Tackling multidrug-resistant gonorrhea: how should we prepare for the untreatable?

References

• WHO. Prevalence and incidence of selected sexually transmitted infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis, and Trichomonas vaginalis: methods and results used by WHO to generate 2005 estimates. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex. Transm. Infect. 75(1), 3–17 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Workowski KA, Berman SM, Douglas JM Jr. Emerging antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: urgent need to strengthen prevention strategies. Ann. Intern. Med. 148(8), 606–613 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkcaldy RD, Ballard RC, Dowell D. Gonococcal resistance: are cephalosporins next? Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 13(2), 196–204 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Unemo M, Golparian D, Nicholas R, Ohnishi M, Gallay A, Sednaoui P. High-level cefixime- and ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in France: novel penA mosaic allele in a successful international clone causes treatment failure. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56(3), 1273–1280 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unemo M, Golparian D, Stary A, Eigentler A. First Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain with resistance to cefixime causing gonorrhoea treatment failure in Austria, 2011. Euro. Surveill. 16(43), pii: 19998 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Ison CA, Hussey J, Sankar KN, Evans J, Alexander S. Gonorrhoea treatment failures to cefixime and azithromycin in England, 2010. Euro. Surveill. 16(14), pii: 19833 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth S, Penney P, Rooney G. Cefixime-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the UK: a time to reflect on practice and recommendations. Int. J. STD AIDS 22(5), 296–297 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unemo M, Golparian D, Syversen G, Vestrheim DF, Moi H. Two cases of verified clinical failures using internationally recommended first-line cefixime for gonorrhoea treatment, Norway, 2010. Euro. Surveill. 15(47), pii: 19721 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Cole MJ, Chisholm SA, Hoffmann S, Stary A, Lowndes CM, Ison CA; European Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections Network. European surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex. Transm. Infect. 86(6), 427–432 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin I, Sawatzky P, Allen V et al. Emergence and characterization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with decreased susceptibilities to ceftriaxone and cefixime in Canada: 2001–2010. Sex. Transm. Dis. 39(4), 316–323 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cephalosporin susceptibility among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates – United States, 2000–2010. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 60(26), 873–877 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolan GA, Sparling PF, Wasserheit JN. The emerging threat of untreatable gonococcal infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 366(6), 485–487 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnishi M, Saika T, Hoshina S et al. Ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Japan. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17(1), 148–149 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapsall J. Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2010. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Katz AR, Komeya AY, Soge OO et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae with high-level resistance to azithromycin: case report of the first isolate identified in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54(6), 841–843 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm SA, Neal TJ, Alawattegama AB, Birley HD, Howe RA, Ison CA. Emergence of high-level azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 64(2), 353–358 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soge O, Kirkcaldy R, Schafer S, Harger D, Holmes K. Failure of azithromycin treatment for urogenital gonorrhea in the United States verified by molecular typing methods. Presented at: 2012 National STD Prevention Conference. Minneapolis, MN, USA, 12–15 March 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Moran J, Levine W. Drugs of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20(Suppl. 1), S57–S65 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Boslego JW, Tramont EC, Takafuji ET et al. Effect of spectinomycin use on the prevalence of spectinomycin-resistant and of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. N. Engl. J. Med. 317(5), 272–278 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkcaldy R, Dowell D. Effectiveness of gentamicin for gonorrhea treatment: a systematic review. Presented at: 19th Biennial Conference of the International Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research. QC, Canada, 10–13 July 2011.
   Google Scholar