Current and future strategies for nonexudative age-related macular degeneration

References

• Evans J, Wormald R. Is the incidence of registrable age related macular degeneration increasing? Br. J. Ophthalmol.80, 9–14 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen R, Klaver CC, Vingerling JR et al. Epidemiology of age-related maculopathy: a review. Eur. J. Epidemiol.18, 845–854 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis MD, Gangnon RE, Lee LY et al. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 17. Arch. Ophthalmol.123, 1484–1498 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Tomany SC et al. Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam eye study. Ophthalmology109, 1767–1779 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Lee AJ et al. Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology114, 92–98 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canter JA, Olson LM, Spencer K et al. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism A4917G is independently associated with age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One3, e2091 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuo J, Ning B, Bojanowski CM et al. Synergic effect of polymorphisms I ERCC6 5´ flanking region and complement factor H on age-related macular degeneration predisposition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103, 9256–9261 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. A case–control study in the age-related eye disease study: Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 3. Ophthalmology107, 2224–2232 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg R, Chakravarthy U. Age related macular degeneration and micronutrient antioxidants. Curr. Eye Res.29, 387–401 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakkov IV, McClane RW, Gellerman W. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age-related macular degeneration patients. Ophthalmology109, 1780–1787 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto R. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye-disease case–control study group. JAMA272, 1413–1420 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner WE, Neuringer M, Reisbick S. Essential fatty acids: the importance of n-2 fatty acids in the retina and the brain. Nutr. Rev.50, 21–29 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Belda JL, Roma J, Vilela C. Serum vitamin E levels negatively correlate with severity of age-related macular degeneration. Mech. Ageing Dev.107, 159–164 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry75, 216–230 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration Study Group. Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study – part 1: design, subjects and procedures. J. Am. Optom. Assoc.67, 12–29 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration Study Group. Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study – part 2: antioxidant intervention and conclusions. J. Am. Optom. Assoc.67, 30–49 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bressler NM. Early detection and treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. J. Am. Board Fam. Pract.15, 142–152 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kvansakul J, Rodriguez-Carmona M, Edgar DF et al. Supplementation with the carotenoids lutein or zeaxanthin improves human visual performance. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt.26, 362–371 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cangemi FE. TOZAL Study: an open case–control study of an oral antioxidant and omega-3 supplement for dry AMD. BMC Ophthalmology7, 3 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feher J, Kovacs B, Kovacs I et al. Improvement of visual functions and fundus alterations in early age-related macular degeneration treated with a combination of acetyl-L-carnitine, n-3 fatty acids, and coenzyme Q10. Ophthalmologica219, 54–66 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newsome DA. A randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled clinical trial of a novel zinc-monocysteine compound in age-related macular degeneration. Curr. Eye Res.33, 591–598 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate DJ, Newsome DA. A novel zinc compound (zinc-monocysteine) enhances the antioxidant capacity of human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr. Eye Res.31, 675–683 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong WT, Kam WK, Cunningham D et al. Treatment of geographic atrophy by the topical administration of OT-551: results of a Phase II clinical trial. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51(12), 6131–6139 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans J. Antioxidant supplements to prevent or slow down the progression of AMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye22, 751–760 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerding H, Thelen U. Primary and secondary prophylaxis of AMD by antioxidants: current risk–benefit data. Klin. Monbl. Augenheilkd.227, 298–301 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY. Nutritional supplements for age-related macular degeneration. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol.21, 184–189 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV et al. A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102, 7227–7232 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards AO, Ritter R, Abel KJ et al. Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science308, 421–424 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S et al. Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science308, 419–421 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein RJ, Zeiss C, Chew EY et al. Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science308, 385–389 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maller JB, Fagerness JA, Reynolds RC et al. Variation in complement factor 3 is associated with risk of age-related macular degeneration. Nat. Genet.39, 1200–1201 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates JR, Sepp T, Matharu BK et al. Complement C3 variant and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med.357, 553–561 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold B, Merriam JE, Zernant J et al. Variation in factor B (BF) and complement component 2 (C2) genes is associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat. Genet.38, 458–462 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerness JA, Maller JB, Neale BM et al. Variation near complement factor I is associated with risk of advanced AMD. Eur. J. Hum. Genet.17, 100–104 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennis S, Jomary C, Mullins R et al. Association between the SERPING1 gene and age-related macular degeneration: a two-stage case–control study. Lancet372, 1828–1834 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinu V, Miller PL, Zhao H. Evidence for association between multiple complement pathway genes and AMD. Genet. Epidemiol.31, 224–237 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes AE, Orr N, Esfandiary H et al. A common CFH haplotype, with deletion of CFHR1 and CFHR3, is associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration. Nat. Genet.38, 1173–1177 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl A, Paschek L, Martin G et al. Rapamycin reduces VEGF expression in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and inhibits RPE-induced sprouting angiogenesis in vitro. FEBS Lett.582, 3097–3102 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciulla TA, Harris A, Kagemann L et al. Choroidal perfusion perturbations in non-neovascular age related macular degeneration. Br. J. Ophthalmol.86, 209–221 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparrow JR, Boulton M. RPE lipofuscin and its role in retinal pathobiology. Exp. Eye Res.80, 595–606 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radu RA, Mata NL, Nusinowitz S et al. Treatment with isotretinoin inhibits lipofuscin accumulation in a mouse model of recessive Stargardt’s macular degeneration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100, 4742–4747 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke J, Schwartz M. Preclinical evaluation of brimonidine. Surv. Ophthalmol.41S, 9–18 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Yoles E, Wheeler LA, Schwartz M. Multi2-adrenoreceptor agonists are neuroprotective in a rat model of optic nerve degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.40, 65078–65085 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler LA, Lai R, Woldemussie E. From the lab to the clinic: activation of Multi-2 agonist pathway is neuroprotective in models of retinal and optic nerve injury. Eur. J. Ophthalmol.9S, 217–221 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Osborne NN, Chidlow G. Do β-adrenoceptors and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors have similar functions in the control of intraocular pressure in the rabbit? Ophthalmologica210(5), 308–314 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne NN, Wood JP, Melena J et al. 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A agonists: potential use in glaucoma. Evidence from animal studies. Eye (Lond.)14(Pt 3B), 454–463 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar