Candida parapsilosis and the neonate: epidemiology, virulence and host defense in a unique patient setting

References

• Benjamin DK Jr, Stoll BJ, Fanaroff AA et al.; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neonatal candidiasis among extremely low birth weight infants: risk factors, mortality rates, and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 to 22 months. Pediatrics 117(1), 84–92 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trofa D, Gácser A, Nosanchuk JD. Candida parapsilosis, an emerging fungal pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 21(4), 606–625 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Asbeck EC, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Candida parapsilosis: a review of its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, typing and antimicrobial susceptibility. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 35(4), 283–309 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tavanti A, Davidson AD, Gow NA, Maiden MC, Odds FC. Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis spp. nov. to replace Candida parapsilosis groups II and III. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(1), 284–292 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Lopez A, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Rodriguez D et al.; Barcelona Candidemia Project Study Group. Prevalence and susceptibility profile of Candida metapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis: results from population-based surveillance of candidemia in Spain. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(4), 1506–1509 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart SR, Messer SA, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Geographic distribution and antifungal susceptibility of the newly described species Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis in comparison to the closely related species Candida parapsilosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(8), 2659–2664 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Roussos N, Vardakas KZ. Relative frequency of albicans and the various non-albicans Candida spp among candidemia isolates from inpatients in various parts of the world: a systematic review. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14(11), e954–e966 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhi S, Rao DS, Chakrabarti A. Candida colonization and candidemia in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 9(1), 91–95 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parm U, Metsvaht T, Sepp E et al. Risk factors associated with gut and nasopharyngeal colonization by common Gram-negative species and yeasts in neonatal intensive care units patients. Early Hum. Dev. 87(6), 391–399 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Mohandes AE, Johnson-Robbins L, Keiser JF, Simmens SJ, Aure MV. Incidence of Candida parapsilosis colonization in an intensive care nursery population and its association with invasive fungal disease. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13(6), 520–524 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagneur A, Sizun J, Vernotte E et al. Lowrate of Candida parapsilosis-related colonization and infection in hospitalized preterm infants: a one-year prospective study. J. Hosp. Infect. 48(3), 193–197 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Castro R, Arroyo-Escalante S, Carrillo-Casas EM et al. Outbreak of Candida parapsilosis in a neonatal intensive care unit: a health care workers source. Eur. J. Pediatr. 169(7), 783–787 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Asbeck EC, Huang YC, Markham AN, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Candida parapsilosis fungemia in neonates: genotyping results suggest healthcare workers hands as source, and review of published studies. Mycopathologia 164(6), 287–293 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang YC, Su LH, Wu TL, Lin TY. Genotyping analysis of colonizing candidal isolates from very-low-birthweight infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 58(3), 200–203 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss JM, Basavegowda KP, Watson WJ, Sheikh AU, Ryan RM. Vertical and horizontal transmission of Candida albicans in very low birth weight infants using DNA fingerprinting techniques. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 27(3), 231–235 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter JE, Laurini JA, Evans TN, Estrada B. Neonatal Candida parapsilosis meningitis and empyema related to epidural migration of a central venous catheter. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 110(6), 614–618 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YC, Lin TY, Lien RI et al. Candidaemia in special care nurseries: comparison of albicans and parapsilosis infection. J. Infect. 40(2), 171–175 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clerihew L, Lamagni TL, Brocklehurst P, McGuire W. Candida parapsilosis infection in very low birthweight infants. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 92(2), F127–F129 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faix RG. Invasive neonatal candidiasis: comparison of albicans and parapsilosis infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 11(2), 88–93 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy I, Rubin LG, Vasishtha S, Tucci V, Sood SK. Emergence of Candida parapsilosis as the predominant species causing candidemia in children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26(5), 1086–1088 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow JK, Golan Y, Ruthazer R et al. Factors associated with candidemia caused by non-albicans Candida species versus Candida albicans in the intensive care unit. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(8), 1206–1213 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Castanheira M, Messer SA, Moet GJ, Jones RN. Variation in Candida spp. distribution and antifungal resistance rates among bloodstream infection isolates by patient age: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008–2009). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 68(3), 278–283 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xess I, Jain N, Hasan F, Mandal P, Banerjee U. Epidemiology of candidemia in a tertiary care centre of north India: 5-year study. Infection 35(4), 256–259 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridkin SK, Kaufman D, Edwards JR, Shetty S, Horan T. Changing incidence of Candida bloodstream infections among NICU patients in the United States: 1995-2004. Pediatrics 117(5), 1680–1687 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clerihew L, Lamagni TL, Brocklehurst P, McGuire W. Invasive fungal infection in very low birthweight infants: national prospective surveillance study. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 91(3), F188–F192 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neu N, Malik M, Lunding A et al. Epidemiology of candidemia at a children’s hospital, 2002 to 2006. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 28(9), 806–809 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez D, Almirante B, Park BJ et al.; Barcelona Candidemia Project Study Group. Candidemia in neonatal intensive care units: Barcelona, Spain. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25(3), 224–229 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clerihew L, Austin N, McGuire W. Prophylactic systemic antifungal agents to prevent mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4), CD003850 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aydemir C, Oguz SS, Dizdar EA et al. Randomised controlled trial of prophylactic fluconazole versus nystatin for the prevention of fungal colonisation and invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 96(3), F164–F168 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin N, Darlow BA, McGuire W. Prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal agents to prevent invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4), CD003478 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manzoni P, Leonessa M, Galletto P et al. Routine use of fluconazole prophylaxis in a neonatal intensive care unit does not select natively fluconazole-resistant Candida subspecies. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 27(8), 731–737 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poikonen E, Lyytikäinen O, Anttila VJ et al. Secular trend in candidemia and the use of fluconazole in Finland, 2004-2007. BMC Infect. Dis. 10, 312 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarvikivi E, Lyytikäinen O, Soll DR et al. Emergence of fluconazole resistance in a Candida parapsilosis strain that caused infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. J.Clin. Microbiol. 43(6), 2729–2735 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman D, Boyle R, Hazen KC, Patrie JT, Robinson M, Donowitz LG. Fluconazole prophylaxis against fungal colonization and infection in preterm infants. N. Engl. J. Med. 345(23), 1660–1666 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann PA, McNicholas PM, Chau AS et al. Impact of antifungal prophylaxis on colonization and azole susceptibility of Candida species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53(12), 5026–5034 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoder BA, Sutton DA, Winter V, Coalson JJ. Resistant Candida parapsilosis associated with long term fluconazole prophylaxis in an animal model. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23(7), 687–688 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzoni P, Stolfi I, Messner H et al.; Italian Task Force for the Study and Prevention of Neonatal Fungal Infections–the Italian Society of Neonatology. Bovine lactoferrin prevents invasive fungal infections in very low birth weight infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 129(1), 116–123 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D et al.; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48(5), 503–535 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testoni D, Smith PB, Benjamin DK Jr. The use of antifungal therapy in neonatal intensive care. Clin. Perinatol. 39(1), 83–98 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalaz M, Akisu M, Hilmioglu S, Calkavur S, Cakmak B, Kultursay N. Successful caspofungin treatment of multidrug resistant Candida parapsilosis septicaemia in an extremely low birth weight neonate. Mycoses 49(3), 242–245 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odio CM, Araya R, Pinto LE et al. Caspofungin therapy of neonates with invasive candidiasis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23(12), 1093–1097 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González GM, Elizondo M, Ayala J. Trends in species distribution and susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida collected in Monterrey, Mexico, to seven antifungal agents: results of a 3-year (2004 to 2007) surveillance study. J.Clin. Microbiol. 46(9), 2902–2905 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaoutis TE, Foraker E, McGowan KL et al. Antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from pediatric patients: a survey of 4 children’s hospitals. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 52(4), 295–298 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moudgal V, Little T, Boikov D, Vazquez JA. Multiechinocandin- and multiazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis isolates serially obtained during therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(2), 767–769 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghannoum MA, Chen A, Buhari M et al. Differential in vitro activity of anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin against Candida parapsilosis isolates recovered from a burn unit. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15(3), 274–279 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ et al. Invitro susceptibility of invasive isolates ofCandida spp. to anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin: six years of global surveillance. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(1), 150–156 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller M, Boyken L, Hollis R et al. Use of epidemiological cutoff values to examine 9-year trends in susceptibility of Candida species to anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49(2), 624–629 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankenship JR, Mitchell AP. How to build a biofilm: a fungal perspective. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 9(6), 588–594 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanna P, Dimitrios P, Giovanni DD, Fabio R, Rosaria CM. Ambroxol influences voriconazole resistance of Candida parapsilosis biofilm. FEMS Yeast Res. 12(4), 430–438 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tumbarello M, Posteraro B, Trecarichi EM et al. Biofilm production by Candida species and inadequate antifungal therapy as predictors of mortality for patients with candidemia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45(6), 1843–1850 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katragkou A, Chatzimoschou A, Simitsopoulou M, Georgiadou E, Roilides E. Additive antifungal activity of anidulafungin and human neutrophils against Candida parapsilosis biofilms. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66(3), 588–591 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva S, Henriques M, Martins A, Oliveira R, Williams D, Azeredo J. Biofilms of non-Candida albicans Candida species: quantification, structure and matrix composition. Med. Mycol. 47(7), 681–689 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffey SF, Butler G. Phenotype switching affects biofilm formation by Candida parapsilosis. Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) 151(Pt 4), 1073–1081 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SK, El Bissati K, Ben Mamoun C. Amino acids mediate colony and cell differentiation in the fungal pathogen Candida parapsilosis. Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) 152(Pt 10), 2885–2894 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek J, Holesova Z, Kosa P, Gacser A, Tomaska L. Biology and genetics of the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis. Curr. Genet. 55(5), 497–509 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva S, Negri M, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Williams DW, Azeredo J. Adherence and biofilm formation of non-Candida albicans Candida species. Trends Microbiol. 19(5), 241–247 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gácser A, Schäfer W, Nosanchuk JS, Salomon S, Nosanchuk JD. Virulence of Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis in reconstituted human tissue models. Fungal Genet. Biol. 44(12), 1336–1341 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva S, Henriques M, Oliveira R et al. Characterization of Candida parapsilosis infection of an in vitro reconstituted human oral epithelium. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 117(6), 669–675 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramono K, Yamazaki M, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. Comparison of proteinase, lipase and alpha-glucosidase activities from the clinical isolates of Candida species. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 59(2), 73–76 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Eça Júnior A, Silva AF, Rosa FC, Monteiro SG, de Maria Silva Figueiredo P, de Andrade Monteiro C. In vitro differential activity of phospholipases and acid proteinases of clinical isolates of Candida. Rev. Soc.Bras. Med. Trop. 44(3), 334–338 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Issa SY, Badran EF, Aqel KF, Shehabi AA. Epidemiological characteristics of Candida species colonizing oral and rectal sites of Jordanian infants. BMC Pediatr. 11, 79 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horváth P, Nosanchuk JD, Hamari Z, Vágvölgyi C, Gácser A. The identification of gene duplication and the role of secreted aspartyl proteinase 1 in Candida parapsilosis virulence. J. Infect. Dis. 205(6), 923–933 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrusková-Heidingsfeldová O, Dostál J, Majer F, Havlíkova J, Hradilek M, Pichová I. Two aspartic proteinases secreted by the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis differ in expression pattern and catalytic properties. Biol. Chem. 390(3), 259–268 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagdeviren M, Cerikcioglu N, Karavus M. Acid proteinase, phospholipase and adherence properties of Candida parapsilosis strains isolated from clinical specimens of hospitalised patients. Mycoses 48(5), 321–326 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• França EJ, Furlaneto-Maia L, Quesada RM, Favero D, Oliveira MT, Furlaneto MC. Haemolytic and proteinase activities in clinical isolates of Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis with reference to the isolation anatomic site. Mycoses 54(4), e44–e51 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agatensi L, Franchi F, Mondello F et al. Vaginopathic and proteolytic Candida species in outpatients attending a gynaecology clinic. J. Clin. Pathol. 44(10), 826–830 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bernardis F, Mondello F, San Millàn R, Pontòn J, Cassone A. Biotyping and virulence properties of skin isolates of Candida parapsilosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37(11), 3481–3486 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn DM, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA. Comparison of biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis on bioprosthetic surfaces. Infect. Immun. 70(2), 878–888 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokce G, Cerikcioglu N, Yagci A. Acid proteinase, phospholipase, and biofilm production of Candida species isolated from blood cultures. Mycopathologia 164(6), 265–269 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcos-Arias C, Eraso E, Madariaga L, Quindós G. In vitro activities of natural products against oral Candida isolates from denture wearers. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 11, 119 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto FE, Gandra RF, Ruiz LS et al. Yeasts isolated from blood and catheter in children from a public hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. Mycopathologia 154(2), 63–69 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gácser A, Trofa D, Schäfer W, Nosanchuk JD. Targeted gene deletion in Candida parapsilosis demonstrates the role of secreted lipase in virulence. J. Clin. Invest. 117(10), 3049–3058 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trofa D, Soghier L, Long C, Nosanchuk JD, Gacser A, Goldman DL. A rat model of neonatal candidiasis demonstrates the importance of lipases as virulence factors for Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Mycopathologia 172(3), 169–178 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy I, Filkor K, Németh T, Hamari Z, Vágvölgyi C, Gácser A. In vitro interactions of Candida parapsilosis wild type and lipase deficient mutants with human monocyte derived dendritic cells. BMC Microbiol. 11, 122 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seneviratne CJ, Wong SS, Yuen KY et al. Antifungal susceptibility and virulence attributes of bloodstream isolates of Candida from Hong Kong and Finland. Mycopathologia 172(5), 389–395 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen LN, Trofa D, Nosanchuk JD. Fatty acid synthase impacts the pathobiology of Candida parapsilosis invitro and during mammalian infection. PLoS ONE 4(12), e8421 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen LN, Nosanchuk JD. Lipid droplet formation protects against gluco/lipotoxicity in Candida parapsilosis: an essential role of fatty acid desaturase Ole1. Cell Cycle 10(18), 3159–3167 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen LN, Hamari Z, Kadereit B et al. Candida parapsilosis fat storage-inducing transmembrane (FIT) protein 2 regulates lipid droplet formation and impacts virulence. Microbes Infect. 13(7), 663–672 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Netea MG, Maródi L. Innate immune mechanisms for recognition and uptake of Candida species. Trends Immunol. 31(9), 346–353 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta A, Palazzi DL. Candida non-albicans versus Candida albicans fungemia in the non-neonatal pediatric population. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 30(8), 664–668 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahieu LM, Van Gasse N, Wildemeersch D, Jansens H, Ieven M. Number of sites of perinatal Candida colonization and neutropenia are associated with nosocomial candidemia in the neonatal intensive care unit patient. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 11(2), 240–245 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden JR, Maccani MA, Laforce-Nesbitt SS, Bliss JM. High efficiency opsonin-independent phagocytosis of Candida parapsilosis by human neutrophils. Med.Mycol. 48(2), 355–364 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Destin KG, Linden JR, Laforce-Nesbitt SS, Bliss JM. Oxidative burst and phagocytosis of neonatal neutrophils confronting Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Early Hum. Dev. 85(8), 531–535 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennedy AD, Willment JA, Dorward DW, Williams DL, Brown GD, DeLeo FR. Dectin-1 promotes fungicidal activity of human neutrophils. Eur. J. Immunol. 37(2), 467–478 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Utomo A, Cullere X et al. The β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 activates the integrin Mac-1 in neutrophils via Vav protein signaling to promote Candida albicans clearance. Cell Host Microbe 10(6), 603–615 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bruggen R, Drewniak A, Jansen M et al. Complement receptor 3, not Dectin-1, is the major receptor on human neutrophils for beta-glucan-bearing particles. Mol. Immunol. 47(2–3), 575–581 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Bruggen R, Zweers D, van Diepen A et al. Complement receptor 3 and Toll-like receptor 4 act sequentially in uptake and intracellular killing of unopsonized Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by human neutrophils. Infect. Immun. 75(6), 2655–2660 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demmert M, Faust K, Bohlmann MK et al. Galectin-3 in cord blood of term and preterm infants. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 167(2), 246–251 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gow NA, Netea MG, Munro CA et al. Immune recognition of Candida albicans beta-glucan by dectin-1. J. Infect. Dis. 196(10), 1565–1571 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen LN, Gacser A, Nosanchuk JD. The stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 is essential for virulence and membrane stressin Candida parapsilosis through unsaturated fatty acid production. Infect. Immun. 79(1), 136–145 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Ostiani CF, Del Sero G, Bacci A et al. Dendritic cells discriminate between yeasts and hyphae of the fungus Candida albicans. Implications for initiation of T helper cell immunity in vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 191(10), 1661–1674 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzetto L, Kuka M, De Filippo C et al. Differential IL-17 production and mannan recognition contribute to fungal pathogenicity and commensalism. J.Immunol. 184(8), 4258–4268 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson MJ, Osorio F, Rosas M et al. Dectin-2 is a Syk-coupled pattern recognition receptor crucial for Th17 responses to fungal infection. J. Exp. Med. 206(9), 2037–2051 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saijo S, Ikeda S, Yamabe K et al. Dectin-2 recognition of alpha-mannans and induction of Th17 cell differentiation is essential for host defense against Candida albicans. Immunity 32(5), 681–691 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann AK, Jacobson K. A novel pseudopodial component of the dendritic cell anti-fungal response: the fungipod. PLoS Pathog. 6(2), e1000760 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima-Neto RG, Beltrão EI, Oliveira PC, Neves RP. Adherence of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis to epithelial cells correlates with fungal cell surface carbohydrates. Mycoses 54(1), 23–29 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moyes DL, Runglall M, Murciano C et al. Abiphasic innate immune MAPK response discriminates between the yeast and hyphal forms of Candida albicans in epithelial cells. Cell Host Microbe 8(3), 225–235 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyes DL, Murciano C, Runglall M, Kohli A, Islam A, Naglik JR. Activation of MAPK/c-Fos induced responses in oral epithelial cells is specific to Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis hyphae. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 201(1), 93–101 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahri R, Curt S, Saidane-Mosbahi D, Rouabhia M. Normal human gingival epithelial cells sense C.parapsilosis by toll-like receptors and module its pathogenesis through antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines. Mediators Inflamm. 2010, 940383 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phan QT, Fratti RA, Prasadarao NV, Edwards JE Jr, Filler SG. N-cadherin mediates endocytosis of Candida albicans by endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280(11), 10455–10461 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan QT, Myers CL, Fu Y et al. Als3 is a Candida albicans invasin that binds to cadherins and induces endocytosis by host cells. PLoS Biol. 5(3), e64 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun JN, Solis NV, Phan QT et al. Host cell invasion and virulence mediated by Candida albicans Ssa1. PLoS Pathog. 6(11), e1001181 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Mittal R, Solis NV, Prasadarao NV, Filler SG. Mechanisms of Candida albicans trafficking to the brain. PLoS Pathog. 7(10), e1002305 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiman L, Ludington E, Pfaller M et al. Risk factors for candidemia in neonatal intensive care unit patients. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey study group. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 19(4), 319–324 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty SS, Harrison LH, Hajjeh RA et al. Determining risk factors for candidemia among newborn infants from population-based surveillance: Baltimore, Maryland, 1998–2000. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 24(7), 601–604 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benjamin DK Jr, DeLong ER, Steinbach WJ, Cotton CM, Walsh TJ, Clark RH. Empirical therapy for neonatal candidemia in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 112(3 Pt 1), 543–547 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YC, Li CC, Lin TY et al. Association of fungal colonization and invasive disease in very low birth weight infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17(9), 819–822 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pera A, Byun A, Gribar S, Schwartz R, Kumar D, Parimi P. Dexamethasone therapy and Candida sepsis in neonates less than 1250 grams. J. Perinatol. 22(3), 204–208 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benjamin DK Jr, Ross K, McKinney RE Jr, Benjamin DK, Auten R, Fisher RG. When to suspect fungal infection in neonates: Aclinical comparison of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis fungemia with coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia. Pediatrics 106(4), 712–718 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar