References
- Wataha JC, Hanks CT. Biological effects of palladium and risk of using palladium in dental casting alloys. J. Oral Rehabil.23, 309–320 (1996).
- World Health Organization IPCS. Environmental Health Criteria 226, Palladium. International Program on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland 14–41 (2002).
- Wataha JC. Alloys for prosthodontic restorations. J. Prosthet. Dent.87, 351–363 (2002).
- Wataha JC. Biocompatibility of dental casting alloys: a review. J. Prosthet. Dent.83, 223–234 (2000).
- Geurtsen W. Biocompatibility of dental casting alloys. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med.13, 71–84 (2002).
- Craig RG. Ceramic–metal systems. In: Restorative Dental Materials (11th Edition). Craig RG, Powers JM (Eds). Mosby, St Louis, USA 575–592 (2002).
- Roberts HW, Berzins DW, Moore BK, Charlton DG. Metal-ceramic alloys in dentistry: a review. J. Prosthodont.18, 188–194 (2009).
- Wataha JC. Noble dental alloys and solders. In: Restorative Dental Materials (11thedition). Craig RG, Powers JM (Eds), Mosby, St Louis, USA 449–478 (2002).
- Ek KH, Morrison GM, Rauch S. Environmental routes for platinum group elements to biological materials – a review. Sci. Total Environ.334–335, 21–38 (2004).
- Omori S, Shibata Y, Arimoto T, Igarashi T, Baba K, Miyazaki T. Micro-organism and cell viability on antimicrobially modified titanium. J. Dent. Res.88, 957–962 (2009).
- Adams GJ, Baltazar U, Karmonik et al. Composition of 15 different stents in superficial femoral arteries by high resolution: MRI ex vivoand in vivo. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging22, 125–135 (2005).
- Holton A, Walsh E, Anayiotos A et al. Comparative MRI compatibility of 316 L stainless steel alloy and nickel titanium alloy stents. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson.4, 423–430 (2002).
- Wang Y, Truong TN Yen C et al. Quantitative evaluation of susceptibility and shielding effects of nitinol, platinum, cobalt alloy and stainless steel stents. Magn. Reson. Med.49, 972–976 (2003).
- van Dijk LC, van Holten J, van Dijk BP, Matheijssen NA, Pattynama PM. A precious metal alloy for construction of MR imaging-compatible balloon-expandable vascular stents. Radiology.219, 284–287 (2001).
- Pignol JP, Rakovitch E, Keller BM, Sankeacha R, Chartier C. Tolerance and acceptance results of a palladium-103 permanent breast seed implant Phase I/II study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.73, 1482–1488 (2009).
- Böning K, Walter M. Palladium alloys in prosthodontics: selected aspects. Int. Dent. J.40, 289–297 (1990).
- Wirz J. [Clinical testing of alloys]. Quintessenz.41, 2039–2044 (1990).
- Vermilyea SG, Cai Z, Brantley WA, Mitchell JC. Metallurgical structure and microhardness of four new palladium-based alloys. J. Prosthodont.5, 288–294 (1996).
- Li D, Brantley WA, Guo W et al. Fatigue limits and SEM/TEM observations of facture characteristics for three Pd–Ag casting alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.18, 119–125 (2007).
- Mackert JR, Ringle RD, Fairhurst CW. High-temperature behavior of a Pd–Ag alloy for porcelain. J. Dent Res.62, 1229–1235 (1983).
- Guo WH, Brantley WA, Li D, Clark WA, Monaghan P, Heshmati RH. Annealing study of palladium–silver dental alloys: Vickers hardness measurements and SEM microstructural observations. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.18, 111–118 (2007).
- Manaranche C, Hornberger H. A proposal for the classification of dental alloys according to their resistance to corrosion. Dent. Mater.23, 1428–1437 (2007).
- Moffa JP. Alternative dental casting alloys. Dent. Clin. N. America27, 733–746 (1983).
- Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment. Classification system for cast alloys. J. Am. Dent. Assoc.109, 766 (1984).
- Wataha JC. Casting alloys, wrought alloys, and solders. In: Dental Materials: Properties and Manipulation (9th Edition). Powers JM, Wataha JC (Eds). Mosby, St Louis, USA 239–265 (2008).
- Wataha JC, Craig RG, Hanks CT. The release of elements of dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium. J. Dent. Res.70, 1014–1018 (1991).
- Wataha JC, Craig RG, Hanks CT. Element release and cytotoxicity of Pd–Cu binary alloys. Int. J. Prosthodont.8, 228–232 (1995).
- Mezger PR, Vriheof MMA, Greener EH. Corrosion resistance of three high-palladium alloys. Dent. Mater.1, 177–179 (1985).
- Sarkar NK, Berzins DW, Prasad A. Dealloying and electroformation in high-Pd dental alloys. Dent. Mater.16, 374–379 (2000).
- Tufecki E, Mitchell JC, Olesik JW et al. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy measurement of elemental release from 2 high-palladium dental casting alloys into a corrosion testing medium. J. Prosthet. Dent.87, 80–85 (2002).
- Wataha JC, Lockwood PE. Release of elements from dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium over 10 months. Dent. Mater.14, 158–163 (1998).
- Syverud M, Dahl JE, Hero H, Morisbak E. Corrosion and biocompatibility testing of palladium alloys castings. Dent. Mater.17, 7–13 (2001).
- Goehlich V, Marek M. Corrosion behavior of Pd–Cu and Pd–Co alloys in synthetic saliva. Dent. Mater.6, 103–110 (1990).
- Berzins DW, Dawashima I, Graves R, Sarkar NK. Electrochemical characteristics of high-Pd alloys in relation to Pd-allergy. Dent. Mater.16, 266–273 (2000).
- Joska L, Poddana M, Leitner J. Corrosion behavior of palladium-silver-copper alloys in model saliva. Dent. Mater.24, 100–1016 (2008).
- Viennot S, Dalard F, Lissac M, Grosgogeat B. Corrosion resistance of cobalt-chromium and palladium–silver alloys used in fixed prosthetic restorations. Eur. J. Oral Sci.113, 90–95 (2005).
- Joska L, Marek M, Leitner J. The mechanism of corrosion of palladium–silver binary alloys in artificial saliva. Biomaterials26, 1605–1611 (2005).
- Garhammer P, Schmalz G, Hiller KA, Reitinger T. Metal content of biopsies adjacent to dental cast alloys. Clin. Oral Invest.7, 92–97 (2003).
- Garhammer P, Hiller KA, Reitinger T, Schmalz G. Metal content of saliva of patients with and without metal restorations. Clin. Oral Invest.8, 238–242 (2004).
- Berzins DW, Kawashima I, Graves R, Sarkar NK. Heat treatment effects on electrochemical corrosion parameters of high-Pd alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.19, 335–341 (2008).
- Aberer W, Holub H, Stohal R, Slavicek R. Palladium in dental alloys-the dermatologist’s responsibility to warn? Contact Dermatitis28, 163–165 (1993).
- Garau V, Masala MG, Cortis MC, Pitau R. Contact stomatitis due to palladium in dental alloys: a clinical report. J. Prosthet. Dent.93, 318–320 (2005).
- Cai Z, Chu X, Bradway SD et al. On the biocompatibility of high-palladium dental alloys. Cells Mater.5, 357–368 (1995).
- van Ketel WG, Niebber C. Allergy to palladium in dental alloys. Contact Dermatitis7, 331–357 (1981).
- Guerra L, Misciali C, Borrello P, Melino M. Sensitization to palladium. Contact Dermatitis19, 306–307 (1988).
- Castelain PY Castelain M. Contact dermatitis to palladium. Contact Dermatitis16, 46 (1987).
- van Joost T, Roesyanto-Mahadi ID. Combined sensitization to palladium and nickel. Contact Dermatitis22, 227 (1990).
- Downey D. Contact mucositis due to palladium. Contact Dermatitis21, 54 (1989).
- van Loon LAJ, Elsas PW, van Joost TH, Davidson CL. Contact stomatitis and dermatitis to nickel and palladium. Contact Dermatitis11, 294–297 (1984).
- Augthun M, Michtenstein M, Kammerer G. [Study of the allergic potential of palladium alloys]. Dtsch. Zhanärztl. Z.45, 480–482 (1990).
- Todd DJ, Burrows D. Patch testing with pure palladium metal in patients with sensitivity to palladium chloride. Contact Dermatitis26, 327–331 (1992).
- van Loon LAJ, Elsas PW, Bos JD, ten Harkel-Hagenaar HC, Krieg SR, Davidson CL. T-lymphocyte and Langerhans cell distribution in normal and allergically induced oral mucosa in contact with nickel-containing dental alloys. J. Oral Pathol.17, 129–113 (1988).
- Todd DJ, Handley J, Walsh M, Dolan O, Burrows D. Keratinocyte expression of class II MHC antigens in long-lasting allergic patch test reactions. Contact Dermatitis26, 22–26 (1992).
- Rapp U, Stiesch M, Reh H, Kapp A, Werfel T. Investigation of contact allergy to dental metals in 206 patients. Contact Dermatitis60, 339–343 (2009).
- Namikoshi T, Yoshimatsu T, Suga K, Fujii H. The prevalence of sensitivity to constituents of dental alloys. J. Oral Rehabil.17, 377–381 (1990).
- Rebandel P, Rudzki E. Allergy to palladium. Contact Dermatitis23, 121–122 (1990).
- Camarasa JG, Burrows D, Menne T, Wilkinson JD, Shaw S. Palladium contact sensitivity. Contact Dermatitis24, 370–371 (1991).
- Hackel H, Miller K, Elsner P, Burg G. Unusual combined sensitization to palladium and other metals. Contact Dermatitis24, 131–157 (1991).
- Santucci B, Cannistraci C, Cristaudo A, Picardo M. Multiple sensitivities to transition metals: the nickel palladium reactions. Contact Dermatitis35, 283–286 (1996).
- Schedle A, Samorapoompichit P, Rausch-Fan XH et al. Response of L-929 fibroblasts, human gingival fibroblasts, and human tissue mast cells to various metal cations. J. Dent. Res.74, 1513–1520 (1995).
- Wataha JC, Hanks CT, Craig RG. The in vitro effects of metal cations on eukaryotic cell metabolism. J. Biomed. Mater. Res.25, 1133–1149 (1991).
- Anderson JM, Miller KM. Biomaterial biocompatibility and the macrophage. Biomaterials5, 5–10 (1984).
- Wataha JC, Lewis JB, Volkmann et al. Sublethal concentrations of Au(III), Pd(II) and Ni(II) differentially alter inflammatory cytokine secretion from activated monocytes. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Appl. Biomater.69, 11–17 (2004).
- Lewis JB, Wataha JC, McCloud et al. Au(III), Pd(II), Ni(II), and Hg(II) alter NFkB signaling in THP1 monocytic cells. J. Biomed. Mater. Res.74A, 474–481 (2005).
Websites
- Handbook of Chemistry & Physics Online http://hbcpnetbase.com (Accessed March 2010)
- WebElements: the periodic table on the web http://webelements.com (Accessed March 2010)