Ocular adnexal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a review of epidemiology and risk factors

References

• American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures 2010. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Krol AD, le Cessie S, Snijder S, Kluin-Nelemans JC, Kluin PM, Noordijk EM. Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL): the impact of alternative definitions tested in the Comprehensive Cancer Centre West population-based NHL registry. Ann. Oncol.14(1), 131–139 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman C, Berg JW, Cutler SJ. Occurrence and prognosis of extranodal lymphomas. Cancer29(1), 252–260 (1972).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung CY, Tarbell NJ, Lucarelli MJ et al. Ocular adnexal lymphoma: clinical behavior of distinct World Health Organization classification subtypes. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.57(5), 1382–1391 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasai K, Yamabe H, Dodo Y, Kashii S, Nagata Y, Hiraoka M. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the ocular adnexa. Acta Oncol.40(4), 485–490 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margo CE, Mulla ZD. Malignant tumors of the orbit. Analysis of the Florida Cancer Registry. Ophthalmology105(1), 185–190 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JY, Kafkala C, Foster CS. Primary intraocular lymphoma: a review. Semin. Ophthalmol.21(3), 125–133 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerstner ER, Batchelor TT. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Arch. Neurol.67(3), 291–297 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neudorfer M, Kessler A, Anteby I, Goldenberg D, Barak A. Co-existence of intraocular and orbital lymphoma. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand.82(6), 754–761 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rootman JCW, Jones D. Distribution and differential diagnosis of orbital disease. In: Diseases of the Orbit. Rootman JCW (Ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, PA, USA, 53–85, 136–142 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Carbone PP, Kaplan HS, Musshoff K, Smithers DW, Tubiana M. Report of the Committee on Hodgkin’s disease staging classification. Cancer Res.31(11), 1860–1861 (1971).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musshoff K. [Clinical staging classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas]. Strahlentherapie153(4), 218–221 (1977).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coupland SE, White VA, Rootman J, Damato B, Finger PT. A TNM-based clinical staging system of ocular adnexal lymphomas. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.133(8), 1262–1267 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H et al. A revised European–American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood84(5), 1361–1392 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Diebold J, Muller-Hermelink HK. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. A progress report. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.111(Suppl. 1), S8–S12 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardiman JW, Thiele J, Arber DA et al. The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes. Blood114(5), 937–951 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auw-Haedrich C, Coupland SE, Kapp A, Schmitt-Graff A, Buchen R, Witschel H. Long term outcome of ocular adnexal lymphoma subtyped according to the REAL classification. Revised European and American Lymphoma. Br. J. Ophthalmol.85(1), 63–69 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosado MF, Byrne GE Jr, Ding F et al. Ocular adnexal lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of a large cohort of patients with no evidence for an association with Chlamydia psittaci.Blood107(2), 467–472 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coupland SE, Krause L, Delecluse HJ et al. Lymphoproliferative lesions of the ocular adnexa. Analysis of 112 cases. Ophthalmology105(8), 1430–1441 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho EY, Han JJ, Ree HJ et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of ocular adnexal lymphomas: extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma constitutes the vast majority of ocular lymphomas among Koreans and affects younger patients. Am. J. Hematol.73(2), 87–96 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White WL, Ferry JA, Harris NL, Grove AS Jr. Ocular adnexal lymphoma. A clinicopathologic study with identification of lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type. Ophthalmology102(12), 1994–2006 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill M, Barnes C, Moriarty P, Daly P, Kennedy S. Ocular adnexal lymphoma-comparison of MALT lymphoma with other histological types. Br. J. Ophthalmol.83(6), 742–747 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuka K, Hashimoto M, Suzuki Y. High incidence of orbital malignant lymphoma in Japanese patients. Am. J. Ophthalmol.138(5), 881–882 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng CY, Hsu WM. Incidence of eye cancer in Taiwan: an 18-year review. Eye (Lond.)18(2), 152–158 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coupland SE, Hummel M, Stein H. Ocular adnexal lymphomas: five case presentations and a review of the literature. Surv. Ophthalmol.47(5), 470–490 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferry JA, Fung CY, Zukerberg L et al. Lymphoma of the ocular adnexa: a study of 353 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.31(2), 170–184 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minehan KJ, Martenson JA Jr, Garrity JA et al. Local control and complications after radiation therapy for primary orbital lymphoma: a case for low-dose treatment. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.20(4), 791–796 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du MQ. MALT lymphoma: recent advances in aetiology and molecular genetics. J. Clin. Exp. Hematop.47(2), 31–42 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J et al. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting – Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997. J. Clin. Oncol.17(12), 3835–3849 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharara N, Holden JT, Wojno TH, Feinberg AS, Grossniklaus HE. Ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferations: clinical, histologic, flow cytometric, and molecular analysis of forty-three cases. Ophthalmology110(6), 1245–1254 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez F, Lortholary O, Hermine O, Lecuit M. Infection-associated lymphomas derived from marginal zone B cells: a model of antigen-driven lymphoproliferation. Blood107(8), 3034–3044 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves FD, Linet MS, Travis LB, Devesa SS. Cancer surveillance series: non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence by histologic subtype in the United States from 1978 through 1995. J. Natl Cancer Inst.92(15), 1240–1251 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devesa SS, Fears T. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma time trends: United States and international data. Cancer Res.52(Suppl. 19), 5432s–5440s (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moslehi R, Coles FB, Schymura MJ. Descriptive epidemiology of ophthalmic and ocular adnexal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Expert Rev. Ophthalmol.6(2), 175–180 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gail MH, Pluda JM, Rabkin CS et al. Projections of the incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Natl Cancer Inst.83(10), 695–701 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartge P, Devesa SS. Quantification of the impact of known risk factors on time trends in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence. Cancer Res.52(Suppl. 19), 5566s–5569s (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eltom MA, Jemal A, Mbulaiteye SM, Devesa SS, Biggar RJ. Trends in Kaposi’s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence in the United States from 1973 through 1998. J. Natl Cancer Inst.94(16), 1204–1210 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggar RJ, Rabkin CS. The epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphomas. Curr. Opin. Oncol.4(5), 883–893 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moslehi R, Devesa SS, Schairer C, Fraumeni JF Jr. Rapidly increasing incidence of ocular non-hodgkin lymphoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst.98(13), 936–939 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjo LD, Ralfkiaer E, Prause JU et al. Increasing incidence of ophthalmic lymphoma in Denmark from 1980 to 2005. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.49(8), 3283–3288 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko YH, Kim CW, Park CS et al. REAL classification of malignant lymphomas in the Republic of Korea: incidence of recently recognized entities and changes in clinicopathologic features. Hematolymphoreticular Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists. Revised European–American lymphoma. Cancer83(4), 806–812 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shikishima K, Kawai K, Kitahara K. Pathological evaluation of orbital tumours in Japan: analysis of a large case series and 1379 cases reported in the Japanese literature. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.34(3), 239–244 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed S, Shahid RK, Sison CP, Fuchs A, Mehrotra B. Orbital lymphomas: a clinicopathologic study of a rare disease. Am. J. Med. Sci.331(2), 79–83 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton LM, Wang SS, Devesa SS, Hartge P, Weisenburger DD, Linet MS. Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992–2001. Blood107(1), 265–276 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardenstein DS. Ocular adnexal lymphoma: classification, clinical disease, and molecular biology. Ophthalmol. Clin. North Am.18(1), 187–197 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pluda J, Yarchoan R. For HIV patients survival increases the risk of lymphoma. RNA53(11), 144 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Pluda JM, Yarchoan R, Jaffe ES et al. Development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a cohort of patients with severe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on long-term antiretroviral therapy. Ann. Intern. Med.113(4), 276–282 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter J. Infectious Diseases. Gorbach S, Bartlett J, Blacklow N (Eds). WB Saunders Company, PA, USA (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Smith KA, Bradley KK, Stobierski MG, Tengelsen LA. Compendium of measures to control Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds, 2005. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.226(4), 532–539 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telfer BL, Moberley SA, Hort KP et al. Probable psittacosis outbreak linked to wild birds. Emerg. Infect. Dis.11(3), 391–397 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlier D, Leroy C, Sturbois M, Delleur V, Poulipoulis A, Vindevogel H. Increasing incidence of megabacteriosis in canaries (Serinus canarius domesticus). Vet. J.172(3), 549–552 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen D, Yuen HK, Galita DA, Chan NR, Chan CC. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in a bilateral orbital mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol.141(6), 1162–1163 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan CC, Shen D, Mochizuki M et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae genes in primary orbital lymphoma. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc.104, 62–70 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Guidoboni M, Ponzoni M et al. Evidence for an association between Chlamydia psittaci and ocular adnexal lymphomas. J. Natl Cancer Inst.96(8), 586–594 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Ponzoni M, Guidoboni M et al. Regression of ocular adnexal lymphoma after Chlamydia psittaci-eradicating antibiotic therapy. J. Clin. Oncol.23(22), 5067–5073 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Ponzoni M, Guidoboni M et al. Bacteria-eradicating therapy with doxycycline in ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma: a multicenter prospective trial. J. Natl Cancer Inst.98(19), 1375–1382 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Dolcetti R, Dognini GP et al. Chlamydophila psittaci is viable and infectious in the conjunctiva and peripheral blood of patients with ocular adnexal lymphoma: results of a single-center prospective case–control study. Int. J. Cancer123(5), 1089–1093 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJ, Guidoboni M et al. Chlamydia infection and lymphomas: association beyond ocular adnexal lymphomas highlighted by multiple detection methods. Clin. Cancer Res.14(18), 5794–5800 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo C, Ryu MH, Huh J et al. Chlamydia psittaci infection and clinicopathologic analysis of ocular adnexal lymphomas in Korea. Am. J. Hematol.82(9), 821–823 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanudet E, Zhou Y, Bacon CM et al. Chlamydia psittaci is variably associated with ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma in different geographical regions. J. Pathol.209(3), 344–351 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husain A, Roberts D, Pro B, McLaughlin P, Esmaeli B. Meta-analyses of the association between Chlamydia psittaci and ocular adnexal lymphoma and the response of ocular adnexal lymphoma to antibiotics. Cancer110(4), 809–815 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakushijin Y, Kodama T, Takaoka I et al. Absence of chlamydial infection in Japanese patients with ocular adnexal lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Int. J. Hematol.85(3), 223–230 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Cremoux P, Subtil A, Ferreri AJ et al. Re: evidence for an association between Chlamydia psittaci and ocular adnexal lymphomas. J. Natl Cancer Inst.98(5), 365–366 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracia E, Froesch P, Mazzucchelli L et al. Low prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in ocular adnexal lymphomas from Cuban patients. Leuk. Lymphoma48(1), 104–108 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder MM, Heddema ER, Pannekoek Y et al. No evidence for an association of ocular adnexal lymphoma with Chlamydia psittaci in a cohort of patients from The Netherlands. Leuk. Res.30(10), 1305–1307 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goebel N, Serr A, Mittelviefhaus H, Reinhard T, Bogdan C, Auw-Haedrich C. Chlamydia psittaci, Helicobacter pylori and ocular adnexal lymphoma – is there an association. The German experience. Leuk. Res.31(10), 1450–1452 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas RL, Fallone E, Felgar RE et al. Is there an association between ocular adnexal lymphoma and infection with Chlamydia psittaci? The University of Rochester experience. Leuk. Res.30(5), 547–551 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carugi A, Onnis A, Antonicelli G et al. Geographic variation and environmental conditions as cofactors in Chlamydia psittaci association with ocular adnexal lymphomas: a comparison between Italian and African samples. Hematol. Oncol.28(1), 20–26 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter J. Chlamydia psittaci – ‘reemergence’ of a forgotten pathogen. N. Engl. J. Med.315(3), 189–191 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lietman T, Dawson C, Osaki S. Ocular chlamydial infections. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin.38(4), 125–135 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrews BE, Major R, Palmer SR. Ornithosis in poultry workers. Lancet1(8221), 632–634 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson FW, Matheson BA, Williams H et al. Abortion due to infection with Chlamydia psittaci in a sheep farmer’s wife. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)290(6468), 592–594 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wreghitt T. Chlamydial infection of the respiratory tract. Commun. Dis. Rep. CDR Rev.3(9), R119–R124 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Wreghitt TG, Barker CE, Treharne JD, Phipps JM, Robinson V, Buttery RB. A study of human respiratory tract chlamydial infections in Cambridgeshire 1986–1988. Epidemiol. Infect.104(3), 479–488 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doglioni C, Wotherspoon AC, Moschini A, de Boni M, Isaacson PG. High incidence of primary gastric lymphoma in northeastern Italy. Lancet339(8797), 834–835 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med.330(18), 1267–1271 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan CC, Smith JA, Shen DF, Ursea R, LeHoang P, Grossniklaus HE. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) molecular signature in conjunctival mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Histol. Histopathol.19(4), 1219–1226 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Ponzoni M, Viale E et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and MALT-type lymphoma of the ocular adnexa: clinical and therapeutic implications. Hematol. Oncol.24(1), 33–37 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SB, Yang JW, Kim CS. The association between conjunctival MALT lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori.Br. J. Ophthalmol.92(4), 534–536 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenberger B, Woehrer S, Troch M et al. Assessment of the role of hepatitis C, Helicobacter pylori and autoimmunity in MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa in 45 Austrian patients. Acta Oncol.47(3), 355–359 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjo NC, Foegh P, Juhl BR et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori in conjunctival mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Ophthalmology114(1), 182–186 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daibata M, Komatsu T, Taguchi H. Human herpesviruses in primary ocular lymphoma. Leuk. Lymphoma37(3–4), 361–365 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan CC. Molecular pathology of primary intraocular lymphoma. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc.101, 275–292 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Ernberg I, Copie-Bergman C. Infectious agents and lymphoma development: molecular and clinical aspects. J. Intern. Med.265(4), 421–438 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittra RA, Pulido JS, Hanson GA, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Brummitt CF. Primary ocular Epstein–Barr virus-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in a patient with AIDS: a clinicopathologic report. Retina19(1), 45–50 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen DF, Herbort CP, Tuaillon N, Buggage RR, Egwuagu CE, Chan CC. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in primary intraocular B cell lymphoma. Mod. Pathol.14(10), 995–999 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buggage RR. Ocular manifestations of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol.14(6), 420–425 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar SR, Gill PS, Wagner DG, Dugel PU, Moudgil T, Rao NA. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated retinal lymphoma. A clinicopathologic report. Arch. Ophthalmol.112(7), 954–959 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohno T, Uchida H, Inomata H, Fukushima S, Takeshita M, Kikuchi M. Ocular manifestations of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. A clinicopathologic study. Ophthalmology100(12), 1794–1799 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer SA, Fischer J, Jones J, Gartner S, Dutcher J, Hoxie JA. Orbital T cell lymphoma in human T cell leukemia virus-I infection. Ophthalmology95(1), 110–115 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohba N, Matsumoto M, Sameshima M et al. Ocular manifestations in patients infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Jpn J. Ophthalmol.33(1), 1–12 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacoub P, Poynard T, Ghillani P et al. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. MULTIVIRC Group. Multidepartment virus C. Arthritis Rheum.42(10), 2204–2212 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermine O, Lefrere F, Bronowicki JP et al. Regression of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med.347(2), 89–94 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Casals M, Trejo O, Garcia-Carrasco M et al. Triple association between hepatitis C virus infection, systemic autoimmune diseases, and B cell lymphoma. J. Rheumatol.31(3), 495–499 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters L, Stebbing J, Mandalia S et al. Hepatitis C infection is not associated with systemic HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a cohort study. Int. J. Cancer116(1), 161–163 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Viale E, Guidoboni M et al. Clinical implications of hepatitis C virus infection in MALT-type lymphoma of the ocular adnexa. Ann. Oncol.17(5), 769–772 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnaud P, Escande MC, Lecuit M et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and MALT-type ocular adnexal lymphoma. Ann. Oncol.18(2), 400–401; author reply 401–403 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgensztern D, Rosado M, Silva O et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C infection in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in South Florida and review of the literature. Leuk. Lymphoma45(12), 2459–2464 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivero ME, Kuppermann BD, Wiley CA et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related intraocular B cell lymphoma. Arch. Ophthalmol.117(5), 616–622 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ormerod LD, Puklin JE. AIDS-associated intraocular lymphoma causing primary retinal vasculitis. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm.5(4), 271–278 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanzer MC, Font RL, O’Malley RE. Primary ocular malignant lymphoma associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology98(1), 88–91 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan CC, Buggage RR, Nussenblatt RB. Intraocular lymphoma. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol.13(6), 411–418 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Public Health Association. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual: an Official Report of the American Public Health Association. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Ekstrom-Smedby K. Epidemiology and etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma – a review. Acta Oncol.45(3), 258–271 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin D, Gutkind JS. Human tumor-associated viruses and new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cancer. Oncogene27(Suppl. 2), S31–S42 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Du MQ, Isaccson PG. Gastric MALT lymphoma: from aetiology to treatment. Lancet Oncol.3(2), 97–104 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucca E, Cavalli F. Are antibiotics the treatment of choice for gastric lymphoma? Curr. Hematol. Rep.3(1), 11–16 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verma V, Shen D, Sieving PC, Chan CC. The role of infectious agents in the etiology of ocular adnexal neoplasia. Surv. Ophthalmol.53(4), 312–331 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamesone PC. Textbook of Ophthalmology. Duke-Elder S (Ed.). Mosby, MO, USA (1954).
   Google Scholar
• Hyjek E, Isaacson PG. Primary B cell lymphoma of the thyroid and its relationship to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Hum. Pathol.19(11), 1315–1326 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royer B, Cazals-Hatem D, Sibilia J et al. Lymphomas in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome are marginal zone B cell neoplasms, arise in diverse extranodal and nodal sites, and are not associated with viruses. Blood90(2), 766–775 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman JA, Miller EB, Green L, Huszar M, Schattner A. A community-based cohort of 201 consecutive patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome in Israel: Ashkenazi patients compared with those of Sephardic descent. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.24(3), 274–280 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voulgarelis M, Dafni UG, Isenberg DA, Moutsopoulos HM. Malignant lymphoma in primary Sjogren’s syndrome: a multicenter, retrospective, clinical study by the European Concerted Action on Sjogren’s Syndrome. Arthritis Rheum.42(8), 1765–1772 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark JJ, Newsom RW, Roman J, LaRocque JC, Richardson DW. Orbital MALT lymphoma in a patient with Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a unique observation. Cancer Invest.23(7), 593–595 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrom K, Hjalgrim H, Brandt L et al. Risk of malignant lymphomas in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in their first-degree relatives. Arthritis Rheum.48(4), 963–970 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander DD, Mink PJ, Adami HO et al. The non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Int. J. Cancer120(Suppl. 12), S1–S39 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green PH, Fleischauer AT, Bhagat G, Goyal R, Jabri B, Neugut AI. Risk of malignancy in patients with celiac disease. Am. J. Med.115(3), 191–195 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card TR, West J, Holmes GK. Risk of malignancy in diagnosed coeliac disease: a 24-year prospective, population-based, cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther.20(7), 769–775 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson T, Pukkala E, Teppo L, Friman C. Increased risk of cancer in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis.51(4), 437–439 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronbaek K, D’Amore F, Schmidt K. Autoimmune phenomena in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Leuk. Lymphoma18(3–4), 311–316 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota T, Moritani S. High incidence of autoimmune disease in Japanese patients with ocular adnexal reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. Am. J. Ophthalmol.144(1), 148–149 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omoti CE, Omoti AE. Richter syndrome: a review of clinical, ocular, neurological and other manifestations. Br. J. Haematol.142(5), 709–716 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboulafia DM, Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma: still a problem in the era of HAART. AIDS Read.14(11), 605–617 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreone P, Gramenzi A, Lorenzini S et al. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Arch. Intern. Med.163(17), 1997–2004 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dotti G, Fiocchi R, Motta T et al. Epstein–Barr virus-negative lymphoproliferate disorders in long-term survivors after heart, kidney, and liver transplant. Transplantation69(5), 827–833 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan SM, Hutnik CM, Heathcote JG, Orton RB, Banerjee D. Iris lymphoma in a pediatric cardiac transplant recipient: clinicopathologic findings. Ophthalmology107(8), 1479–1482 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BL. Intraocular and central nervous system lymphoma in a cardiac transplant recipient. Ophthalmology99(6), 987–992 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizkalla K, Rodrigues S, Proulx A, Tingey DP, Heathcote JG. Primary intraocular lymphoma arising during methotrexate treatment of temporal arteritis. Can. J. Ophthalmol.40(5), 585–592 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loves SS, de Haan L, Daenen SM. Familial aggregation of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). A case report. Hered. Cancer Clin. Pract.4(3), 136–139 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang ET, Smedby KE, Hjalgrim H et al. Family history of hematopoietic malignancy and risk of lymphoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst.97(19), 1466–1474 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altieri A, Bermejo JL, Hemminki K. Familial risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other lymphoproliferative malignancies by histopathologic subtype: the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Blood106(2), 668–672 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman N, Skibola CF, Wang SS et al. Genetic variation in TNF and IL10 and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the InterLymph Consortium. Lancet Oncol.7(1), 27–38 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollinson S, Levene AP, Mensah FK et al. Gastric marginal zone lymphoma is associated with polymorphisms in genes involved in inflammatory response and antioxidative capacity. Blood102(3), 1007–1011 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinarello CA. Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease. Blood87(6), 2095–2147 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes JD, Strange RC. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and their biological consequences. Pharmacology61(3), 154–166 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucca E, Conconi A, Pedrinis E et al. Nongastric marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Blood101(7), 2489–2495 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer IA, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM et al. t(11;18)(q21;q21) is the most common translocation in MALT lymphomas. Ann. Oncol.8(10), 979–985 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott G, Katzenberger T, Greiner A et al. The t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosome translocation is a frequent and specific aberration in low-grade but not high-grade malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type. Cancer Res.57(18), 3944–3948 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wotherspoon AC, Pan LX, Diss TC, Isaacson PG. Cytogenetic study of B cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet.58(1), 35–38 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streubel B, Lamprecht A, Dierlamm J et al. T(14;18)(q32;q21) involving IGH and MALT1 is a frequent chromosomal aberration in MALT lymphoma. Blood101(6), 2335–2339 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remstein ED, Kurtin PJ, James CD, Wang XY, Meyer RG, Dewald GW. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas with t(11;18)(q21;q21) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas with aneuploidy develop along different pathogenetic pathways. Am. J. Pathol.161(1), 63–71 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiby G, Polak-Charcon S, Mardoukh C et al. Orbital marginal zone lymphomas: an immunohistochemical, polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence in situ hybridization study. Hum. Pathol.38(3), 435–442 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streubel B, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Mullauer L et al. Variable frequencies of MALT lymphoma-associated genetic aberrations in MALT lymphomas of different sites. Leukemia18(10), 1722–1726 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remstein ED, Dogan A, Einerson RR et al. The incidence and anatomic site specificity of chromosomal translocations in primary extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) in North America. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.30(12), 1546–1553 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura S, Ye H, Bacon CM et al. Clinical impact of genetic aberrations in gastric MALT lymphoma: a comprehensive analysis using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Gut56(10), 1358–1363 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li BZ, Lu HF, Zhou XY et al. Frequency of genetic aberrations in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of different sites. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi37(9), 604–608 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dierlamm J, Baens M, Wlodarska I et al. The apoptosis inhibitor gene API2 and a novel 18q gene, MLT, are recurrently rearranged in the t(11;18)(q21;q21) associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. Blood93(11), 3601–3609 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Siebert R, Yan M et al. Inactivating mutations and overexpression of BCL10, a caspase recruitment domain-containing gene, in MALT lymphoma with t(1;14)(p22;q32). Nat. Genet.22(1), 63–68 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai AG, Lu Z, Lieber MR. The t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-MALT1 translocation in MALT lymphomas is a CpG-type translocation, but the t(11;18)(q21;q21)/API2-MALT1 translocation in MALT lymphomas is not. Blood115(17), 3640–3641; author reply 3641–3642 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjo LD, Heegaard S, Prause JU, Petersen BL, Pedersen S, Ralfkiaer E. Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma in the ocular region: clinical, immunophenotypical, and cytogenetical characteristics. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.50(2), 516–522 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong LN, Liu HG, Jin HS et al. Primary ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative lesions: clinicopathologic features and genetic alterations. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi37(12), 809–814 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim WS, Honma K, Karnan S et al. Genome-wide array-based comparative genomic hybridization of ocular marginal zone B cell lymphoma: comparison with pulmonary and nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer46(8), 776–783 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nola M, Lukenda A, Bollmann M, Kalauz M, Petrovecki M, Bollmann R. Outcome and prognostic factors in ocular adnexal lymphoma. Croat. Med. J.45(3), 328–332 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konoplev S, Lin P, Qiu X, Medeiros LJ, Yin CC. Clonal relationship of extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue involving different sites. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.134(1), 112–118 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama T, Asaka M, Nakamura T, Nakamura S, Yonezumi S, Seto M. API2-MALT1 chimeric transcript is a predictive marker for the responsiveness of H. pylori eradication treatment in low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma. Gastroenterology120(7), 1884–1885 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpen B, Neubauer A, Dierlamm J et al. Translocation t(11;18) absent in early gastric marginal zone B cell lymphoma of MALT type responding to eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Blood95(12), 4014–4015 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanudet E, Ye H, Ferry J et al. A20 deletion is associated with copy number gain at the TNFA/B/C locus and occurs preferentially in translocation-negative MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa and salivary glands. J. Pathol.217(3), 420–430 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak U, Rinaldi A, Kwee I et al. The NF-κB negative regulator TNFAIP3 (A20) is inactivated by somatic mutations and genomic deletions in marginal zone lymphomas. Blood113(20), 4918–4921 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolcetti R, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJ, Doglioni C. Genetic and epigenetic changes linked to Chlamydophila psittaci-associated ocular adnexal lymphomas. Hematol. Oncol.28(1), 1–2 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maekita T, Nakazawa K, Mihara M et al. High levels of aberrant DNA methylation in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosae and its possible association with gastric cancer risk. Clin. Cancer Res.12(3 Pt 1), 989–995 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottwein E, Mukherjee N, Sachse C et al. A viral microRNA functions as an orthologue of cellular miR-155. Nature450(7172), 1096–1099 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samols MA, Skalsky RL, Maldonado AM et al. Identification of cellular genes targeted by KSHV-encoded microRNAs. PLoS Pathog.3(5), e65 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern-Ginossar N, Elefant N, Zimmermann A et al. Host immune system gene targeting by a viral miRNA. Science317(5836), 376–381 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mlotshwa S, Pruss GJ, Vance V. Small RNAs in viral infection and host defense. Trends Plant Sci.13(7), 375–382 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar