Ulcerative colitis: prevention of relapse

References

• Yun L, Hanauer S. Selecting appropriate anti-TNF agents in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3(3), 235–248 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis. Final report on a therapeutic trial. Br. Med. J. 2(4947) 1041–1048 (1955).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron JH, Connell AM, Kanaghinis TG, Lennard-Jones JE, Jones AF. Out-patient treatment of ulcerative colitis. Comparison between three doses of oral prednisone. Br. Med. J. 2(5302), 441–443 (1962).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lichtiger S, Present DH. Preliminary report: cyclosporin in treatment of severe active ulcerative colitis. Lancet 336(8706), 16–19 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 330(26), 1841–1845 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell DP, Truelove SC. Azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: final report on controlled therapeutic trial. Br. Med. J. 4(5945), 627–630 (1974).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardizzone S, Maconi G, Russo A, Imbesi V, Colombo E, Bianchi Porro G. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylic acid for treatment of steroid dependent ulcerative colitis. Gut 55(1), 47–53 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne AB, Logan RF, Hawkey CJ et al. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine withdrawal in ulcerative colitis. BMJ 305(6844), 20–22 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(23), 2462–2476 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Hommes DW et al. Adalimumab for induction of clinical remission in moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results of a randomised controlled trial. Gut 60(6), 780–787 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faubion WA Jr, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 121(2), 255–260 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, Binder V. Course of ulcerative colitis: analysis of changes in disease activity over years. Gastroenterology 107(1), 3–11 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis SP, Stange EF, Lémann M et al.; European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO). European evidence-based consensus on the management of ulcerative colitis: current management. J. Crohns Colitis 2(1), 24–62 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdstock G, Savage D, Harman M, Wright R. Should patients with inflammatory bowel disease smoke? Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 288(6414), 362 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timmer A, Sutherland LR, Martin F. Oral contraceptive use and smoking are risk factors for relapse in Crohn’s disease. The Canadian Mesalamine for Remission of Crohn’s Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology 114(6), 1143–1150 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosnes J, Carbonnel F, Beaugerie L, Le Quintrec Y, Gendre JP. Effects of cigarette smoking on the long-term course of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 110(2), 424–431 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahid SS, Minor KS, Soto RE, Hornung CA, Galandiuk S. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 81(11), 1462–1471 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkins BM. A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(12), 1841–1854 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyko EJ, Koepsell TD, Perera DR, Inui TS. Risk of ulcerative colitis among former and current cigarette smokers. N. Engl. J. Med. 316(12), 707–710 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg E, Tysk C, Andersson K, Järnerot G. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease. A case control study. Gut 29(3), 352–357 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi S, Panza E, La Vecchia C, Parazzini F, Decarli A, Bianchi Porro G. Nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease and smoking. Am. J. Epidemiol. 125(3), 445–452 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrao G, Tragnone A, Caprilli R et al. Risk of inflammatory bowel disease attributable to smoking, oral contraception and breastfeeding in Italy: a nationwide case–control study. Cooperative Investigators of the Italian Group for the Study of the Colon and the Rectum (GISC). Int. J. Epidemiol. 27(3), 397–404 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin MV, Logan RF, Langman MJ, McConnell RB, Gilmore IT. Cigarette smoking and inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 93(2), 316–321 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García Rodríguez LA, González-Pérez A, Johansson S, Wallander MA. Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in the general population. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 22(4), 309–315 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motley RJ, Rhodes J, Ford GA et al. Time relationships between cessation of smoking and onset of ulcerative colitis. Digestion 37(2), 125–127 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi LM, Khalili H, Chan AT, Richter JM, Bousvaros A, Fuchs CS. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease in women. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107(9), 1399–1406 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaugerie L, Massot N, Carbonnel F, Cattan S, Gendre JP, Cosnes J. Impact of cessation of smoking on the course of ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96(7), 2113–2116 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calabrese E, Yanai H, Shuster D, Rubin DT, Hanauer SB. Low-dose smoking resumption in ex-smokers with refractory ulcerative colitis. J. Crohns. Colitis 6(7), 756–762 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullan RD, Rhodes J, Ganesh S et al. Transdermal nicotine for active ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 330(12), 811–815 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Offord KP et al. Transdermal nicotine for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 126(5), 364–371 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas GA, Rhodes J, Ragunath K et al. Transdermal nicotine compared with oral prednisolone therapy for active ulcerative colitis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(8), 769–776 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guslandi M, Tittobello A. Outcome of ulcerative colitis after treatment with transdermal nicotine. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10(6), 513–515 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabré E, Domènech E. Impact of environmental and dietary factors on the course of inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 18(29), 3814–3822 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner D, Shah PS, Steinhart AH, Zlotkin S, Griffiths AM. Maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease using omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil): a systematic review and meta-analyses. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 17(1), 336–345 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jess T, Riis L, Vind I et al. Changes in clinical characteristics, course, and prognosis of inflammatory bowel disease during the last 5 decades: a population-based study from Copenhagen, Denmark. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13(4), 481–489 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leo S, Leandro G, Di Matteo G, Caruso ML, Lorusso D. Ulcerative colitis in remission: it is possible to predict the risk of relapse? Digestion 44(4), 217–221 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley SA, Mani V, Goodman MJ. Why do patients with ulcerative colitis relapse? Gut 32(7), 832 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bitton A, Peppercorn MA, Antonioli DA et al. Clinical, biological, and histologic parameters as predictors of relapse in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 120(1), 13–20 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg IC, Lygren I, Jahnsen J et al.; IBSEN Study Group. Clinical course during the first 10 years of ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based inception cohort (IBSEN study). Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 44(4), 431–440 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoie O, Wolters FL, Riis L et al.; European Collaborative Study Group of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Low colectomy rates in ulcerative colitis in an unselected European cohort followed for 10 years. Gastroenterology 132(2), 507–515 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleshner PR, Vasiliauskas EA, Kam LY et al. High level perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA) in ulcerative colitis patients before colectomy predicts the development of chronic pouchitis after ileal pouch–anal anastomosis. Gut 49(5), 671–677 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson CA, Clatworthy J, Robinson A, Horne R. Factors associated with non-adherence to oral medication for inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105(3), 525–539 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane S, Huo D, Aikens J, Hanauer S. Medication nonadherence and the outcomes of patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Med. 114(1), 39–43 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins PD, Rubin DT, Kaulback K, Schoenfield PS, Kane SV. Systematic review: impact of non-adherence to 5-aminosalicylic acid products on the frequency and cost of ulcerative colitis flares. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 29(3), 247–257 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami A, Tanaka M, Ochiai R et al. Difficulties in taking aminosalicylates for patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterol. Nurs. 35(1), 24–31 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svartz N. Salazyopyrin, a new sulfanilamide preparation: A. Therapeutic results in rheumatic polyarthritis. B. Therapeutic results in ulcerative colitis. C. Toxic manifestations in treatment with sulfanilamide preparation. Acta Medica Scandinavia 110, 557–590 (1942).
   Google Scholar
• Misiewitz JJ, Lennard-Jones JE, Connell AM, Baron JH, Jones FA. Controlled trial of sulfasalazine in maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. Lancet 7378, 185–188 (1965).
   Google Scholar
• Hanauer SB. Medical therapy for ulcerative colitis 2004. Gastroenterology 126(6), 1582–1592 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 10, CD000544 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeisler B, Lerer T, Markowitz J et al. Outcome following aminosalicylate therapy in children newly diagnosed with ulcerative colitis: a prospective multi-center registry experience. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 56(1), 12–18 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Lee HJ, Jung ES, Lee JH et al. Long-term clinical outcomes and factors predictive of relapse after 5-aminosalicylate or sulfasalazine therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 59(117), 1415–1420 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoluzi OA, Iacopini F, Pica R et al. Comparison of two different daily dosages (2.4 vs. 1.2 g) of oral mesalazine in maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis patients: 1-year follow-up study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 21(9), 1111–1119 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fockens P, Mulder CJ, Tytgat GN et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 1.5 compared with 3.0 g oral slow-release mesalazine (Pentasa) in the maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis. Dutch Pentasa Study Group. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7(11), 1025–1030 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall JK, Thabane M, Steinhart AH, Newman JR, Anand A, Irvine EJ. Rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 11, CD004118 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• d’Albasio G, Trallori G, Ghetti A et al. Intermittent therapy with high-dose 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas for maintaining remission in ulcerative proctosigmoiditis. Dis. Colon Rectum 33(5), 394–397 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreoli A, Spinella S, Levenstein S, Prantera C. 5-ASA enema versus oral sulphasalazine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Ital. J. Gastroenterol. 26(3), 121–125 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mantzaris GJ, Hatzis A, Petraki K, Spiliadi C, Triantaphyllou G. Intermittent therapy with high-dose 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas maintains remission in ulcerative proctitis and proctosigmoiditis. Dis. Colon Rectum 37(1), 58–62 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• d’Albasio G, Pacini F, Camarri E et al. Combined therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid tablets and enemas for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92(7), 1143–1147 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama H, Takagi S, Kuriyama S et al. Effect of weekend 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) enema as maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: results from a randomized controlled study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13(9), 1115–1120 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AC, Khan KJ, Achkar JP, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of oral vs. topical, or combined oral and topical 5-aminosalicylates, in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107(2), 167–176; author reply 177 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Korzenik J, Lashner B et al. Once-daily dosing of delayed-release oral mesalamine (400-mg tablet) is as effective as twice-daily dosing for maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 138(4), 1286–1296, 1296.e1 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignass AU, Bokemeyer B, Adamek H et al. Mesalamine once daily is more effective than twice daily in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7(7), 762–769 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Haens G, Sandborn WJ, Barrett K, Hodgson I, Streck P. Once-daily MMX® mesalamine for endoscopic maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107(7), 1064–1077 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, MacDonald JK. Once daily oral mesalamine compared to conventional dosing for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18(9), 1785–1794 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velayos FS, Terdiman JP, Walsh JM. Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100(6), 1345–1353 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartor RB. Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel diseases: antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. Gastroenterology 126(6), 1620–1633 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rembecken BJ, Snelling AM, Pawkey PM, Chalmers DM, Axon AT. Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. Lancet 354 (9179), 635–639 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naidoo K, Gordon M, Fagbemi AO, Thomas AG, Akobeng AK. Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 12, CD007443 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Kruis W, Schütz E, Fric P, Fixa B, Judmaier G, Stolte M. Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 11(5), 853–858 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruis W, Fric P, Pokrotnieks J et al. Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine. Gut 53(11), 1617–1623 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zocco MA, dal Verme LZ, Cremonini F et al. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 23(11), 1567–1574 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildt S, Nordgaard I, Hansen U, Brockmann E, Rumessen JJ. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. J. Crohns Colitis 5(2), 115–121 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Lémann M. Review article: remission rates achievable by current therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 33(8), 870–879 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands BE. Immunosuppressive drugs in ulcerative colitis: twisting facts to suit theories? Gut 55(4), 437–441 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmer A, McDonald JW, Macdonald JK. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, CD000478 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, Kaushal V. Role of azathioprine in severe ulcerative colitis: one-year, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 19(1), 14–16 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sood A, Kaushal V, Midha V, Bhatia KL, Sood N, Malhotra V. The beneficial effect of azathioprine on maintenance of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. J. Gastroenterol. 37(4), 270–274 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maté-Jiménez J, Hermida C, Cantero-Perona J, Moreno-Otero R. 6-mercaptopurine or methotrexate added to prednisone induces and maintains remission in steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12(11), 1227–1233 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, Avasthi G. Azathioprine versus sulfasalazine in maintenance of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 22(3), 79–81 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hyams JS, Lerer T, Mack D et al.; Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group Registry. Outcome following thiopurine use in children with ulcerative colitis: a prospective multicenter registry study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 106(5), 981–987 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donoghue DP, Dawson AM, Powell-Tuck J, Bown RL, Lennard-Jones JE. Double-blind withdrawal trial of azathioprine as maintenance treatment for Crohn’s disease. Lancet 2(8097), 955–957 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lémann M, Mary JY, Colombel JF et al.; Groupe D’Etude Thérapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif. A randomized, double-blind, controlled withdrawal trial in Crohn’s disease patients in long-term remission on azathioprine. Gastroenterology 128(7), 1812–1818 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtmann MH, Krummenauer F, Claas C et al. Long-term effectiveness of azathioprine in IBD beyond 4 years: a European multicenter study in 1176 patients. Dig. Dis. Sci. 51(9), 1516–1524 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhnik Y, Lémann M, Mary JY et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with Crohn’s disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. Lancet 347(8996), 215–219 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzarisa GJ, Roussosa A, Christidoua A et al. The long-term efficacy of azathioprine does not wane after four years of continuous treatment in patients with steroid-dependent luminal Crohn’s disease. J. Crohn’s Colitis 1, 28–34 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Etchevers MJ, Aceituno M, Sans M. Are we giving azathioprine too late? The case for early immunomodulation in inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 14(36), 5512–5518 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cassinotti A, Actis GC, Duca P et al. Maintenance treatment with azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: outcome and predictive factors after drug withdrawal. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104(11), 2760–2767 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterman MT, Kundu R, Lichtenstein GR, Lewis JD. Association of 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels and inflammatory bowel disease activity: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 130(4), 1047–1053 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennard L. The clinical pharmacology of 6-mercaptopurine. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 43(4), 329–339 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JD. The utility of biomarkers in the diagnosis and therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 140(6), 1817.e2–1826.e2 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komiyama T, Yajima T, Kubota R et al. Lower doses of 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine bring enough clinical efficacy and therapeutic concentration of erythrocyte 6-mercaptopurine metabolite in Japanese IBD patients. J. Crohns. Colitis 2(4), 315–321 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Cheon JH, Hong SS et al. Influences of thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and activity on thiopurine-induced leukopenia in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 44(10), e242–e248 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naganuma M, Nagahori M, Fujii T, Morio J, Saito E, Watanabe M. Poor recall of prior exposure to varicella zoster, rubella, measles, or mumps in patients with IBD. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 19(2), 418–422 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocco G, Martelossi S, Malusa’ N et al. Interruption of mesalamine and reduction of the blood concentration of the active metabolites of azathioprine: possible causes of ulcerative colitis relapse. Dig. Dis. Sci. 53(12), 3246–3249 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell S, Ghosh S. Effective maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease remission by azathioprine does not require concurrent 5-aminosalicylate therapy. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13(11), 1297–1301 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AC, Sandborn WJ, Khan KJ, Hanauer SB, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of biological therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 106(4), 644–659, quiz 660 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P et al. Long-term infliximab maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: the ACT-1 and -2 extension studies. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18(2), 201–211 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, van Assche G, Reinisch W et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 142(2), 257.e1–265.e1 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• McDermott E, Murphy S, Keegan D, O’Donoghue D, Mulcahy H, Doherty G. Efficacy of adalimumab as a long term maintenance therapy in ulcerative colitis. J. Crohns. Colitis 7(2), 150–153 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG et al. Colectomy rate comparison after treatment of ulcerative colitis with placebo or infliximab. Gastroenterology 137(4), 1250–1260; quiz 1520 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Fidder H et al. Long-term outcome after infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis. J. Crohns Colitis 2(3), 219–225 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oussalah A, Evesque L, Laharie D et al. A multicenter experience with infliximab for ulcerative colitis: outcomes and predictors of response, optimization, colectomy, and hospitalization. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105(12), 2617–2625 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostholder E, Ahmed A, Cheifetz AS, Moss AC. Outcomes after escalation of infliximab therapy in ambulatory patients with moderately active ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 35(5), 562–567 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W et al.; SONIC Study Group. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(15), 1383–1395 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskovitz DN, Van Assche G, Maenhout B et al. Incidence of colectomy during long-term follow-up after cyclosporine-induced remission of severe ulcerative colitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4(6), 760–765 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell S, Travis S, Jewell D. Ciclosporin use in acute ulcerative colitis: a long-term experience. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17(1), 79–84 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts J, D’Haens G, Zeegers M et al. Long-term outcome of treatment with intravenous cyclosporin in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 10(2), 73–78 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Message L, Bourreille A, Laharie D et al. Efficacy of intravenous cyclosporin in moderately severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroids. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 29(3), 231–235 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Bañares F, Bertrán X, Esteve-Comas M et al. Azathioprine is useful in maintaining long-term remission induced by intravenous cyclosporine in steroid-refractory severe ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 91(12), 2498–2499 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen RD, Stein R, Hanauer SB. Intravenous cyclosporin in ulcerative colitis: a five-year experience. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94(6), 1587–1592 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Saussure P, Soravia C, Morel P, Hadengue A. Low-dose oral microemulsion ciclosporin for severe, refractory ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 22(3), 203–208 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Actis GC, Lagget M, Rizzetto M et al. Long-term efficacy of oral microemulsion cyclosporin for refractory ulcerative colitis. Minerva Med. 95(1), 65–70 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogata H, Matsui T, Nakamura M et al. A randomised dose finding study of oral tacrolimus (FK506) therapy in refractory ulcerative colitis. Gut 55(9), 1255–1262 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogata H, Kato J, Hirai F et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral tacrolimus (FK506) in the management of hospitalized patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18(5), 803–808 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart DC, Macdonald JK, Feagan B. Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in refractory ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD007216 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto S, Nakase H, Mikami S et al. Long-term effect of tacrolimus therapy in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 28(5), 589–597 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart DC, Pintoffl JP, Sturm A, Wiedenmann B, Dignass AU. Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with severe steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease – a long-term follow-up. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101(5), 1048–1056 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto S, Nakase H, Matsuura M, Masuda S, Inui K, Chiba T. Tacrolimus therapy as an alternative to thiopurines for maintaining remission in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 45(6), 526–530 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naganuma M, Fujii T, Watanabe M. The use of traditional and newer calcineurin inhibitors in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Gastroenterol. 46(2), 129–137 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oren R, Arber N, Odes S et al. Methotrexate in chronic active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, randomized, Israeli multicenter trial. Gastroenterology 110(5), 1416–1421 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mañosa M, García V, Castro L et al. Methotrexate in ulcerative colitis: a Spanish multicentric study on clinical use and efficacy. J. Crohns. Colitis 5(5), 397–401 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Matary W, Vandermeer B, Griffiths AM. Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD007560 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Neurath MF, Travis SP. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review. Gut 61(11), 1619–1635 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frøslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, Vatn MH; IBSEN Group. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology 133(2), 412–422 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardizzone S, Cassinotti A, Duca P et al. Mucosal healing predicts late outcomes after the first course of corticosteroids for newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9(6), 483.e3–489.e3 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Römkens TE, Kampschreur MT, Drenth JP, van Oijen MG, de Jong DJ. High mucosal healing rates in 5-ASA-treated ulcerative colitis patients: results of a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18(11), 2190–2198 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein GR, Ramsey D, Rubin DT. Randomised clinical trial: delayed-release oral mesalazine 4.8 g/day vs. 2.4 g/day in endoscopic mucosal healing – ASCEND I and II combined analysis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 33(6), 672–678 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Rutgeerts P, Reinisch W et al. Early mucosal healing with infliximab is associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 141(4), 1194–1201 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virgin HW, Todd JA. Metagenomics and personalized medicine. Cell 147(1), 44–56 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toonen EJ, Gilissen C, Franke B et al. Validation study of existing gene expression signatures for anti-TNF treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS ONE 7(3), e33199 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plevy SE, Targan SR. Future therapeutic approaches for inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 140(6), 1838–1846 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubinsky MC, Mei L, Friedman M et al. Genome wide association (GWA) predictors of anti-TNFalpha therapeutic responsiveness in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 16(8), 1357–1366 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löwenberg M, D’Haens G. Novel targets for inflammatory bowel disease therapeutics. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 15(2), 311 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perrier C, Rutgeerts P. New drug therapies on the horizon for IBD. Dig. Dis. 30(Suppl. 1), 100–105 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh A, Leach T, Wyant T et al. Vedolizumab for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled Phase 2 dose-ranging study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18(8), 1470–1479 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Ghosh S, Panes J et al.; Study A3921063 Investigators. Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in active ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 367(7), 616–624 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannon PJ. Remestemcel-L: human mesenchymal stem cells as an emerging therapy for Crohn’s disease. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 11(9), 1249–1256 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung P, Sato T, Merlos-Suárez A et al. Isolation and in vitro expansion of human colonic stem cells. Nat. Med. 17(10), 1225–1227 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yui S, Nakamura T, Sato T et al. Functional engraftment of colon epithelium expanded in vitro from a single adult Lgr5+ stem cell. Nat. Med. 18(4), 618–623 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar