acid absorption in collagenous colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.24(11–12), 1643–1649 (2006).
  • Ung KA, Gillberg R, Kilander A, Abrahamsson H. Role of bile acids and bile acid binding agents in patients with collagenous colitis. Gut46(2), 170–175 (2000).
  • van Tilburg AJ, de Rooij FW, van den Berg JW, van Blankenstein M. Primary bile acid diarrhoea without an ileal carrier defect: quantification of active bile acid transport across the ileal brush border membrane. Gut32(5), 500–503 (1991).
  • Bajor A, Kilander A, Fae A et al. Normal or increased bile acid uptake in isolated mucosa from patients with bile acid malabsorption. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.18(4), 397–403 (2006).
  • van Tilburg AJ, de Rooij FW, van den Berg JW, van Blankenstein M. Primary bile acid malabsorption: a pathophysiologic and clinical entity? Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl.194, 66–70 (1992).
  • Oelkers P, Kirby LC, Heubi JE, Dawson PA. Primary bile acid malabsorption caused by mutations in the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter gene (SLC10A2). J. Clin. Invest.99, 1880–1887 (1997).
  • Montagnani M, Love MW, Rössel P, Dawson PA, Qvist P. Absence of dysfunctional ileal sodium-bile acid cotransporter gene mutations in patients with adult-onset idiopathic bile acid malabsorption. Scand J. Gastroenterol.36, 1077–1080 (2001).
  • Montagnani M, Abrahamsson A, Galman C et al. Analysis of ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter and related nuclear receptor genes in a family with multiple cases of idiopathic bile acid malabsorption. World J. Gastroenterol.12(47), 7710–7714 (2006).
  • Balesaria S, Pell RJ, Abbott LJ et al. Exploring possible mechanisms for primary bile acid malabsorption: evidence for different regulation of ileal bile acid transporter transcripts in chronic diarrhoea. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.20(5), 413–422 (2008).
  • Bajor A, Ung KA, Ohman L et al. Indirect evidence for increased mechanosensitivity of jejunal secretomotor neurones in patients with idiopathic bile acid malabsorption. Acta Physiol. (Oxf.)197, 129–137 (2009).
  • Walters JRF, Tasleem AM, Omer OS, Brydon WG, Dew T, Le Roux CW. A new mechanism for bile acid diarrhea: defective feedback inhibition of bile acid biosynthesis. Clin. Gastro. Hepatol.7, 1189–1194 (2009).
  • Inagaki T, Choi M, Moschetta A et al. Fibroblast growth factor 15 functions as an enterohepatic signal to regulate bile acid homeostasis. Cell. Metab.2(4), 217–225 (2005).
  • Inagaki T, Moschetta A, Lee YK et al. Regulation of antibacterial defense in the small intestine by the nuclear bile acid receptor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(10), 3920–3925 (2006).
  • Lundasen T, Galman C, Angelin B, Rudling M. Circulating intestinal fibroblast growth factor 19 has a pronounced diurnal variation and modulates hepatic bile acid synthesis in man. J. Intern. Med.260(6), 530–536 (2006).
  • Odunsi-Shiyanbade ST, Camilleri M, McKinzie S et al. Effects of chenodeoxycholate and a bile acid sequestrant, colesevelam, on intestinal transit and bowel function. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.8(2), 159–165 (2010).
  • Tomiyama K, Maeda R, Urakawa I et al. Relevant use of Klotho in FGF19 subfamily signaling system in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA107(4), 1666–1671 (2010).
  • Hofmann AF. Chronic diarrhea caused by idiopathic bile acid malabsorption: an explanation at last. Expert Rev.Gastroenterol. Hepatol.3(5), 461–464 (2009).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.