Clinicopathologic and molecular disease prognostication for papillary thyroid cancer

References

• Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, Menck HR. A National Center database report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the US, 1985–1995. Cancer83, 2638–2648 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies L, Welch GH. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973–2002. JAMA295, 2164–2167 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colonna M, Grosclaude P, Remontet L et al. Incidence of thyroid cancer in adults recorded by French cancer registries (1978–1997). Eur. J. Cancer38(13), 1762–1768 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenreich WF, Kenigsberg J, Jacob P et al. Time trends of thyroid cancer incidence in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident. Radiat. Res.151, 617–625 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huszno B, Szybinski Z, Przybylik-Mazurek E et al. Influence of iodine deficiency and iodine prophylaxis on thyroid cancer histotypes and incidence in endemic goiter area. J. Endocrinol. Invest.26(2 Suppl.), 71–76 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verkooijen HM, Fioretta G, Pache JC et al. Diagnostic changes as a reason for the increase in papillary thyroid cancer incidence in Geneva, Switzerland. Cancer Causes Control14, 13–17 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leenhardt L, Bernier MO, Boin-Pineau MH et al. Advances in diagnostic practices affect thyroid cancer incidence in France. Eur. J. Endocrinol.150, 133–139 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surveillance Epidemiology and End-Results (SEER) Program (www.seer.cancer.gov). SEER*Stat Database: Incidence-SEER 9 Regs. Public use, november 2003 sub (1973–2001), National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, surveillance research program, cancer statistics branch, released April 2004, based on the november 2003 submission. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA (2004)
   Google Scholar
• Ries LAG, Harkins D, Krapcho D et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1997–2003 based on november 2005 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER website, 2006: SEER Surveillance Epidemiology And End Results Cancer Statistics Fact Sheets. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA 6–13 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Pinn VW. Sex and gender factors in medical studies: implications for health and clinical practice. JAMA289, 397–400 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, Menck HR. A national cancer database report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the US, 1985–1995. Cancer83, 2638–2648 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayman GL, Shellenberger TD, Ginsberg LE et al. Approach and safety of comprehensive central compartment dissection in patients with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck31(9), 1152–1163 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR et al. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid16, 109–142 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman SI, Angelos P, Ball DW et al. Thyroid carcinoma. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw.3, 404–457 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL. An overview of the management of thyroid cancer. In: Practical Management of Thyroid Cancer: a Multidisciplinary Approach. Mazzaferri EL, Harmer C, Mallick UK, Kendall-Taylor P (Eds). Springer-Verlag, London, UK 1–28 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am. J. Med.97, 418–428 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, McCormick M, Straus FH. Natural history, treatment, and course of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.71, 414–424 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT. Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86, 1447–1463 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman SI, Brierley JD, Sperling M et al. Prospective multicenter study of thyroid carcinoma treatment: initial analysis of staging and outcome. National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Study Registry Group. Cancer83, 1012–1021 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka K, Sonoo H, Hirono M et al. Retrospective analysis of predictive factors for recurrence after curatively resected papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surg. Today35, 714–719 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hung W, Sarlis NJ. Current controversies in the management of pediatric patients with well-differentiated non-medullary thyroid cancer: a review. Thyroid12, 683–702 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miccoli P, Minuto MN, Ugolini C et al. Papillary thyroid cancer: pathological parameters as prognostic factors in different classes of age. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.138(2), 200–203 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cady B. Staging in thyroid carcinoma. Cancer83, 844–847 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT. Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86(4), 1447–1463 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machens A, Holzhausen HJ, Dralle H. The prognostic value of primary tumor size in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Cancer103(11), 2269–2273 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sywak M, Pasieka J, Ogilvie T. A review of thyroid cancer with intermediate differentiation. J. Surg. Oncol.86, 44–54 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machens A, Holzhausen HJ, Lautenschläger C, Dralle H. The tall-cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of clinical risk factors. Langenbecks Arch. Surg.389(4), 278–282 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghossein RA, Leboeuf R, Patel KN et al. Tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma without extrathyroid extension: biologic behavior and clinical implications. Thyroid17(7), 655–661 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikiforov YE, Erickson LA, Nikiforova MN, Caudill CM, Lloyd RV. Solid variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: incidence, clinical–pathologic characteristics, molecular analysis, and biologic behavior. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.25(12), 1478–1484 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaram G. Cytology of columnar-cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol.22(4), 227–229 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimizu M, Hirokawa M, Manabe T. Tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with foci of columnar cell component. Virchows Arch.434(2), 173–175 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujimoto Y, Obara T, Ito Y et al. Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Clinical importance, surgical treatment, and follow-up study. Cancer66, 2306–2312 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machens A, Holzhausen HJ, Lautenschläger C, Thanh PN, Dralle H. Enhancement of lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis of thyroid carcinoma. Cancer98(4), 712–719 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miccoli P, Minuto MN, Ugolini C et al. Clinically unpredictable prognostic factors in the outcome of medullary thyroid cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer14(4), 1099–1105 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakudo K, Tang W, Ito Y, Mori I, Nakamura Y, Miyauchi A. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid in Japan: subclassification of common type and identification of low risk group. J. Clin. Pathol.57(10), 1041–1046 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA. Our approach to follicular-patterned lesions of the thyroid. J. Clin. Pathol.60(3), 244–250 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ivanova R, Soares P, Castro P, Sobrinho-Simões M. Diffuse (or multinodular) follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of ten cases of an aggressive form of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Virchows Arch.440(4), 418–424 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu J, Singh B, Tallini G et al. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of a problematic entity. Cancer107(6), 1255–1264 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA. Encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with bone metastases. Mod. Pathol.13(8), 861–865 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarzab B, Handkiewicz Junak D, Wloch J et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.27(7), 833–841 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• La Quaglia MP, Black T, Holcomb GW 3rd et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome in patients under 21 years of age who present with distant metastases: a report from the Surgical Discipline Committee of the Children’s Cancer Group. J. Pediatr. Surg.35(6), 955–959 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirallié E, Visset J, Sagan C, Hamy A, Le Bodic MF, Paineau J. Localization of cervical node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J. Surg.23(9), 970–973 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkinson JC, Franklyn JA, Olliff JF. Detection and surgical treatment of cervical lymph nodes in differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid16(2), 187–194 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kloos RT, Mazzaferri EL. A single recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin measurement predicts differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastases three to five years later. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(9), 5047–5057 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfalah H, Cranshaw I, Jany T et al. Risk factors for lateral cervical lymph node involvement in follicular thyroid carcinoma. World J. Surg.32(12), 2623–2626 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte J, Goretzki PE, Dieken J, Simon D, Röher HD. Importance of lymph node metastases in follicular thyroid cancer. World J. Surg.26(8), 1017–1022 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Podnos YD, Smith D, Wagman LD, Ellenhorn JD. The implication of lymph node metastasis on survival in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Am. Surg.71(9), 731–734 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leboulleux S, Rubino C, Baudin E et al. Prognostic factors for persistent or recurrent disease of papillary thyroid carcinoma with neck lymph node metastases and/or tumor extension beyond the thyroid capsule at initial diagnosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(10), 5723–5729 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow SM, Law SC, Chan JK, Au SK, Yau S, Lau WH. Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid – prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis and multifocality. Cancer98(1), 31–40 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes CJ, Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR. Impact of lymph node metastasis in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid: a matched-pair analysis. Head Neck18(2), 127–132 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaha AR. TNM classification of thyroid carcinoma. World J. Surg.31(5), 879–887 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miccoli P, Antonelli A, Spinelli C, Ferdeghini M, Fallahi P, Baschieri L. Completion total thyroidectomy in children with thyroid cancer secondary to the Chernobyl accident. Arch. Surg.133(1), 89–93 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlumberger M, Challeton C, De Vathaire F, Parmentier C. Treatment of distant metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J. Endocrinol. Invest.18(2), 170–172 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlumberger M, Tubiana M, De Vathaire F et al. Long-term results of treatment of 283 patients with lung and bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.63(4), 960–967 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisson JC, Giordano TJ, Jamadar DA et al. 131-I treatment of micronodular pulmonary metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer78(10), 2184–2192 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlumberger MJ. Diagnostic follow-up of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma: historical perspective and current status. J. Endocrinol. Invest.22(11 Suppl.), 3–7 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakorafas GH, Giotakis J, Stafyla V. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a surgical perspective. Cancer Treat. Rev.31(6), 423–438 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCorkle RA, Tan TH. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in cell-cycle control. Cell Biochem. Biophys.43, 451–461 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson MJ, Cobb MH Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.9, 180–186 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torii S, Nakayama K, Yamamoto T, Nishida E. Regulatory mechanisms and function of ERK MAP kinases. J. Biochem. (Tokyo)136, 557–561 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohno M, Pouyssegur J. Targeting the ERK signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Ann. Med.38, 200–211 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer KE, Pritchard CA. Raf proteins and cancer: B-Raf is identified as a mutational target. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1653, 25–40 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Viciana P, Tetsu O, Oda K et al. Cancer targets in the Ras pathway. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol.70, 461–467 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sebolt-Viciana JS, Herrera R. Targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade to treat cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer4, 937–947 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoshino R, Chatani Y, Yamori T et al. Constitutive activation of the 41-/43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in human tumors. Oncogene18, 813–822 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knauf JA, Kuroda H, Basu S, Fagin JA RET/PTC-induced dedifferentiation of thyroid cells is mediated through Y1062 signaling through SHC–RAS–MAP kinase. Oncogene22, 4406–4412 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melillo RM, Castellone MD, Guarino V et al. The RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF linear signaling cascade mediates the motile and mitogenic phenotype of thyroid cancer cells. J. Clin. Invest.115, 1068–1081 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsutake N, Miyagishi M, Mitsutake S et al. BRAF mediates RET/PTC-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in thyroid cells: functional support for requirement of the RET/PTC–RAS–BRAF pathway in papillary thyroid carcinogenesis. Endocrinology147, 1014–1019 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature417, 949–954 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhomen N, Marais R New insight into BRAF mutations in cancer. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev.17, 31–39 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnett MJ, Marais R Guilty as charged: BRAF is a human oncogene. Cancer Cell6, 313–319 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing M. BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer12, 245–262 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing M. BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer: pathogenic role, molecular bases, and clinical implications. Endocr. Rev.28(7), 742–762 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupi C, Giannini R, Ugolini C et al. Association of BRAF V600E mutation with poor clinicopathological outcomes in 500 consecutive cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92(11), 4085–4090 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porra V, Ferraro-Peyret C, Durand C et al. Silencing of the tumor suppressor gene SLC5A8 is associated with BRAF mutations in classical papillary thyroid carcinomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90, 3028–3035 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitsutake N, Knauf JA, Mitsutake S, Mesa C Jr, Zhang L, Fagin JA. Conditional BRAFV600E expression induces DNA synthesis, apoptosis, dedifferentiation, and chromosomal instability in thyroid PCCL3 cells. Cancer Res.65, 2465–2473 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knauf JA, Ma X, Smith EP et al. Targeted expression of BRAFV600E in thyroid cells of transgenic mice results in papillary thyroid cancers that undergo dedifferentiation. Cancer Res.65, 4238–4245 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing M, Westra WH, Tufano RP et al. BRAF mutation predicts a poorer clinical prognosis for papillary thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90, 6373–6379 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano TJ, Kuick R, Thomas DG et al. Molecular classification of papillary thyroid carcinoma: distinct BRAF, RAS, and RET/PTC mutation-specific gene expression profiles discovered by DNA microarray analysis. Oncogene24, 6646–6656 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oler G, Cerutti JM. High prevalence of BRAF mutation in a Brazilian cohort of patients with sporadic papillary thyroid carcinomas: correlation with more aggressive phenotype and decreased expression of iodide-metabolizing genes. Cancer115(5), 972–980 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espadinha C, Santos JR, Sobrinho LG, Bugalho MJ. Expression of iodine metabolism genes in human thyroid tissues: evidence for age and BRAFV600E mutation dependency. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)70(4), 629–635 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durante C, Puxeddu E, Ferretti E et al. BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid carcinomas inhibit genes involved in iodine metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92(7), 2840–2843 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu D, Hu S, Hou P, Jiang D, Condouris S, Xing M. Suppression of BRAF/MEK/MAP kinase pathway restores expression of iodide-metabolizing genes in thyroid cells expressing the V600E BRAF mutant. Clin. Cancer Res.13(4), 1341–1349 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lellis RA. Pathology and genetics of thyroid carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol.15, 94(8), 662–669 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Patel KN, Singh B. Molecular advances in thyroid cancer. In: Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases, Medical and Surgical Management. Terris D, Gourin CG (Eds), Thieme, NY, USA (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Roccato E, Bressan P, Sabatella G et al. Proximity of TPR and NTRK1 rearranging loci in human thyrocytes. Cancer Res.65(7), 2572–2576 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santoro M, Sabino N, Ishizaka Y et al. Involvement of RET oncogene in human tumours: specificity of RET activation to thyroid tumours. Br. J. Cancer68(3), 460–464 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongarzone I, Fugazzola L, Vigneri P et al. Age-related activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor protooncogenes RET and NTRK1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.81(5), 2006–2009 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fugazzola L, Pilotti S, Pinchera A et al. Oncogenic rearrangements of the RET proto-oncogene in papillary thyroid carcinomas from children exposed to the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Cancer Res.55(23), 5617–5620 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bounacer A, Wicker R, Caillou B et al. High prevalence of activating RET proto-oncogene rearrangements, in thyroid tumors from patients who had received external radiation. Oncogene15(11), 1263–1273 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallini G, Asa SL. RET oncogene activation in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Adv. Anath. Pathol.8, 345–354 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallini G, Santoro M, Helie M et al.RET/PTC oncogene activation defines a subset of papillary thyroid carcinomas lacking evidence of progression to poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumor phenotypes. Clin. Cancer Res.4(2), 287–294 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzi C, Cassinelli G, Pensa T et al. Inhibition of transforming activity of the RET/PTC1 oncoprotein by a 2-indolinone derivative. Int. J. Cancer85(3), 384–390 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbacid M. RAS genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem.56, 779–827 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney RE, Bishop JM. Predisposition to neoplastic transformation caused by gene replacement of H-ras1. Science260(5113), 1524–1527 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasko V, Ferrand M, Di Cristofaro J, Carayon P, Henry JF, de Micco C. Specific pattern of RAS oncogene mutations in follicular thyroid tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88(6), 2745–2752 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeniran AJ, Zhu Z, Gandhi M et al. Correlation between genetic alterations and microscopic features, clinical manifestations, and prognostic characteristics of thyroid papillary carcinomas. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.30(2), 216–222 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngan ES, Lang BH, Liu T et al. A germline mutation (A339V) in thyroid transcription factor-1 (TITF-1/NKX2.1) in patients with multinodular goiter and papillary thyroid carcinoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst.101(3), 162–175 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fabbro D, Di Loreto C, Beltrami CA, Belfiore A, Di Lauro R, Damante G. Expression of thyroid-specific transcription factors TTF-1 and PAX-8 in human thyroid neoplasms. Cancer Res.54(17), 4744–4749 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallini G. Molecular pathobiology of thyroid neoplasms. Endocr. Pathol.13(4), 271–288 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroll TG, Sarraf P, Pecciarini L et al.PAX8–PPARγ1 fusion oncogene in human thyroid carcinoma (corrected). Science289(5483), 1357–1360 (2000). Erratum in: Science289 (5484), 1474 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying H, Suzuki H, Zhao L, Willingham MC, Meltzer P, Cheng SY. Mutant thyroid hormone receptor β represses the expression and transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ during thyroid carcinogenesis. Cancer Res.63(17), 5274–5280 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikiforov YE. Genetic alterations involved in the transition from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Endocr. Pathol.15(4), 319–327 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques AR, Espadinha C, Catarino AL et al. Expression of PAX8–PPARγ1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(8), 3947–3952 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikiforova MN, Biddinger PW, Caudill CM, Kroll TG, Nikiforov YE. PAX8–PPARγ rearrangement in thyroid tumors: RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.26(8), 1016–1023 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grommes C, Landreth, GE, Heneka MT. Antineoplastic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists. Lancet Oncol.5, 419–429 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli A, Rotondi M, Ferrari SM et al. Interferon-γ-inducible α-chemokine CXCL10 involvement in Graves’ ophthalmopathy: modulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91, 614–620 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohlich E, Machicao F, Wahl R. Action of thiazolidinediones on differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of normal and transformed thyrocytes in culture. Endocr. Relat. Cancer12, 291–303 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebebew E, Peng M, Reiff E et al. A Phase II trial of rosiglitazone in patients with thyroglobulin-positive and radioiodine-negative differentiated thyroid cancer. Surgery140, 960–966 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepmongkol S, Keelawat S, Honsawek S, Ruangvejvorachai P. Rosiglitazone effect on radioiodine uptake in thyroid carcinoma patients with high thyroglobulin but negative total body scan: a correlation with the expression of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ. Thyroid18, 697–704 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahin M, Allard BL, Yates M et al.PPARγ staining as a surrogate for PAX8/PPARγ fusion oncogene expression in follicular neoplasms: clinicopathological correlation and histopathological diagnostic value. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90, 463–468 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Fallahi P et al. Thiazolidinediones and antiblastics in primary human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)70(6), 946–953 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eszlinger M, Krohn K, Hauptmann S, Dralle H, Giordano TJ, Paschke R. Perspectives for improved and more accurate classification of thyroid epithelial tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93(9), 3286–3294 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detours V, Versteyhe S, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C. Gene expression profiles of post-Chernobyl thyroid cancers. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes.15(5), 440–445 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puxeddu E, Moretti S. Clinical prognosis in BRAF-mutated PTC. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol.51(5), 736–747 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krause DS, Van Etten RA. Tyrosine kinases as targets for cancer therapy. N. Engl. J. Med.353(2), 172–187 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagin JA. How thyroid tumors start and why it matters: kinase mutants as targets for solid cancer pharmacotherapy. J. Endocrinol.183(2), 249–256 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang B, Knauf JA, Smith EP et al. Inhibitors of Raf kinase activity block growth of thyroid cancer cells with RET/PTC or BRAF mutations in vitro and in vivo. Clin. Cancer Res.12(6), 1785–1793 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre NG, Buley I, Wass JA, Turner HE. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in thyroid proliferative lesions: relationship to type and tumour behaviour. Endocr. Relat. Cancer13(3), 931–944 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenberger J, Grimm D, Kossmehl P, Infanger M, Kurth E, Eilles C. Effects of PTK787/ZK222584, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on the growth of a poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: an animal study. Endocrinology145(3), 1031–1038 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younes MN, Yazici YD, Kim S, Jasser SA, El-Naggar AK, Myers JN. Dual epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibition with NVP-AEE788 for the treatment of aggressive follicular thyroid cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.12(11 Pt 1), 3425–3434 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knauf JA, Ma X, Smith EP et al. Targeted expression of BRAFV600E in thyroid cells of transgenic mice results in papillary thyroid cancers that undergo dedifferentiation. Cancer Res.65(10), 4238–4245 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro M, Carlomagno F. Drug insight: Small-molecule inhibitors of protein kinases in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab.2(1), 42–52 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polverino A, Coxon A, Starnes C et al. AMG 706, an oral, multikinase inhibitor that selectively targets vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and kit receptors, potently inhibits angiogenesis and induces regression in tumor xenografts. Cancer Res.66(17), 8715–8721 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlomagno F, Anaganti S, Guida T et al. BAY 43-9006 inhibition of oncogenic RET mutants. J. Natl Cancer Inst.98(5), 326–334 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DW, Jo YS, Jung HS et al. An orally administered multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, SU11248, is a novel potent inhibitor of thyroid oncogenic RET/papillary thyroid cancer kinases. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(10), 4070–4076 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal M, Wells S, Ryan A, Cagan R. ZD6474 suppresses oncogenic RET isoforms in a Drosophila model for type 2 multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Res.65(9), 3538–3541 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boughton D, Rosen L, Van Vugt A et al. Safety and antitumor activity of AMG 706 in patients (pts) with thyroid cancer (TC): a subset analysis from a Phase 1 dose-finding study. Program and abstracts at the 42nd Annual ASCO Meeting. Atlanta, GA, USA, 2–6 June 2006 (Abstract 3030).
   Google Scholar
• Kim S, Rosen LS, Cohen EE et al. A Phase II study of axinitib (AG-013736), a potent inhibitor of VEGFRs, in patients with advanced thyroid cancer. Program and abstracts at the 42nd Annual ASCO Meeting. Atlanta, GA, USA, 2–6 June 2006 (Abstract 5529).
   Google Scholar
• Kloos R, Ringel M, Knopp M et al. Significant clinical and biologic activity of RAF/VEGF-R kinase inhibitor BAY 43–9006 in patients with metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC): updated results of a Phase II study. Program and abstracts at the 42nd Annual ASCO Meeting. Atlanta, GA, USA, 2–6 June 2006 (Abstract 5534).
   Google Scholar
• Klopper JP, Hays WR, Sharma V, Baumbusch MA, Hershman JM, Haugen BR. Retinoid X receptor-γ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression predicts thyroid carcinoma cell response to retinoid and thiazolidinedione treatment. Mol. Cancer Ther.3(8), 1011–1020 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philips JC, Petite C, Willi JP, Buchegger F, Meier CA. Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, on dedifferentiated thyroid cancers. Nucl. Med. Commun.25(12), 1183–1186 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JW, Zarnegar R, Kanauchi H et al. Troglitazone, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, induces antiproliferation and redifferentiation in human thyroid cancer cell lines. Thyroid15(3), 222–231 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi N, Nakamori S, Hiraoka N et al. Antitumor effects of peroxisome proliferator activate receptor-γ ligands on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Int. J. Oncol.24(1), 89–95 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Fallahi P et al. Evaluation of the sensitivity to chemotherapeutics or thiazolidinediones of primary anaplastic thyroid cancer cells obtained by fine-needle aspiration. Eur. J. Endocrinol.159(3), 283–291 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Fallahi P et al. Primary cell cultures from anaplastic thyroid cancer obtained by fine-needle aspiration used for chemosensitivity tests. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)69(1), 148–152 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli A, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM et al. Dedifferentiated thyroid cancer: a therapeutic challenge. Biomed. Pharmacother.62(8), 559–563 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miccoli P, Berti P, Materazzi G, Minuto M, Barellini L. Minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy: five years of experience. J. Am. Coll. Surg.199(2), 243–248 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terris DJ, Opraseuth J. Minimally invasive reoperative thyroid surgery. Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am.41(6), 1199–1205 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang M, Zhang T, Mao Z et al. Effect of endoscopic thyroidectomy via anterior chest wall approach on treatment of benign thyroid tumors. J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech.19(2), 149–152 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benhidjeb T, Wilhelm T, Harlaar J et al. Natural orifice surgery on thyroid gland: totally transoral video-assisted thyroidectomy (TOVAT): report of first experimental results of a new surgical method. Surg. Endosc.23(5), 1119–1120 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perigli G, Cortesini C, Quirici E, Boni D, Cianchi F. Clinical benefits of minimally invasive techniques in thyroid surgery. World J. Surg.32(1), 45–50 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyano G, Lobe TE, Wright SK. Bilateral transaxillary endoscopic total thyroidectomy. J. Pediatr. Surg.43(2), 299–303 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miccoli P, Pinchera A, Materazzi G et al. Surgical treatment of low- and intermediate-risk papillary thyroid cancer with minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.94(5), 1618–1622 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miccoli P, Elisei R, Donatini G, Materazzi G, Berti P. Video-assisted central compartment lymphadenectomy in a patient with a positive RET oncogene: initial experience. Surg. Endosc.21(1), 120–123 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh KC, Greenspan FS, Gee L, Miller TR, Yeo PP. Pathological tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) staging for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas: a retrospective analysis of 700 patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.82(11), 3553–3562 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haigh PI, Urbach DR, Rotstein LE. Extent of thyroidectomy is not a major determinant of survival in low- or high-risk papillary thyroid cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.12(1), 81–89 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miccoli P, Minuto MN, Ugolini C et al. Intrathyroidal differentiated thyroid carcinoma: tumor size-based surgical concepts. World J. Surg.31(5), 888–894 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wanebo H, Coburn M, Teates D, Cole B. Total thyroidectomy does not enhance disease control or survival even in high-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Ann. Surg.227(6), 912–921 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wada N, Duh QY, Sugino K et al. Lymph node metastasis from 259 papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: frequency, pattern of occurrence and recurrence, and optimal strategy for neck dissection. Ann. Surg.237(3), 399–407 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giusti L, Iacconi P, Ciregia F et al. Fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: proteomic analysis to identify cancer biomarkers. J. Proteome Res.7(9), 4079–4088 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay ID, Grant CS, Taylor WF, McConahey WM. Ipsilateral lobectomy versus bilateral lobar resection in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of surgical outcome using a novel prognostic scoring system. Surgery102(6), 1088–1095 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cady B, Rossi R. An expanded view of risk-group definition in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery104(6), 947–953 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, Ebersold JR, Grant CS. Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery114(6), 1050–1057 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene FL, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Shah JP, Winchester DP. AJCC Cancer Staging Atlas (6th Edition). Springer Educational, NY, USA (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Byar DP, Green SB, Dor P et al. A prognostic index for thyroid carcinoma: a study of the E.O.R.T.C: Thyroid Cancer Cooperative Group. Eur. J. Cancer15(8), 1033–1041 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL. Long-term outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: effect of therapy. Endocr. Pract.6(6), 469–476 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Degroot LJ, Kaplan EL, McCormick M, Straus FH. Natural history, treatment, and course of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.71, 414–424 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikiforova MN, Kimura ET, Gandhi M et al. BRAF mutations in thyroid tumors are restricted to papillary carcinomas and anaplastic or poorly differentiated carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88(11), 5399–5404 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TY, Kim WB, Song JY et al. The BRAF mutation is not associated with poor prognostic factors in Korean patients with conventional papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)63(5), 588–593 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu RT, Chen YJ, Chou FF et al. No correlation between BRAFV600E mutation and clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinomas in Taiwan. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)63(4), 461–466 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abrosimov A, Saenko V, Rogounovitch T et al. Different structural components of conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma display mostly identical BRAF status. Int. J. Cancer120(1), 196–200 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim J, Giuliano AE, Turner RR et al. Lymphatic mapping establishes the role of BRAF gene mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Ann. Surg.244(5), 799–804 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park SY, Park YJ, Lee YJ et al. Analysis of differential BRAF(V600E) mutational status in multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma: evidence of independent clonal origin in distinct tumor foci. Cancer107(8), 1831–1838 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riesco-Eizaguirre G, Gutiérrez-Martínez P, García-Cabezas MA, Nistal M, Santisteban P. The oncogene BRAF V600E is associated with a high risk of recurrence and less differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma due to the impairment of Na+/I- targeting to the membrane. Endocr. Relat. Cancer13(1), 257–269 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebebew E, Weng J, Bauer J et al. The prevalence and prognostic value of BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Ann. Surg.246(3), 466–470 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisei R, Ugolini C, Viola D et al. BRAF(V600E) mutation and outcome of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: a 15-year median follow-up study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93(10), 3943–3949 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frasca F, Nucera C, Pellegriti G et al. BRAF(V600E) mutation and the biology of papillary thyroid cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer15(1), 191–205 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Yoshida H, Maruo R et al. BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma in a Japanese population: its lack of correlation with high-risk clinicopathological features and disease-free survival of patients. Endocr. J.56(1), 89–97 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing M. Comments on the Ito et al. article. The lack of clinicopathological correlation of BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer needs to be interpreted with caution. Endocr. J.56(2), 305–306 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar