Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics Volume 12, 2012 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
195
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Luminescent nanoparticles and their use for in vitro and in vivo diagnostics

Jörn Probst Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany;[email protected]
,
Sofia Dembski Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
,
Moritz Milde Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
&
Sabine Rupp Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
Pages 49-64 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Colloids and Colloid Assemblies. Caruso F (Ed.). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2004).
  • Molecular Constructions, Polymers and Nanoparticles. Demchenko AP, Bergamini G (Eds). Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010).
  • Semiconductor Nanomaterials. Kumar CSSR (Ed.). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2010).
  • Annual Review of Nano Research (Volume 2). Cao G, Brinker CJ (Eds). World Scientific, Singapore (2008).
  • Frontiers in Surface Nanophotonics: Principles and Applications. Andrews DL, Gaburro Z (Eds). Springer, NY, USA (2007).
  • Blasse G, Grabmaier BC. Luminescent Materials. Springer-Verlag Telos, Berlin, Germany (1994).
  • Binary Rare Earth Oxides. Adachi G, Imanaka N, Kang ZC (Eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Germany (2004).
  • Atkins PW, De Paula J. Atkins’ Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (2010).
  • Luminescence. Ronda CR (Ed.). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2008).
  • Zhang C, Lingdong S, Zhang Y, Chunhua Y. Rare earth upconversion nanophosphors: synthesis, functionalization and application as biolabels and energy transfer donors. J. Rare Earths28, 807–819 (2010).
  • Haase M, Schäfer H. Upconverting nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.50, 5808–5829 (2011).
  • Medintz IL, Mattoussi H. Quantum dot-based resonance energy transfer and its growing application in biology. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.11, 17–45 (2008).
  • Sapsford KE, Berti L, Medintz IL. Materials for fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis: beyond traditional donor–acceptor combinations. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.45, 4562–4589 (2006).
  • Algar WR, Tavares AJ, Krull UJ. Beyond labels: a review of the application of quantum dots as integrated components of assays, bioprobes, and biosensors utilizing optical transduction. Anal. Chim. Acta673, 1–25 (2010).
  • Biju V, Mundayoora S, Omkumara RV, Anasa A, Ishikawa M. Bioconjugated quantum dots for cancer research: present status, prospects and remaining issues. Biotechnol. Adv.28, 199–213 (2010).
  • Rizvi SB, Ghaderi S, Keshtgar M, Seifalian AM, Muhammed M. Semiconductor quantum dots as fluorescent probes for in vitro and in vivo bio-molecular and cellular imaging. Nano Rev.1, 5161 (2010).
  • Zrazhevskiy P, Sena M, Gao X. Designing multifunctional quantum dots for bioimaging, detection, and drug delivery. Chem. Soc. Rev.39, 4326–4354 (2010).
  • Chan WC, Maxwell DJ, Gao X, Bailey RE, Han M, Nie S. Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.13, 40–46 (2002).
  • Azzazy HM, Mansour MM. In vitro diagnostic prospects of nanoparticles. Clin. Chim. Acta403, 1–8 (2009).
  • Pons T, Mattoussi H. Investigating biological processes at the single molecule level using luminescent quantum dots. Ann. Biomed. Eng.37, 1934–1959 (2009).
  • Handbook of Luminescent Semiconductor Materials. Bergman L, McHale JL (Eds).Taylor & Francis, FL, USA (2011).
  • Altınoglu EI, Adair JH. Near infrared imaging with nanoparticles. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol.2, 461–477 (2010).
  • Chen W. Nanoparticle fluorescence based technology for biological applications. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.8, 1019–1051 (2008).
  • Wu P, Miao L, Wang H, Shao X, Yan X. A multidimensional sensing device for the discrimination of proteins based on manganese-doped ZnS quantum dots. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.50, 8118–8121 (2011).
  • Chen Y, Vela J, Htoon H et al. “Giant” multishell CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots with suppressed blinking. J. Am. Chem. Soc.130, 5026–5027 (2008).
  • Murray CB, Norris DJ, Bawendi MG. Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites. J. Am. Chem. Soc.115, 8706–8715 (1993).
  • Qu L, Peng ZA, Peng X. Alternative routes toward high quality CdSe nanocrystals. Nano Lett.1, 333–337 (2001).
  • Dabbousi BO, Rodriguez-Viejo J, Mikulec FV et al. (CdSe) ZnS core–shell quantum dots: synthesis and characterization of a size series of highly luminescent nanocrystallites. J. Phys. Chem. B101, 9463–9475 (1997).
  • Lin CJ, Yang T, Lee C et al. Synthesis, characterization, and bioconjugation of fluorescent gold nanoclusters toward biological labeling applications. ACS Nano3, 395–401 (2009).
  • Boisselier E, Astruc D. Gold nanoparticles in nanomedicine: preparations, imaging, diagnostics, therapies and toxicity. Chem. Soc. Rev.38, 1759–1782 (2009).
  • Stone J, Jackson S, Wright D. Biological applications of gold nanorods. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol.3, 100–109 (2011).
  • You C, Miranda OR, Gider B et al. Detection and identification of proteins using nanoparticle – fluorescent polymer ‘chemical nose’ sensors. Nat. Nanotech.2, 318–323 (2007).
  • Lasne D, Blab GA, Berciaud S et al. Single nanoparticle photothermal tracking (SNaPT) of 5-nm gold beads in live cells. Biophys. J.91, 4598–4604 (2006).
  • Yelin D, Oron D, Thiberge S, Moses E, Silberberg Y. Multiphoton plasmon-resonance microscopy. Opt. Express11, 1385 (2003).
  • Daniel M, Astruc D. Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. Chem. Rev.104, 293–346 (2004).
  • Turkevich J, Garton G, Stevenson PC. The color of colloidal gold. J. Colloid Sci.9, 26–35 (1954).
  • Frens G. Controlled nucleation for the regulation of the particle size in monodisperse gold suspensions. Nat. Phys. Sci.241, 20–22 (1973).
  • Brust M, Walker M, Bethell D, Schiffrin DJ, Whyman R. Synthesis of thiol-derivatised gold nanoparticles in a two-phase liquid-liquid system. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.7, 801–802 (1994).
  • Lattes A, Rico I, Savignac A, de Samii AA. Formamide, a water substitute in micelles and microemulsions xxx structural analysis using a Diels–Alder reaction as a chemical probe. Tetrahedron43, 1725–1735 (1987).
  • Chen F, Xu G, Hor TSA. Preparation and assembly of colloidal gold nanoparticles in CTAB-stabilized reverse microemulsion. Mater. Lett.57, 3282–3286 (2003).
  • Murphy CJ, Sau TK, Gole AM et al. Anisotropic metal nanoparticles: synthesis, assembly, and optical applications. J. Phys. Chem. B.109, 13857–13870 (2005).
  • Yu Y, Chang S, Lee C, Wang CRC. Gold nanorods: electrochemical synthesis and optical properties. J. Phys. Chem. B.101, 6661–6664 (1997).
  • Hirsch LR, Jackson JB, Lee A, Halas NJ, West JL. A whole blood immunoassay using gold nanoshells. Anal. Chem.75, 2377–2381 (2003).
  • Shukla R, Bansal V, Chaudhary M, Basu A, Bhonde RR, Sastry M. Biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles and their endocytotic fate inside the cellular compartment: a microscopic overview. Langmuir21, 10644–10654 (2005).
  • Wang F, Tan WB, Zhang Y, Fan X, Wang M. Luminescent nanomaterials for biological labelling. Nanotechnology17, R1–R13 (2006).
  • Zhao X, Bagwe RP, Tan W. Development of organic-dye-doped silica nanoparticles in a reverse microemulsion. Adv. Mater.16, 173–176 (2004).
  • Zhao X, Tapec-Dytioco R, Tan W. Ultrasensitive DNA detection using highly fluorescent bioconjugated nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc.125, 11474–11475 (2003).
  • Wang H, Yang R, Yang L, Tan W. Nucleic acid conjugated nanomaterials for enhanced molecular recognition. ACS Nano3, 2451–2460 (2009).
  • van Blaaderen A, Vrij A. Synthesis and characterization of colloidal dispersions of fluorescent, monodisperse silica spheres. Langmuir8, 2921–2931 (1992).
  • Schmidt J, Guesdon C, Schomäcker R. Engineering aspects of preparation of nanocrystalline particles in microemulsions. J. Nanopart. Res.1, 267–276 (1999).
  • Wang L, Yang C, Tan W. Dual-luminophore-doped silica nanoparticles for multiplexed signaling. Nano Lett.5, 37–43 (2005).
  • Wu J, Ye Z, Wang G et al. Visible-light-sensitized highly luminescent europium nanoparticles: preparation and application for time-gated luminescence bioimaging. J. Mater. Chem.19, 1258–1264 (2009).
  • Taylor JR, Fang MM, Nie S. Probing specific sequences on single DNA molecules with bioconjugated fluorescent nanoparticles. Anal. Chem.72, 1979–1986 (2000).
  • Bünzli JG. Lanthanide luminescence for biomedical analyses and imaging. Chem. Rev.110, 2729–2755 (2010).
  • Wang F, Liu X. Recent advances in the chemistry of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals. Chem. Soc. Rev.38, 976–989 (2009).
  • Shen J, Sun L, Yan C. Luminescent rare earth nanomaterials for bioprobe applications. Dalton Trans.42, 5687–5697 (2008).
  • Vetrone F, Naccache R, Mahalingam V, Morgan CG, Capobianco JA. The active-core/active-shell approach: a strategy to enhance the upconversion luminescence in lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater.19, 2924–2929 (2009).
  • Wang G, Peng Q, Li Y. Lanthanide-doped nanocrystals: synthesis, optical-magnetic properties, and applications. Acc. Chem. Res.44, 322–332 (2011).
  • Niederberger M, Pinna N. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents. Springer, Dordrecht, Germany (2009).
  • Vetrone F, Mahalingam V, Capobianco JA. Near-infrared-to-blue upconversion in colloidal BaYF5:Tm3+, Yb3+ nanocrystals. Chem. Mater.21, 1847–1851 (2009).
  • Lim SF, Riehn R, Ryu WS et al. In vivo and scanning electron microscopy imaging of upconverting nanophosphors in Caenorhabditis elegans.Nano Lett.6, 169–174 (2006).
  • Wang ZL, Quan ZW, Jia PY et al. A facile synthesis and photoluminescent properties of redispersible CeF3, CeF3:Tb3+, and CeF3:Tb3+/LaF3 (core/shell) nanoparticles. Chem. Mater.18, 2030–2037 (2006).
  • Zeng J, Su J, Li Z, Yan R, Li Y. Synthesis and upconversion luminescence of hexagonal-phase NaYF4:Yb, Er3+ phosphors of controlled size and morphology. Adv. Mater.17, 2119–2123 (2005).
  • Wei Y, Lu F, Zhang X, Chen D. Synthesis of oil-dispersible hexagonal-phase and hexagonal-shaped NaYF4:Yb, Er nanoplates. Chem. Mater.18, 5733–5737 (2006).
  • Maestro LM, Rodriguez EM, Vetrone F et al. Nanoparticles for highly efficient multiphoton fluorescence bioimaging. Opt. Express18, 23544–23553 (2010).
  • Bogdan N, Vetrone F, Ozin GA, Capobianco JA. Synthesis of ligand-free colloidally stable water dispersible brightly luminescent lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles. Nano Lett.11, 835–840 (2011).
  • Komban R, Koempe K, Haase M. Influence of different ligand isomers on the growth of lanthanide phosphate nanoparticles. Crystal Growth Design11, 1033–1039 (2011).
  • Mai H, Zhang Y, Si R et al. High-quality sodium rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals: controlled synthesis and optical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc.128, 6426–6436 (2006).
  • Li L, Liu Y, Tao J et al. Surface modification of hydroxyapatite nanocrystallite by a small amount of terbium provides a biocompatible fluorescent probe. J. Phys. Chem. C112, 12219–12224 (2008).
  • Chane-Ching JY, Lebugle A, Rousselot I, Pourpoint A, Pell F. Colloidal synthesis and characterization of monocrystalline apatite nanophosphors. J. Mater. Chem.17, 2904 (2007).
  • Neumeier M, Hails LA, Davis SA, Mann S, Epple M. Synthesis of fluorescent core–shell hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem.21, 1250–1254 (2011).
  • Dembski S, Rupp S, Milde M et al. Synthesis and optical properties of luminescent core–shell structured silicate and phosphate nanoparticles. Opt. Mater.33, 1106–1110 (2011).
  • Dembski S, Milde M, Dyrba M, Schweizer S, Gellermann C, Klockenbring T. The effect of pH on the synthesis and properties of luminescent SiO2/calcium phosphate:Eu3+ core–shell nanoparticles. Langmuir (2011) (In Press).
  • Gonzalez-McQuire R, Chane-Ching J, Vignaud E, Lebugle A, Mann S. Synthesis and characterization of amino acid-functionalized hydroxyapatite nanorods. J. Mater. Chem.14, 2277–2281 (2004).
  • Ma N, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. One-step DNA-programmed growth of luminescent and biofunctionalized nanocrystals. Nat. Nanotech.4, 121–125 (2008).
  • Nakamura M, Ishimura K. Synthesis and characterization of organosilica nanoparticles prepared from 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as the single silica source. J. Phys. Chem. C.111, 18892–18898 (2007).
  • Chan WC. Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science281, 2016–2018 (1998).
  • Kim S, Bawendi MG. Oligomeric ligands for luminescent and stable nanocrystal quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc.125, 14652–14653 (2003).
  • Zhang Q, Song K, Zhao J et al. Hexanedioic acid mediated surface-ligand-exchange process for transferring NaYF4:Yb/Er (or Yb/Tm) up-converting nanoparticles from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. J. Colloid Interface Sci.336, 171–175 (2009).
  • Yi GS, Chow GM. Synthesis of hexagonal-phase NaYF4:Yb,Er and NaYF4:Yb,Tm nanocrystals with efficient up-conversion fluorescence. Adv. Funct. Mater.16, 2324–2329 (2006).
  • Yan J, Estévez MC, Smith JE et al. Dye-doped nanoparticles for bioanalysis. Nano Today2, 44–50 (2007).
  • Fu A, Gu W, Boussert B et al. Semiconductor quantum rods as single molecule fluorescent biological labels. Nano Lett.7, 179–182 (2007).
  • Bruchez M Jr, Moronne MM, Weiss S, Alivisatos AP. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science281, 2013–2016 (1998).
  • Abdul Jalil R, Zhang Y. Biocompatibility of silica coated NaYF4 upconversion fluorescent nanocrystals. Biomaterials29, 4122–4128 (2008).
  • Sivakumar S, Diamente PR, van Veggel FCJM. Silica-coated Ln3+-doped LaF3 nanoparticles as robust down- and upconverting biolabels. Chem. Eur. J.12, 5878–5884 (2006).
  • Yi G, Chow G. Water-soluble NaYF4:Yb,Er(Tm)/NaYF4/polymer core/shell/shell nanoparticles with significant enhancement of upconversion Fluorescence. Chem. Mater.19, 341–343 (2007).
  • Gao X, Cui Y, Levenson RM, Chung LWK, Nie S. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol.22, 969–976 (2004).
  • Johnson NJJ, Sangeetha NM, Boyer J, van Veggel FCJM. Facile ligand-exchange with polyvinylpyrrolidone and subsequent silica coating of hydrophobic upconverting β-NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles. Nanoscale2, 771 (2010).
  • Mattoussi H, Mauro JM, Goldman ER et al. Self-assembly of CdSe–ZnS quantum dot bioconjugates using an engineered recombinant protein. J. Am. Chem. Soc.122, 12142–12150 (2000).
  • Tibbals HF. Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine. CRC Press, FL, USA (2011).
  • Tallury P, Malhotra A, Byrne LM, Santra S. Nanobioimaging and sensing of infectious diseases. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.62, 424–437 (2010).
  • Wagner MK, Li F, Li J, Li X, Le XC. Use of quantum dots in the development of assays for cancer biomarkers. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.397, 3213–3224 (2010).
  • Lee S, Park K, Kim K, Choi K, Kwon IC. Activatable imaging probes with amplified fluorescent signals. Chem. Commun.4250–4260 (2008).
  • Recent Advances in Cytometry. Darzynkiewicz Z (Ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2011).
  • Wang L, Wang K, Santra S et al. Watching silica nanoparticles glow in the biological world. Anal. Chem.78, 646–654 (2006).
  • Hall DA, Ptaceka J, Snyde M. Protein microarray technology. Mech. Ageing Dev.128, 161–167 (2007).
  • Azzazy HME, Mansour MMH, Kazmierczak SC. From diagnostics to therapy: prospects of quantum dots. Clin. Biochem.40, 917–927 (2007).
  • Agrawal A, Zhang C, Byassee T, Tripp RA, Nie S. Counting single native biomolecules and intact viruses with color-coded nanoparticles. Anal. Chem.78, 1061–1070 (2006).
  • Sage L. Two-color nanoparticles identify single molecules. Anal. Chem.78, 1377 (2006).
  • Wang L, Lofton C, Popp M, Tan W. Using luminescent nanoparticles as staining probes for affymetrix gene chips. Bioconjugate Chem.18, 610–613 (2007).
  • Yao G, Wang L, Wu Y et al. FloDots: luminescent nanoparticles. Anal. Bioanal. Chem.385, 518–524 (2006).
  • Wang F, Banerjee D, Liu Y, Chen X, Liu X. Upconversion nanoparticles in biological labeling, imaging, and therapy. Analyst135, 1839 (2010).
  • Hampl J, Hall M, Mufti NA et al. Upconverting phosphor reporters in immunochromatographic assays. Anal. Chem.288, 176–187 (2001).
  • Raem AM, Rauch P. Immunoassays, Spektrum, Heidelberg (2007).
  • Lim CT, Zhang Y. Bead-based microfluidic immunoassays: the next generation. Biosens. Bioelectron.22, 1197–1204 (2007).
  • Wang L, Tan W. Multicolor FRET silica nanoparticles by single wavelength excitation. Nano Lett.6, 84–88 (2006).
  • Lin CC, Wang JH, Wu HW, Lee GB. Microfluidic immunoassays. JALA15, 253–274 (2010).
  • Dembski S, Gellermann C, Probst J, Klockenbring T, Barth S. Multifunctional nanoparticles for biomedical applications. GIT Labor. Fachz.11–12, 9–10 (2010).
  • Vetrone F, Capobianco JA. Lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles: luminescence, upconversion, and biological applications. Int. J. Nanotech.5, 1306–1339 (2008).
  • Wang L, Yan R, Huo Z et al. Fluorescence resonant energy transfer biosensor based on upconversion-luminescent nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.44, 6054–6057 (2005).
  • Li Y, Guan L, Zhang H et al. Distance-dependent metal-enhanced quantum dots fluorescence analysis in solution by capillary electrophoresis and its application to DNA detection. Anal. Chem.83, 4103–4109 (2011).
  • Seferos DS, Giljohann DA, Hill HD, Prigodich AE, Mirkin CA. Nano-flares: probes for transfection and mRNA detection in living cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc.129, 15477–15479 (2007).
  • Boja E, Hiltke T, Rivers R et al. Evolution of clinical proteomics and its role in medicine. J. Proteome Res.10, 66–84 (2011).
  • Jiang S, Gnanasammandhan MK, Zhang Y. Optical imaging-guided cancer therapy with fluorescent nanoparticles. J. R. Soc. Interface7, 3–18 (2009).
  • Chen H, Xue J, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Gao J, Yu B. Comparison of quantum dots immunofluorescence histochemistry and conventional immunohistochemistry for the detection of caveolin-1 and PCNA in the lung cancer tissue microarray. J. Mol. Hist.40, 261–268 (2009).
  • Wu X, Liu H, Liu J et al. Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol.21, 41–46 (2003).
  • Xiao Y, Gao X, Gannot G et al. Quantitation of HER2 and telomerase biomarkers in solid tumors with IgY antibodies and nanocrystal detection. Int. J. Cancer122, 2178–2186 (2008).
  • Chan P. Method for multiplex cellular detection of mRNAs using quantum dot fluorescent in situ hybridization. Nucleic Acids Res.33, e161 (2005).
  • Knoll JHM. Human metaphase chromosome FISH using quantum dot conjugates. Methods Mol. Biol.374, 55–66 (2007).
  • Chatterjee DK, Gnanasammandhan MK, Zhang Y. Small upconverting fluorescent nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Small6, 2781–2795 (2010).
  • Boyer J, Manseau M, Murray JI, van Veggel FCJM. Surface modification of upconverting NaYF4 nanoparticles with PEG–phosphate ligands for NIR (800 nm) biolabeling within the biological window. Langmuir26, 1157–1164 (2010).
  • Jalil RA, Zhang Y. Biocompatibility of silica coated NaYF4 upconversion fluorescent nanocrystals. Biomaterials29, 4122–4128 (2008).
  • Wang M, Mi C, Wang W et al. Immunolabeling and NIR-excited fluorescent imaging of HeLa cells by using NaYF4. ACS Nano3, 1580–1586 (2009).
  • Burns A, Ow H, Wiesner U. Fluorescent core–shell silica nanoparticles: towards “lab on a particle” architectures for nanobiotechnology. Chem. Soc. Rev.35, 1028–1042 (2006).
  • Kampmeier F, Ribbert M, Nachreiner T et al. Site-specific, covalent labeling of recombinant antibody fragments via fusion to an engineered version of 6-O-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase. Bioconjugate Chem.20, 1010–1015 (2009).
  • Heine M, Groc L, Frischknecht R et al. Surface mobility of postsynaptic AMPARs tunes synaptic transmission. Science320, 201–205 (2008).
  • Murcia MJ, Minner DE, Mustata G, Ritchie K, Naumann CA. Design of quantum dot-conjugated lipids for long-term, high-speed tracking experiments on cell surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc.130, 15054–15062 (2008).
  • Cui B, Wu C, Chen L et al. One at a time, live tracking of NGF axonal transport using quantum dots. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104, 13666–13671 (2007).
  • Zhang Q, Li Y, Tsien RW. The dynamic control of kiss-and-run and vesicular reuse probed with single nanoparticles. Science323, 1448–1453 (2009).
  • Cambi A, Lidke DS, Arndt-Jovin DJ, Figdor CG, Jovin TM. Ligand-conjugated quantum dots monitor antigen uptake and processing by dendritic cells. Nano Lett.7, 970–977 (2007).
  • Roullier V, Clarke S, You C et al. High-affinity labeling and tracking of individual histidine-tagged proteins in live cells using Ni2+ tris-nitrilotriacetic acid quantum dot conjugates. Nano Lett.9, 1228–1234 (2009).
  • Zhao Y, Liu S, Li Y et al. Synthesis and grafting of folate–PEG–PAMAM conjugates onto quantum dots for selective targeting of folate-receptor-positive tumor cells. J. Colloid Interface Sci.350, 44–50 (2010).
  • Barua S, Rege K. Cancer-cell-phenotype-dependent differential intracellular trafficking of unconjugated quantum dots. Small5, 370–376 (2009).
  • Jiang W, Kim BYS, Rutka JT, Chan WCW. Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent. Nat. Nanotech.3, 145–150 (2008).
  • Nabiev I, Mitchell S, Davies A et al. Non-functionalized nanocrystals can exploit a cell’s active transport machinery delivering them to specific nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Nano Lett.7, 3452–3461 (2007).
  • Kairdolf BA, Mancini MC, Smith AM, Nie S. Minimizing nonspecific cellular binding of quantum dots with hydroxyl-derivatized surface coatings. Anal. Chem.80, 3029–3034 (2008).
  • Chatterjee DK, Rufaihaha AJ, Zhang Y. Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. Biomaterials29, 937–943 (2008).
  • Wang M, Mi C, Zhang Y et al. NIR-responsive silica-coated NaYbF4. J. Phys. Chem. C.113, 19021–19027 (2009).
  • Vetrone F, Naccache R, de la Fuente AJ et al. Intracellular imaging of HeLa cells by non-functionalized NaYF4: Er3+, Yb3+ upconverting nanoparticles. Nanoscale2, 495–498 (2010).
  • Wong K, Law G, Murphy MB et al. Functionalized europium nanorods for in vitro imaging. Inorg. Chem.47, 5190–5196 (2008).
  • Makhluf SB, Arnon R, Patra CR et al. Labeling of sperm cells via the spontaneous penetration of Eu3+ ions as nanoparticles complexed with PVA or PVP. J. Phys. Chem. C.112, 12801–12807 (2008).
  • Michalet X. Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science307, 538–544 (2005).
  • Frangioni J. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.7, 626–634 (2003).
  • Larson DR. Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo. Science300, 1434–1436 (2003).
  • Wang T, Chen J, Zhen S et al. Thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots with two-photon excitation for imaging high autofluorescence background living cells. J. Fluoresc.19, 615–621 (2009).
  • So M, Xu C, Loening AM, Gambhir SS, Rao J. Self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates for in vivo imaging. Nat. Biotechnol.24, 339–343 (2006).
  • Zhang Y, So M, Loening AM, Yao H, Gambhir SS, Rao J. HaloTag protein-mediated site-specific conjugation of bioluminescent proteins to quantum dots. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.45, 4936–4940 (2006).
  • Smith AM, Dave S, Nie S, True L, Gao X. Multicolor quantum dots for molecular diagnostics of cancer. Exp. Rev. Mol. Diagn.6(2), 231–244 (2006).
  • Cheng C, Chen C, Lai C et al. Syntheses and photophysical properties of Type-2 CdSe/ZnTe/ZnS (core/shell/shell) quantum dots. J. Mater. Chem.15, 3409–3414 (2005).
  • Koo Lee Y, Smith R, Kopelman R. Nanoparticle PEBBLE sensors in live cells and in vivo. Ann. Rev. Anal. Chem.2, 57–76 (2009).
  • Bentolila LA, Ebenstein Y, Weiss S. Quantum dots for in vivo small-animal imaging. J. Nucl. Med.50, 493–496 (2009).
  • Lewis JD, Destito G, Zijlstra A et al. Viral nanoparticles as tools for intravital vascular imaging. Nat. Med.12, 354–360 (2006).
  • Hammer B, Norskov JK. Why gold is the noblest of all the metals. Nature376, 238–240 (1995).
  • Murphy CJ, Gole AM, Stone JW et al. Gold nanoparticles in biology: beyond toxicity to cellular imaging. Acc. Chem. Res.41, 1721–1730 (2008).
  • Wangoo N, Bhasin K, Boro R, Suri C. Facile synthesis and functionalization of water-soluble gold nanoparticles for a bioprobe. Anal. Chim. Acta610, 142–148 (2008).
  • Gobin AM, Lee MH, Halas NJ, James WD, Drezek RA, West JL. Near-infrared resonant nanoshells for combined optical imaging and photothermal cancer therapy. Nano Lett.7, 1929–1934 (2007).
  • Kim S, Lim YT, Soltesz EG et al. Near-infrared fluorescent Type 2 quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat. Biotechnol.22, 93–97 (2003).
  • Soltesz EG, Kim S, Kim S, Laurence RG, De Grand AM. Sentinel lymph node mapping of the gastrointestinal tract by using invisible light. Ann. Surg. Oncol.2006, 386–396 (2006).
  • Parungo CP, Ohnishi S, Kim S et al. Intraoperative identification of esophageal sentinel lymph nodes with near-infrared fluorescence imaging. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.129, 844–850 (2005).
  • Parungo CP, Ohneshi S, De Grand AM, Laurence RG, Soltesz EG. In vivo optical imaging of pleural space drainage to lymph nodes of prognostic significance. Ann. Surg. Oncol.11, 1085–1092 (2004).
  • Soltesz EG, Kim S, Laurence RG et al. Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping of the lung using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots. Ann. Thorac. Surg.79, 269–277 (2005).
  • Tanaka E, Choi HS, Fujii H, Bawendi MG, Frangioni JV. Image-guided oncologic surgery using invisible light: completed pre-clinical development for sentinel lymph node mapping. Ann. Surg. Oncol.13, 1671–1681 (2006).
  • Ballou B, Ernst LA, Andreko S et al. Sentinel lymph node imaging using quantum dots in mouse tumor models. Bioconjugate Chem.18, 389–396 (2007).
  • Voura EB, Jaiswal JK, Mattoussi H, Simon SM. Tracking metastatic tumor cell extravasation with quantum dot nanocrystals and fluorescence emission-scanning microscopy. Nat. Med.10, 993–998 (2004).
  • Rao J, Dragulescu-Andrasi A, Yao H. Fluorescence imaging in vivo: recent advances. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.18, 17–25 (2007).
  • Cai W, Shin D, Chen K et al. Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Nano Lett.6, 669–676 (2006).
  • Tada H, Higuchi H, Wanatabe TM, Ohuchi N. In vivo real-time tracking of single quantum dots conjugated with monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody in tumors of mice. Cancer Res.67, 1138–1144 (2007).
  • Nanotechnology and Occupational Health. Maynard AD, Pui DYH (Eds). Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (2007).
  • Lovric J, Cho SJ, Winnik FM, Maysinger D. Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death. Chem. Biol.12, 1227–1234 (2005).
  • Yong K, Ding H, Roy I et al. Imaging pancreatic cancer using bioconjugated InP quantum dots. ACS Nano3, 502–510 (2009).
  • Li L, Daou TJ, Texier I, Kim Chi TT, Liem NQ, Reiss P. Highly luminescent CuInS2/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals: cadmium-free quantum dots for in vivo imaging. Chem. Mater.21, 2422–2429 (2009).
  • Botsoa J, Lysenko V, Géloen A, Marty O, Bluet JM, Guillot G. Application of 3C-SiC quantum dots for living cell imaging. Appl. Phys. Lett.92, 173902–173903 (2008).
  • Park J, Gu L, Maltzahn G von, Ruoslahti E, Bhatia SN, Sailor MJ. Biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Nat. Mater.8, 331–336 (2009).
  • Erogbogbo F, Yong K, Hu R et al. Biocompatible magnetofluorescent probes: luminescent silicon quantum dots coupled with superparamagnetic iron(III) oxide. ACS Nano4, 5131–5138 (2010).
  • Erogbogbo F, Yong K, Roy I et al. In vivo targeted cancer imaging, sentinel lymph node mapping and multi-channel imaging with biocompatible silicon nanocrystals. ACS Nano5, 413–423 (2011).
  • Erogbogbo F, Yong K, Roy I, Xu G, Prasad PN, Swihart MT. Biocompatible luminescent silicon quantum dots for imaging of cancer cells. ACS Nano2, 873–878 (2008).
  • James W, Hirsch L, West J, O’Neal P, Payne J. Application of INAA to the build-up and clearance of gold nanoshells in clinical studies in mice. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.271, 455–459 (2007).
  • De Jong WH, Hagens WI, Krystek P, Burger MC, Sips AJ, Geertsma RE. Particle size-dependent organ distribution of gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration. Biomaterials29, 1912–1919 (2008).
  • Altınoglu EI, Russin TJ, Kaiser JM et al. Near-infrared emitting fluorophore-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of human breast cancer. ACS Nano2, 2075–2084 (2008).
  • Oyane A, Kim H, Furuya T, Kokubo T, Miyazaki T. Preparation and assessment of revised simulated body fluids. J. Biomed. Mater. Res.65A, 188–195 (2002).
  • Hanaki K, Momo A, Oku T et al. Semiconductor quantum dot/albumin complex is a long-life and highly photostable endosome marker. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.302, 496–501 (2003).
  • Jaiswal JK, Mattoussi H, Mauro JM, Simon SM. Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates. Nat. Biotech.21, 47–51 (2002).
  • Shiohara A, Hoshino A, Hanaki K, Suzuki K, Yamamoto K. On the cyto-toxicity caused by quantum dots. Microbiol. Immunol.48, 669–675 (2004).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.