35
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Bladder Cancer - Review

Novel strategies for treating relapsed/refractory urothelial carcinoma

, &
Pages 1917-1932 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J. Clin.59(4), 225–249 (2009).
  • Cookson MS, Herr HW, Zhang ZF et al. The treated natural history of high risk superficial bladder cancer: 15-year outcome. J. Urol.158(1), 62–67 (1997).
  • Grossman HB, O’Donnell MA, Cookson MS, Greenberg RE, Keane TE. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin failures and beyond: contemporary management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Rev. Urol.10(4), 281–289 (2008).
  • Stein JP, Lieskovsky G, Cote R et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J. Clin. Oncol.19(3), 666–675 (2001).
  • Milowsky MI, Stadler WM, Bajorin DF. Integration of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy and cystectomy in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int.102(9 Pt B), 1339–1344 (2008).
  • Sternberg CN, Yagoda A, Scher HI et al. Preliminary results of M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin) for transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. J. Urol.133(3), 403–407 (1985).
  • von der Maase H, Hansen SW, Roberts JT et al. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, Phase III study. J. Clin. Oncol.18(17), 3068–3077 (2000).
  • Hillcoat BL, Raghavan D, Matthews J et al. A randomized trial of cisplatin versus cisplatin plus methotrexate in advanced cancer of the urothelial tract. J. Clin. Oncol.7(6), 706–709 (1989).
  • Harker WG, Meyers FJ, Freiha FS et al. Cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine (CMV): an effective chemotherapy regimen for metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. A Northern California Oncology Group study. J. Clin. Oncol.3(11), 1463–1470 (1985).
  • Loehrer PJ Sr, Einhorn LH, Elson PJ et al. A randomized comparison of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a cooperative group study. J. Clin. Oncol.10(7), 1066–1073 (1992).
  • Saxman SB, Propert KJ, Einhorn LH et al. Long-term follow-up of a Phase III intergroup study of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a cooperative group study. J. Clin. Oncol.15(7), 2564–2569 (1997).
  • Bajorin DF, Dodd PM, Mazumdar M et al. Long-term survival in metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma and prognostic factors predicting outcome of therapy. J. Clin. Oncol.17(10), 3173–3181 (1999).
  • Roth BJ, Dreicer R, Einhorn LH et al. Significant activity of paclitaxel in advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium: a Phase II trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol.12(11), 2264–2270 (1994).
  • McCaffrey JA, Hilton S, Mazumdar M et al. Phase II trial of docetaxel in patients with advanced or metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol.15(5), 1853–1857 (1997).
  • Stadler WM, Kuzel T, Roth B, Raghavan D, Dorr FA. Phase II study of single-agent gemcitabine in previously untreated patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.15(11), 3394–3398 (1997).
  • Bamias A, Aravantinos G, Deliveliotis C et al. Docetaxel and cisplatin with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) versus MVAC with G-CSF in advanced urothelial carcinoma: a multicenter, randomized, Phase III study from the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol.22(2), 220–228 (2004).
  • Bajorin DF, McCaffrey JA, Hilton S et al. Treatment of patients with transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract with ifosfamide, paclitaxel, and cisplatin: a Phase II trial. J. Clin. Oncol.16(8), 2722–2727 (1998).
  • Bellmunt J, Guillem V, Paz-Ares L et al. Phase I–II study of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and gemcitabine in advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Spanish Oncology Genitourinary Group. J. Clin. Oncol.18(18), 3247–3255 (2000).
  • Bellmunt J, Albanell J, Gallego OS et al. Carboplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine in patients with bladder cancer who were ineligible for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Cancer70(7), 1974–1979 (1992).
  • Boccardo F, Pace M, Guarneri D et al. Carboplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine in the treatment of patients with advanced urothelial cancer. A Phase II trial. Cancer73(7), 1932–1936 (1994).
  • Bajorin DF, McCaffrey JA, Dodd PM et al. Ifosfamide, paclitaxel, and cisplatin for patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract: final report of a Phase II trial evaluating two dosing schedules. Cancer88(7), 1671–1678 (2000).
  • Hussain M, Vaishampayan U, Du W, Redman B, Smith DC. Combination paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine is an active treatment for advanced urothelial cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.19(9), 2527–2533 (2001).
  • Pectasides D, Glotsos J, Bountouroglou N et al. Weekly chemotherapy with docetaxel, gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced transitional cell urothelial cancer: a Phase II trial. Ann. Oncol.13(2), 243–250 (2002).
  • Bellmunt J, von der Maase H, Mead GM et al. Randomized Phase III study comparing paclitaxel/cisplatin/gemcitabine (PCG) and gemcitabine/cisplatin (GC) in patients with locally advanced (LA) or metastatic (M) urothelial cancer without prior systemic therapy; EORTC30987/Intergroup Study. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.25, 18S (2007) (Abstract LBA5030).
  • Gallagher DJ, Milowsky MI, Bajorin DF. Advanced bladder cancer: status of first-line chemotherapy and the search for active agents in the second-line setting. Cancer113(6), 1284–1293 (2008).
  • Bellmunt J, Choueiri TK, Fougeray R et al. Prognostic factors in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract experiencing treatment failure with platinum-containing regimens. J. Clin. Oncol.28(11), 1850–1855 (2010).
  • Bellmunt J, Paz-Ares L, Cuello M et al. Gene expression of ERCC1 as a novel prognostic marker in advanced bladder cancer patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Ann. Oncol.18(3), 522–528 (2007).
  • Smith SC, Baras AS, Lee JK, Theodorescu D. The COXEN principle: translating signatures of in vitro chemosensitivity into tools for clinical outcome prediction and drug discovery in cancer. Cancer Res.70(5), 1753–1758 (2010).
  • Goodin S, Kane MP, Rubin EH. Epothilones: mechanism of action and biologic activity. J. Clin. Oncol.22(10), 2015–2025 (2004).
  • Kowalski RJ, Giannakakou P, Hamel E. Activities of the microtubule-stabilizing agents epothilones A and B with purified tubulin and in cells resistant to paclitaxel (Taxol®). J. Biol. Chem.272(4), 2534–2541 (1997).
  • Dreicer R, Li S, Manola J et al. Phase 2 trial of epothilone B analog BMS-247550 (ixabepilone) in advanced carcinoma of the urothelium (E3800): a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer110(4), 759–763 (2007).
  • Paz-Ares L, Tabernero J, Moyano A. A Phase II study of the multi-targeted antifolate, MTA (LY231514), in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (1998) (Abstract 1307).
  • Sweeney CJ, Roth BJ, Kabbinavar FF et al. Phase II study of pemetrexed for second-line treatment of transitional cell cancer of the urothelium. J. Clin. Oncol.24(21), 3451–3457 (2006).
  • Galsky MD, Mironov S, Iasonos A et al. Phase II trial of pemetrexed as second-line therapy in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Invest. New Drugs25(3), 265–270 (2007).
  • Bennouna J, Delord JP, Campone M, Nguyen L. Vinflunine: a new microtubule inhibitor agent. Clin. Cancer Res.14(6), 1625–1632 (2008).
  • Culine S, Theodore C, De Santis M et al. A Phase II study of vinflunine in bladder cancer patients progressing after first-line platinum-containing regimen. Br. J. Cancer94(10), 1395–1401 (2006).
  • Vaughn DJ, Srinivas S, Stadler WM et al. Vinflunine in platinum-pretreated patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: results of a large Phase 2 study. Cancer115(18), 4110–4117 (2009).
  • Bellmunt J, Theodore C, Demkov T et al. Phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone after a platinum-containing regimen in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. J. Clin. Oncol.27(27), 4454–4461 (2009).
  • Metzger-Filho O, Moulin C, de Azambuja E, Ahmad A. Larotaxel: broadening the road with new taxanes. Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs18(8), 1183–1189 (2009).
  • Moore MR, Jones C, Harker G. Phase II trial of DJ-927, an oral tubulin depolymerization inhibitor, in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.24, 168s (2006) (Abstract 3591).
  • Szczesna A, Milanowski E, Juhász E. A Phase II study of DJ-927 administered orally once every three weeks as a second line therapy to subjects with locally advanced or metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer after failure of platinum-based non-taxane regimen. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.24, 667s (2006) (Abstract 17006).
  • Evans T, Dobrila R, Berardi R. A Phase II study of DJ-927 as second-line therapy in patients (pts) with advanced gastric cancer (GC) who have failed a 5-FU non taxane based regimen. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.24, 18s (2006) (Abstract 4081).
  • Sridhar SS, Canil CM, Eisen A et al. A Phase II study of single agent abraxane as second-line therapy in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol.27(Suppl.) (2009) (Abstract e16058).
  • Jimeno A. Eribulin: rediscovering tubulin as an anticancer target. Clin. Cancer Res.15(12), 3903–3905 (2009).
  • Goel S, Mita AC, Mita M et al. A Phase I study of eribulin mesylate (E7389), a mechanistically novel inhibitor of microtubule dynamics, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res.15(12), 4207–4212 (2009).
  • Tan AR, Rubin EH, Walton DC et al. Phase I study of eribulin mesylate administered once every 21 days in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res.15(12), 4213–4219 (2009).
  • Quinn DI, Aparicio A, Tsao-Wei DD et al. Phase II study of eribulin (E7389) in patients (pts) with advanced urothelial cancer (UC) – final report: a California Cancer Consortium-led NCI/CTEP-sponsored trial. J. Clin. Oncol.28(Suppl. 7) (2010) (Abstract 4539).
  • Synold T, Tsao-Wei DD, Quinn DI et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic (PK) study of eribulin (E7389) in patients (pts) with renal dysfunction (RD) and advanced urothelial cancer (UC): a California Cancer Consortium Trial. J. Clin. Oncol.28(Suppl. 7) (2010) (Abstract 2527).
  • Pao W, Miller VA. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations, small-molecule kinase inhibitors, and non-small-cell lung cancer: current knowledge and future directions. J. Clin. Oncol.23(11), 2556–2568 (2005).
  • Mok TS, Ramalingam SS. Maintenance therapy in nonsmall-cell lung cancer: a new treatment paradigm. Cancer115(22), 5143–5154 (2009).
  • Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin–paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med.361(10), 947–957 (2009).
  • Hudis CA. Trastuzumab – mechanism of action and use in clinical practice. N. Engl. J. Med.357(1), 39–51 (2007).
  • Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.351(4), 337–345 (2004).
  • Jonker DJ, O’Callaghan CJ, Karapetis CS et al. Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.357(20), 2040–2048 (2007).
  • Van Cutsem E, Kohne CH, Hitre E et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.360(14), 1408–1417 (2009).
  • Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.350(23), 2335–2342 (2004).
  • Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.26(10), 1626–1634 (2008).
  • Comen EA, Robson M. Inhibition of poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase as a therapeutic strategy for breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park)24(1), 55–62 (2010).
  • Miller K, Wang M, Gralow J et al. Paclitaxel plus bevacizumab versus paclitaxel alone for metastatic breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.357(26), 2666–2676 (2007).
  • Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D et al. Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.355(26), 2733–2743 (2006).
  • Mellinghoff IK, Wang MY, Vivanco I et al. Molecular determinants of the response of glioblastomas to EGFR kinase inhibitors. N. Engl. J. Med.353(19), 2012–2024 (2005).
  • Lonn U, Lonn S, Friberg S et al. Prognostic value of amplification of c-erb-B2 in bladder carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.1(10), 1189–1194 (1995).
  • Jimenez RE, Hussain M, Bianco FJ Jr et al. Her-2/neu overexpression in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: prognostic significance and comparative analysis in primary and metastatic tumors. Clin. Cancer Res.7(8), 2440–2447 (2001).
  • Bose R, Molina H, Patterson AS et al. Phosphoproteomic analysis of Her2/neu signaling and inhibition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(26), 9773–9778 (2006).
  • Lae M, Couturier J, Oudard S et al. Assessing HER2 gene amplification as a potential target for therapy in invasive urothelial bladder cancer with a standardized methodology: results in 1005 patients. Ann. Oncol.21(4), 815–819 (2010).
  • Hansel DE, Swain E, Dreicer R, Tubbs RR. HER2 overexpression and amplification in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is associated with MYC coamplification in a subset of cases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.130(2), 274–281 (2008).
  • Buzdar AU. Role of biologic therapy and chemotherapy in hormone receptor- and HER2-positive breast cancer. Ann. Oncol.20(6), 993–999 (2009).
  • Hussain MH, MacVicar GR, Petrylak DP et al. Trastuzumab, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor-2/neu-positive urothelial carcinoma: results of a multicenter Phase II National Cancer Institute trial. J. Clin. Oncol.25(16), 2218–2224 (2007).
  • Carney WP, Neumann R, Lipton A et al. Potential clinical utility of serum HER-2/neu oncoprotein concentrations in patients with breast cancer. Clin. Chem.49(10), 1579–1598 (2003).
  • Zhau HE, Zhang X, von Eschenbach AC et al. Amplification and expression of the c-erb B-2/neu proto-oncogene in human bladder cancer. Mol. Carcinog.3(5), 254–257 (1990).
  • Bokemeyer C, Bondarenko I, Makhson A et al. Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin with and without cetuximab in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.27(5), 663–671 (2009).
  • Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N. Engl. J. Med.354(6), 567–578 (2006).
  • Inoue K, Slaton JW, Perrotte P et al. Paclitaxel enhances the effects of the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody ImClone C225 in mice with metastatic human bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.6(12), 4874–4884 (2000).
  • Perrotte P, Matsumoto T, Inoue K et al. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody C225 inhibits angiogenesis in human transitional cell carcinoma growing orthotopically in nude mice. Clin. Cancer Res.5(2), 257–265 (1999).
  • Reck M. Gefitinib in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther.9(4), 401–412 (2009).
  • Dominguez-Escrig JL, Kelly JD, Neal DE, King SM, Davies BR. Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib in preclinical models of bladder cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.10(14), 4874–4884 (2004).
  • Philips GK, Halabi S, Sanford BL, Bajorin D, Small EJ. A Phase II trial of cisplatin (C), gemcitabine (G) and gefitinib for advanced urothelial tract carcinoma: results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 90102. Ann. Oncol.20(6), 1074–1079 (2009).
  • Jacobs MA, Wotkowicz C, Baumgart ED et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor status and the response of bladder carcinoma cells to erlotinib. J. Urol.178(4 Pt 1), 1510–1514 (2007).
  • McHugh LA, Kriajevska M, Mellon JK, Griffiths TR. Combined treatment of bladder cancer cell lines with lapatinib and varying chemotherapy regimens – evidence of schedule-dependent synergy. Urology69(2), 390–394 (2007).
  • Wulfing C, Machiels JP, Richel DJ et al. A single-arm, multicenter, open-label Phase 2 study of lapatinib as the second-line treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer115(13), 2881–2890 (2009).
  • Bernardini S, Fauconnet S, Chabannes E et al. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor as a prognostic factor in bladder cancer. J. Urol.166(4), 1275–1279 (2001).
  • Bochner BH, Cote RJ, Weidner N et al. Angiogenesis in bladder cancer: relationship between microvessel density and tumor prognosis. J. Natl Cancer Inst.87(21), 1603–1612 (1995).
  • Inoue K, Slaton JW, Karashima T et al. The prognostic value of angiogenesis factor expression for predicting recurrence and metastasis of bladder cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy. Clin. Cancer Res.6(12), 4866–4873 (2000).
  • Davies JM, Goldberg RM. First-line therapeutic strategies in metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncology (Williston Park)22(13), 1470–1479 (2008).
  • Traina TA. Bevacizumab in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park)23(4), 327–332 (2009).
  • Sandler A, Gray R, Perry MC et al. Paclitaxel–carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.355(24), 2542–2550 (2006).
  • Escudier B, Pluzanska A, Koralewski P et al. Bevacizumab plus interferon α-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind Phase III trial. Lancet370(9605), 2103–2111 (2007).
  • Hahn N, Stadler WM, Zon RT et al. A multicenter Phase II study of cisplatin (C), gemcitabine (G), and bevacizumab (B) as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC): Hoosier Oncology Group GU-0475. J. Clin. Oncol.27(Suppl. 15), (2009) (Abstract 5018).
  • Elfiky AA, Rosenberg JE. Targeting angiogenesis in bladder cancer. Curr. Oncol. Rep.11(3), 244–249 (2009).
  • Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med.356(2), 125–134 (2007).
  • Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P et al. Sunitinib versus interferon α in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med.356(2), 115–124 (2007).
  • Sternberg CN, Davis ID, Mardiak J et al. Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized Phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol.28(6), 1061–1068 (2010).
  • Sridhar SS, Winquist E, Eisen A et al. A Phase II trial of sorafenib in first-line metastatic urothelial cancer: a study of the PMH Phase II Consortium. Invest. New Drugs DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9408-4 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Dreicer R, Li H, Stein M et al. Phase 2 trial of sorafenib in patients with advanced urothelial cancer: a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer115(18), 4090–4095 (2009).
  • Sonpavde G, Jian W, Liu H et al. Sunitinib malate is active against human urothelial carcinoma and enhances the activity of cisplatin in a preclinical model. Urol. Oncol.27(4), 391–399 (2009).
  • Gallagher DJ, Milowsky MI, Gerst SR et al. Phase II study of sunitinib in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.28(8), 1373–1379 (2010).
  • Bradley DA, Dunn R, Nanus D et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II trial of maintenance sunitinib versus placebo after chemotherapy for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma: scientific rationale and study design. Clin. Genitourin. Cancer5(7), 460–463 (2007).
  • Bukowski RM, Yasothan U, Kirkpatrick P. Pazopanib. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.9(1), 17–18 (2010).
  • Wedge SR, Ogilvie DJ, Dukes M et al. ZD6474 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, and tumor growth following oral administration. Cancer Res.62(16), 4645–4655 (2002).
  • Ciardiello F, Caputo R, Damiano V et al. Antitumor effects of ZD6474, a small molecule vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with additional activity against epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Clin. Cancer Res.9(4), 1546–1556 (2003).
  • Matsumori Y, Yano S, Goto H et al. ZD6474, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, inhibits growth of experimental lung metastasis and production of malignant pleural effusions in a non-small cell lung cancer model. Oncol. Res.16(1), 15–26 (2006).
  • Herbst RS, Sun Y, Eberhardt WE et al. Vandetanib plus docetaxel versus docetaxel as second-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a randomized, double-blind Phase III trial (ZODIAC). J. Clin. Oncol.27(Suppl. 18) (2009) (Abstract CRA8003).
  • McKeage MJ, Baguley BC. Disrupting established tumor blood vessels: an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer. Cancer116(8), 1859–1871 (2010).
  • Cao Y. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic development of angiogenesis inhibitors. Adv. Cancer Res.100, 113–131 (2008).
  • Ching LM, Cao Z, Kieda C et al. Induction of endothelial cell apoptosis by the antivascular agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid. Br. J. Cancer86(12), 1937–1942 (2002).
  • Siim BG, Lee AE, Shalal-Zwain S et al. Marked potentiation of the antitumour activity of chemotherapeutic drugs by the antivascular agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA). Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.51(1), 43–52 (2003).
  • Green C, Griffiths-Johnson D, Dunmore K et al. Marked potentiation of the in vivo antitumor activity of docetaxel in a human prostate cancer xenograft by the vascular targeting agent 5,6 dimethyl xanthenone acetic acid, DMXAA. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res.46 (2005) (Abstract 2990).
  • Canes D, Chiang GJ, Billmeyer BR et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors upregulate plakoglobin expression in bladder carcinoma cells and display antineoplastic activity in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Cancer113(5), 841–848 (2005).
  • Cheung EM, Quinn DI, Tsao-Wei DD et al. Phase II study of vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) in patients with advanced transitional cell urothelial cancer (TCC) after platinum-based therapy – California Cancer Consortium/University of Pittsburgh NCI/CTEP-sponsored trial. J. Clin. Oncol.26(Suppl. 15) (2008) (Abstract 16058).
  • Shang D, Liu Y, Matsui Y et al. Demethylating agent 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine enhances susceptibility of bladder transitional cell carcinoma to cisplatin. Urology71(6), 1220–1225 (2008).
  • Kamat AM, Karashima T, Davis DW et al. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib synergizes with gemcitabine to block the growth of human 253JB-V bladder tumors in vivo. Mol. Cancer Ther.3(3), 279–290 (2004).
  • Lashinger LM, Zhu K, Williams SA et al. Bortezomib abolishes tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand resistance via a p21-dependent mechanism in human bladder and prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res.65(11), 4902–4908 (2005).
  • Gomez-Abuin G, Winquist E, Stadler WM et al. A Phase II study of PS-341 (bortezomib) in advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer. A trial of the Princess Margaret Hospital and University of Chicago Phase II consortia. Invest. New Drugs25(2), 181–185 (2007).
  • Rosenberg JE, Halabi S, Sanford BL et al. Phase II study of bortezomib in patients with previously treated advanced urothelial tract transitional cell carcinoma: CALGB 90207. Ann. Oncol.19(5), 946–950 (2008).
  • Billerey C, Chopin D, Aubriot-Lorton MH et al. Frequent FGFR3 mutations in papillary non-invasive bladder (pTa) tumors. Am. J. Pathol.158(6), 1955–1959 (2001).
  • Knowles MA. Molecular pathogenesis of bladder cancer. Int. J. Clin. Oncol.13(4), 287–297 (2008).
  • Bakkar AA, Wallerand H, Radvanyi F et al. FGFR3 and TP53 gene mutations define two distinct pathways in urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res.63(23), 8108–8112 (2003).
  • Platt FM, Hurst CD, Taylor CF et al. Spectrum of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway gene alterations in bladder cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.15(19), 6008–6017 (2009).
  • Lee SH, Lopes de Menezes D, Vora J et al. In vivo target modulation and biological activity of CHIR-258, a multitargeted growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor, in colon cancer models. Clin. Cancer Res.11(10), 3633–3641 (2005).
  • Sarker D, Molife R, Evans TR et al. A Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of TKI258, an oral, multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res.14(7), 2075–2081 (2008).
  • Yuan TL, Cantley LC. PI3K pathway alterations in cancer: variations on a theme. Oncogene27(41), 5497–5510 (2008).
  • Engelman JA, Luo J, Cantley LC. The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism. Nat. Rev. Genet.7(8), 606–619 (2006).
  • Hay N. The Akt–mTOR tango and its relevance to cancer. Cancer Cell8(3), 179–183 (2005).
  • Knowles MA, Platt FM, Ross RL, Hurst CD. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activation in bladder cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev.28(3–4), 305–316 (2009).
  • Jebar AH, Hurst CD, Tomlinson DC et al. FGFR3 and Ras gene mutations are mutually exclusive genetic events in urothelial cell carcinoma. Oncogene24(33), 5218–5225 (2005).
  • Engelman JA. Targeting PI3K signalling in cancer: opportunities, challenges and limitations. Nat. Rev. Cancer9(8), 550–562 (2009).
  • She QB, Chandarlapaty S, Ye Q et al. Breast tumor cells with PI3K mutation or HER2 amplification are selectively addicted to Akt signaling. PLoS ONE3(8), e3065 (2008).
  • Serra V, Markman B, Scaltriti M et al. NVP-BEZ235, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, prevents PI3K signaling and inhibits the growth of cancer cells with activating PI3K mutations. Cancer Res.68(19), 8022–8030 (2008).
  • Gibbons JJ, Abraham RT, Yu K. Mammalian target of rapamycin: discovery of rapamycin reveals a signaling pathway important for normal and cancer cell growth. Semin. Oncol.36(Suppl. 3), S3–S17 (2009).
  • Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Oudard S et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled Phase III trial. Lancet372(9637), 449–456 (2008).
  • Tickoo SK, Milowsky MI, Dhar N et al. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway markers in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: possible therapeutic implications. BJU Int. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09517.x (2010) (Epub ahead of print).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.