79
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Peculiar features and tailored management of adult cancers occurring in pediatric age

, , &
Pages 1837-1851 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Thun MJ, DeLancey JO, Center MM et al. The global burden of cancer: priorities for prevention. Carcinogenesis31(1), 100–110 (2009).
  • Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2002: cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. IARC Cancer Base No. 5, version 2.0. IARC Press, Lyon, France (2004).
  • Conti EMS, Cercato MC, Gatta G et al. Childhood melanoma in Europe since 1978: a population-based survival study. Eur. J. Cancer37, 780–784 (2001).
  • De Vries E, Steliarova-Foucher E, Spatz A et al. Skin cancer incidence and survival in European children and adolescents (1978–1997). Report from the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System project. Eur. J. Cancer42(13), 2170–2182 (2006).
  • Strouse JJ, Fears TR, Tucker MA, Wayne AS. Pediatric melanoma: risk factor and survival analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 4753–4741 (2005).
  • Pastore G, De Salvo GL, Bisogno G et al. Evaluating the access to pediatric cancer care centres of children and adolescents with rare tumors in Italy: the TREP project. Ped. Blood Cancer53(2), 152–155 (2009).
  • Milton GW, Shaw HM, Thompson JF, McCarthy WH. Cutaneous melanoma in childhood: incidence and prognosis. Australas. J. Dermatol.38, 44–48 (1997).
  • Karlsson PM, Fredrikson M. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in children and adolescents in Sweden, 1993–2002: the increasing trend is broken. Int. J. Cancer121(2), 323–328 (2007).
  • Hayward NK. Genetics of melanoma predisposition. Oncogene22, 3053–3062 (2003).
  • Whiteman DC, Milligan A, Welch J et al. Germline CDKN2A mutations in childhood melanoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst.89, 1460 (1997).
  • Danietti M, Ferrari A, Frigerio S et al. Cutaneous melanoma on childhood and adolescence shows frequent loss of INK4A and gain of KIT. J. Invest. Dermatol.129(7), 1759–1768 (2009).
  • Uribe P, Wistuba II, Solar A et al. Comparative analysis of loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability in adult and pediatric melanoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol.27, 279–285 (2005).
  • Easton DF, Eeles RA. Genome-wide association studies in cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet.17(R2), R109–R115 (2008).
  • Pappo AS. Melanoma in children and adolescents. Eur. J. Cancer39, 2651–2661 (2003).
  • Lange JR, Palis BE, Chang DC et al. Melanoma in children and teenagers: an analysis of patients from the National Cancer Data Base. J. Clin. Oncol.25(11), 1363–1368 (2007).
  • Livestro DP, Kaine EM, Michaelson JS et al. Melanoma in the young: differences and similarities with adult melanoma: a case-matched controlled analysis. Cancer110(3), 614–624 (2007).
  • Ceballos PI, Ruiz-Maldonado R, Mihm MC Jr. Melanoma in children. N. Engl. J. Med.332, 656–662 (1995).
  • Mones JM, Ackerman AB. Melanomas in prepubescent children. Review comprehensively, critique historically, criteria diagnostically, and course biologically. Am. J. Dermatopathol.25, 223–238 (2003).
  • Sander B, Karlsson P, Rosdahl I et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Swedish children and teenagers 1973–1992: a clinico-pathological study of 130 cases. Int. J. Cancer80, 646–651 (1999).
  • Ferrari A, Bono A, Baldi M et al. Does melanoma behave better in younger children than in adults? A retrospective study on 33 cases of childhood melanoma from a single institution. Pediatrics115(3), 649–654 (2005).
  • Saenz NC, Saenz-Badillos J, Busam K et al. Childhood melanoma survival. Cancer85, 750–754 (1999).
  • Spatz A, Ruiter D, Hardmeier T et al. Melanoma in childhood: an EORTC–MCG multicenter study on the clinicopathological aspects. Int. J. Cancer4, 317–324 (1996).
  • Berk DR, LaBuz E, Dadras SS et al. Melanoma and melanocytic tumors of uncertain malignant potential in children, adolescents and young adults – the Stanford experience 1995–2008. Pediatr. Dermatol.27(3), 244–254 (2010).
  • Cerroni L, Barnhill R, Elder D et al. Melanocytic tumors of uncertain malignant potential: results of a tutorial held at the XXIX Symposium of the International Society of Dermatopathology in Graz, October 2008. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.34(3), 314–326 (2010).
  • Bauer J, Bastian BC. Distinguishing melanocytic nevi from melanoma by DNA copy number changes: comparative genomic hybridization as a research and diagnostic tool. Dermatol. Ther.9(1), 40–49 (2006).
  • Richardson SK, Tannous ZS, Mihm MC. Congenital and infantile melanoma: review of the literature and report of an uncommon variant, pigment-synthesizing melanoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.47, 77–90 (2002).
  • Butter A, Hui T, Chapdelaine J et al. Melanoma in children and the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy. J. Pediatr. Surg.40(5), 797–800 (2005).
  • Roaten JB, Partrick DA, Bensard D et al. Survival in sentinel lymph node-positive pediatric melanoma. J. Pediatr. Surg.40(6), 988–992 (2005).
  • Chao MM, Schwartz JL, Wechsler DS et al. High-risk surgically resected pediatric melanoma and adjuvant interferon therapy. Pediatr. Blood Cancer44(5), 441–448 (2005).
  • Navid F, Furman WL, Fleming M et al. The feasibility of adjuvant interferon α-2b in children with high-risk melanoma. Cancer103(4), 780–787 (2005).
  • Shah NC, Gerstle JT, Stuart M et al. Use of sentinel lymph node biopsy and high-dose interferon in pediatric patients with high-risk melanoma: the Hospital for Sick Children experience. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol.28(8), 496–500 (2006).
  • Rao BN, Pratt CB, Fleming ID et al. Colon carcinoma in children and adolescents. A review of 30 cases. Cancer55(6), 1322–1326 (1985).
  • LaQuaglia MP, Heller G, Filippa DA et al. Prognostic factors and outcome in patients 21 years and under with colorectal carcinoma. J. Pediatr. Surg.27(8), 1085–1089 (1992).
  • Pratt CB, Rao BN, Merchant TE et al. Treatment of colorectal carcinoma in adolescents and young adults with surgery, 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin/interferon-α 2a and radiation therapy. Med. Pediatr. Oncol.32(6), 459–460 (1999).
  • Radhakrishnan CN, Bruce J. Colorectal cancers in children without any predisposing factors. A report of eight cases and review of the literature. Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg.13(1), 66–68 (2003).
  • Durno C, Aronson M, Bapat B et al. Family history and molecular features of children, adolescents, and young adults with colorectal carcinoma. Gut54(8), 1146–1150 (2005).
  • Chantada GL, Perelli VB, Lombardi MG et al. Colorectal carcinoma in children, adolescents, and young adults. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol.27(1), 39–41 (2005).
  • Kravarusic D, Feigin E, Dlugy E et al. Colorectal carcinoma in childhood: a retrospective multicenter study. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.44(2), 209–211 (2007).
  • Ferrari A, Rognone A, Casanova M et al. Colorectal carcinoma in children and adolescents: the experience of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan, Italy. Pediatr. Blood Cancer50(3), 588–593 (2008).
  • Hill DA, Furman WL, Billups CA et al. Colorectal carcinoma in childhood and adolescence: a clinicopathologic review. J. Clin. Oncol.25(36), 5808–5814 (2007).
  • Saab R, Furman WL. Epidemiology and management options for colorectal cancer in children. Pediatr. Drugs10(3), 177–192 (2008).
  • Sultan I, Rodriguez-Galindo C, El-Tani H et al. Colorectal cancer in children and adolescents: a population based study of 159 cases with comparison to adult cases. Cancer116(3), 758–765 (2010).
  • Kim HC, Kim CN, Yu CS et al. Methylation of the hMLH1 and hMSH2 promoter in early-onset sporadic colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability. Int. J. Colorectal Dis.18(3), 196–202 (2003).
  • Fearon ER. Human cancer syndromes: clues to the origin and nature of cancer. Science278(5340), 1043–1050 (1997).
  • Losi L, Di Gregorio C, Pedroni M et al. Molecular genetic alterations and clinical features in early-onset colorectal carcinomas and their role for the recognition of hereditary cancer syndromes. Am. J. Gastroenterol.100(10), 2280–2287 (2005).
  • Simons AJ, Ker R, Groshen S et al. Variations in treatment of rectal cancer: the influence of hospital type and caseload. Dis. Colon Rectum40, 641–646 (1997).
  • Porter GA, Soskolne CL, Yakimets WW, Newman SC. Surgeon-related factors and outcome in rectal cancer. Ann. Surg.227, 157–167 (1998).
  • Chang MH. Decreasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma among children following universal hepatitis B immunization. Liver Int.23, 309–314 (2003).
  • Czauderna P. Adult type vs. childhood hepatocellular carcinoma – are they the same or different lesions? Biology, natural history, prognosis and treatment. Med. Pediatr. Oncol.39, 519–523 (2002).
  • Prokurat A Kluge P, Kościesza A et al. Transitional liver cell tumors (TLCT) in older children and adolescents: a novel group of aggressive hepatic tumors expressing β-catenin. Med. Pediatr. Oncol.39, 510–518 (2000).
  • Mazzaferro V, Regallia E, Doci R et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. N. Engl. J. Med.334, 693–699 (1996).
  • Haberal M, Emiroglu R, Karakayali H et al. Expanded criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation. Int. Surg.92, 110–115 (2007).
  • Tagge EP, Tagge DU, Reyes J et al. Resection, including transplantation, for hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: impact on survival. J. Pediatr. Surg.27, 292–297 (1992).
  • Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE, Sheahan DG et al. Hepatic resection vs. transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann. Surg.214, 221–229 (1991).
  • Reyes JD, Carr B, Dvorchik I et al. Liver transplantation and chemotherapy for hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular cancer in childhood and adolescence. J. Pediatr.136, 795–804 (2000).
  • Malogolowkin MH, Katzenstein H, Krailo MD et al. Feasibility and toxicity of chemoembolization for children with liver tumors. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 1279–1284 (2000).
  • Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 378–390 (2008).
  • Katzenstein HM, Krailo MD, Malogolowkin MH et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in children and adolescents: results from the Pediatric Oncology Group and the Children’s Cancer Group Intergroup Study. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 2789–2797 (2002).
  • Czauderna P, Mackinlay G, Perilongo G et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in children – results of the first prospective trial of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) – SIOPEL 1. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 2798–2804 (2002).
  • Perilongo G, Shafford E, Maibach R et al. Risk-adapted treatment for childhood hepatoblastoma. Final report of the second study of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology – SIOPEL 2. Eur. J. Cancer40, 411–421 (2004).
  • Collini P, Mattavelli F, Spinelli C, Massimino M. Treatment of sporadic nonmedullary thyroid carcinomas in pediatric age. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther.7(1), 23–30 (2007).
  • LaQuaglia MP, Corbally MT, Heller G et al. Recurrence and morbidity in differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children. Surgery104, 1149–1156 (1988).
  • Massimino M, Collini P, Fagundes Leite S et al. Conservative surgical approach for thyroid and lymph-node involvement in papillary thyroid carcinoma of childhood and adolescence. Pediatr. Blood Cancer46, 307–313 (2006).
  • Collini P, Massimino M, Fagundes Leite S, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma of childhood and adolescence: a 30-year experience at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori in Milan. Pediatr. Blood Cancer46, 300–306 (2006).
  • Collini P, Mattavelli F, Pellegrinelli A et al. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland of childhood and adolescence: morphologic subtypes, biologic behaviour and prognosis. A clinicopathologic study of 42 sporadic cases treated at a single institution during a 30-year period. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.30(11), 1420–1426 (2006).
  • Cady B. Presidential address: beyond risk groups – a new look at differentiated thyroid cancer. Surgery124, 947–957 (1998).
  • Hung W, Sarlis NJ. Current controversies in the management of pediatric patients with well-differentiated nonmedullary thyroid cancer: a review. Thyroid12(8), 683–702 (2002).
  • Rachmiel M, Charron M, Gupta A et al. Evidence-based review of treatment and follow up of pediatric patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.19(12), 1377–1393 (2006).
  • Bray F, Haugen M, Moger TA et al. Age-incidence curves of nasopharyngeal carcinoma worldwide: bimodality in low-risk populations and aetiologic implications. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.17(9), 2356–2365 (2008).
  • Ayan I, Kaytan E, Ayan N. Childhood nasopharyngeal carcinoma: from biology to treatment. Lancet Oncol.4(1), 13–21 (2003).
  • Pathmanathan R, Prasad U, Sadler R et al. Clonal proliferations of cells infected with Epstein–Barr virus in preinvasive lesions related to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med.333(11), 693–698 (1995).
  • Chang ET, Adami HO. The enigmatic epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.15(10), 1765–1777 (2006).
  • Sultan I, Casanova M, Ferrari A et al. Differential features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children and adults: a SEER study. Pediatr. Blood Cancer55(2), 279–284 (2010).
  • Langendijk JA, Leemans CR, Buter J et al. The additional value of chemotherapy to radiotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a meta-analysis of the published literature. J. Clin. Oncol.22(22), 4604–4612 (2004).
  • Pao WJ, Hustu HO, Douglass EC et al. Pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma: long term follow-up of 29 patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.17(2), 299–305 (1989).
  • Wei WI, Sham JS. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet365(9476), 2041–2054 (2005).
  • Chan SH, Ng WT, Kam KL et al. Sensorineural hearing loss after treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a longitudinal analysis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.73(5), 1335–1342 (2009).
  • Chen MC, Feng IJ, Lu CH et al. The incidence and risk of second primary cancers in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a population-based study in Taiwan over a 25-year period (1979–2003). Ann. Oncol.19(6), 1180–1186 (2008).
  • Ulger S, Ulger Z, Yildiz F, Ozyar E. Incidence of hypothyroidism after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Med. Oncol.24(1), 91–94 (2007).
  • Rodriguez-Galindo C, Wofford M, Castleberry RP et al. Preradiation chemotherapy with methotrexate, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin for pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer103(4), 850–857 (2005).
  • Mertens R, Granzen B, Lassay L et al. Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children and adolescents: definitive results of a multicenter study (NPC-91-GPOH). Cancer104(5), 1083–1089 (2005).
  • Comoli P, De Palma R, Siena S et al. Adoptive transfer of allogeneic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T cells with in vitro antitumor activity boosts LMP2-specific immune response in a patient with EBV-related nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann. Oncol.15(1), 113–117 (2004).
  • Straathof KC, Bollard CM, Popat U et al. Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with Epstein–Barr virus-specific T lymphocytes. Blood105(5), 1898–1904 (2005).
  • Laskar S, Bahl G, Muckaden M et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children: comparison of conventional and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.72(3), 728–736 (2008).
  • Varan A, Ozyar E, Corapçioğlu F et al. Pediatric and young adult nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with preradiation cisplatin and docetaxel chemotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.73(4), 1116–1120 (2009).
  • Ng SH, Chan SC, Yen TC et al. Staging of untreated nasopharyngeal carcinoma with PET/CT: comparison with conventional imaging work-up. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging36(1), 12–22 (2009).
  • Ji MF, Wang DK, Yu YL et al. Sustained elevation of Epstein–Barr virus antibody levels preceding clinical onset of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer96(4), 623–630 (2007).
  • Guzzo M, Ferrari A, Marcon I et al. Salivary gland neoplasms in children: the experience of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. Pediatr. Blood Cancer47(6), 806–810 (2006).
  • Shikhani AH, Johns ME. Tumors of the major salivary glands in children. Head Neck Surg.10(4), 257–263 (1988).
  • Sultan I, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Al-Sharabati S, Guzzo M, Casanova M, Ferrari A. Salivary gland carcinomas in children and adolescents: a population-based study, with comparison to adult cases. Head Neck (2010) (In press).
  • Okcu MF, Hicks J, Merchant TE et al. Nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas. In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology (5th Edition). Pizzo PA, Poplack DC (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA, 1033–1073 (2006).
  • Ferrari A, Casanova M. New concepts for the treatment of pediatric non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther.5(2), 307–318 (2005).
  • Ferrari A, Casanova M, Meazza C et al. Adult-type soft tissue sarcomas in pediatric age: experience at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori in Milan. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 4021–4030 (2005).
  • Ferrari A, Miceli R, Casanova M et al. Adult-type soft tissue sarcomas in paediatric age: a nomogram-based prognostic comparison with adult sarcoma. Eur. J. Cancer43(18), 2691–2697 (2007).
  • Ferrari A. Harmonizing adult and pediatric approaches to the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther.9(11), 1541–1543 (2009).
  • Sultan I, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Saab R et al. Comparing children and adults with synovial sarcoma in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program, 1983 to 2005: an analysis of 1268 patients. Cancer115(15), 3537–3547 (2009).
  • Ferrari A, Gronchi A, Casanova M et al. Synovial sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of 271 patients of all ages treated at a single institution. Cancer101, 627–634 (2004).
  • Demetri GD, Benjamin RS, Blanke CD et al. NCCN Task Force report: optimal management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) – update of the NCCN clinical practice guidelines. J. Natl Compr. Cancer Netw.5(2), S1–S29 (2007).
  • Benesch M, Wardelmann E, Ferrari A et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in children and adolescents: a comprehensive review of the current literature. Ped. Blood Cancer53, 1171–1179 (2009).
  • Janeway KA, Liegl B, Harlow B et al. Pediatric KIT–wild-type and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α–wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors share KIT activation but not mechanisms of genetic progression with adult gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res.67, 9084–9088 (2007).
  • Pappo AS, Janeway KA. Pediatric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am.23(1), 15–34, (2009).
  • Kim SY, Janeway K, Pappo A. Pediatric and wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumor: new therapeutic approaches. Curr. Opin. Oncol.22(4), 347–350 (2010).
  • Janeway KA, Zhu MJ, Barretina J et al. Strong expression of IGF1R in pediatric gastrointestinal stromal tumors without IGF1R genomic amplification. Int. J. Cancer DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25247 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Janeway KA, Albritton KH, Van Den Abbeele AD et al. Sunitinib treatment in pediatric patients with advanced GIST following failure of imatinib. Pediatr. Blood Cancer52(7), 767–771 (2009).
  • Ferrari A, Bisogno G, De Salvo GL et al. The challenge of very rare tumours in childhood: the Italian TREP project. Eur. J. Cancer43, 654–659 (2007).
  • Michalkiewicz E, Sandrini R, Figueiredo B et al. Clinical and outcome characteristics of children with adrenocortical tumors: a report from the International Paediatric Adrenocortical Tumor Registry. J. Clin. Oncol.22(5), 838–845 (2004).
  • Priest JR, Messinger Y, Finkelstein MJ et al. Treatment modality vs outcome in Type I pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) – results from The PPB Registry. Pediatr. Blood Cancer44(6), 544 (2005) (Abstract).
  • Ferrari A. The Challenge of Very Rare Pediatric Tumors: the Italian TREP Project. Educational Book, American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, 620–624 (2009).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.