Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics Volume 12, 2012 - Issue 8
Submit an article Journal homepage
283
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Theranostics meets traditional Chinese medicine: rational prediction of drug–herb interactions

Miao Hu Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
,
Lan Fan Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
,
Hong-Hao Zhou Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China. [email protected]
&
Brian Tomlinson Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China. [email protected]
Pages 815-830 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Fasinu PS, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb–drug interactions. Front. Pharmacol. 3, 69 (2012).
  • Tachjian A, Maria V, Jahangir A. Use of herbal products and potential interactions in patients with cardiovascular diseases. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55(6), 515–525 (2010).
  • Wills RB, Bone K, Morgan M. Herbal products: active constituents, modes of action and quality control. Nutr. Res. Rev. 13(1), 47–77 (2000).
  • Colalto C. Herbal interactions on absorption of drugs: mechanisms of action and clinical risk assessment. Pharmacol. Res. 62(3), 207–227 (2010).
  • Venkataramanan R, Komoroski B, Strom S. In vitro and in vivo assessment of herb drug interactions. Life Sci. 78(18), 2105–2115 (2006).
  • Wold RS, Lopez ST, Yau CL et al. Increasing trends in elderly persons’ use of nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements and concurrent use of medications. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 105(1), 54–63 (2005).
  • White CP, Hirsch G, Patel S, Adams F, Peltekian KM. Complementary and alternative medicine use by patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 21(9), 589–595 (2007).
  • Miller MF, Bellizzi KM, Sufian M, Ambs AH, Goldstein MS, Ballard-Barbash R. Dietary supplement use in individuals living with cancer and other chronic conditions: a population-based study. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 108(3), 483–494 (2008).
  • Shi S, Klotz U. Drug interactions with herbal medicines. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 51(2), 77–104 (2012).
  • Chen XW, Sneed KB, Pan SY et al. Herb–drug interactions and mechanistic and clinical considerations. Curr. Drug Metab. 13(5), 640–651 (2012).
  • Tomlinson B, Hu M, Lee VW. In vivo assessment of herb–drug interactions: possible utility of a pharmacogenetic approach? Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 52(7), 799–809 (2008).
  • Hu M, Wang DQ, Xiao YJ, Mak VW, Tomlinson B. Herb–drug interactions: methods to identify potential influence of genetic variations in genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 13(9), 1718–1730 (2012).
  • Tarirai C, Viljoen AM, Hamman JH. Herb–drug pharmacokinetic interactions reviewed. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 6(12), 1515–1538 (2010).
  • Na DH, Ji HY, Park EJ, Kim MS, Liu KH, Lee HS. Evaluation of metabolism-mediated herb–drug interactions. Arch. Pharm. Res. 34(11), 1829–1842 (2011).
  • Liu CX, Yi XL, Si DY, Xiao XF, He X, Li YZ. Herb–drug interactions involving drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Curr. Drug Metab. 12(9), 835–849 (2011).
  • Choi YH, Chin YW, Kim YG. Herb–drug interactions: focus on metabolic enzymes and transporters. Arch. Pharm. Res. 34(11), 1843–1863 (2011).
  • Pelkonen O, Turpeinen M, Hakkola J, Honkakoski P, Hukkanen J, Raunio H. Inhibition and induction of human cytochrome P450 enzymes: current status. Arch. Toxicol. 82(10), 667–715 (2008).
  • Mukherjee PK, Ponnusankar S, Pandit S, Hazam PK, Ahmmed M, Mukherjee K. Botanicals as medicinal food and their effects on drug metabolizing enzymes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49(12), 3142–3153 (2011).
  • Pal D, Mitra AK. MDR- and CYP3A4-mediated drug-herbal interactions. Life Sci. 78(18), 2131–2145 (2006).
  • Dahan A, Altman H. Food–drug interaction: grapefruit juice augments drug bioavailability – mechanism, extent and relevance. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58(1), 1–9 (2004).
  • Mertens-Talcott SU, Zadezensky I, De Castro WV, Derendorf H, Butterweck V. Grapefruit-drug interactions: can interactions with drugs be avoided? J. Clin. Pharmacol. 46(12), 1390–1416 (2006).
  • Farkas D, Greenblatt DJ. Influence of fruit juices on drug disposition: discrepancies between in vitro and clinical studies. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 4(4), 381–393 (2008).
  • Veronese ML, Gillen LP, Burke JP et al. Exposure-dependent inhibition of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in vivo by grapefruit juice. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 43(8), 831–839 (2003).
  • Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: an updated systematic review. Drugs 69(13), 1777–1798 (2009).
  • Kober M, Pohl K, Efferth T. Molecular mechanisms underlying St. John’s wort drug interactions. Curr. Drug Metab. 9(10), 1027–1037 (2008).
  • Borrelli F, Izzo AA. Herb–drug interactions with St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): an update on clinical observations. AAPS J. 11(4), 710–727 (2009).
  • Vlachojannis J, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. Drug interactions with St. John’s wort products. Pharmacol. Res. 63(3), 254–256; author reply 257 (2011).
  • Moore LB, Goodwin B, Jones SA et al. St. John’s wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of the pregnane X receptor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97(13), 7500–7502 (2000).
  • Pao LH, Hu OY, Fan HY, Lin CC, Liu LC, Huang PW. Herb–drug interaction of 50 Chinese herbal medicines on CYP3A4 activity in vitro and in vivo. Am. J. Chin. Med. 40(1), 57–73 (2012).
  • Yu C, Chai X, Yu L, Chen S, Zeng S. Identification of novel pregnane X receptor activators from traditional Chinese medicines. J. Ethnopharmacol. 136(1), 137–143 (2011).
  • Raucy JL. Regulation of CYP3A4 expression in human hepatocytes by pharmaceuticals and natural products. Drug Metab. Dispos. 31(5), 533–539 (2003).
  • Lichti-Kaiser K, Staudinger JL. The traditional Chinese herbal remedy tian xian activates pregnane X receptor and induces CYP3A gene expression in hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 36(8), 1538–1545 (2008).
  • Li L, Stanton JD, Tolson AH, Luo Y, Wang H. Bioactive terpenoids and flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba extract induce the expression of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes through pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated pathways. Pharm. Res. 26(4), 872–882 (2009).
  • Yale SH, Glurich I. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 11(3), 433–439 (2005).
  • Gaudineau C, Beckerman R, Welbourn S, Auclair K. Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by multiple constituents of the Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 318(4), 1072–1078 (2004).
  • Lau AJ, Chang TK. Inhibition of human CYP2B6-catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation by Ginkgo biloba extract: effect of terpene trilactones and flavonols. Drug Metab. Dispos. 37(9), 1931–1937 (2009).
  • Shinozuka K, Umegaki K, Kubota Y et al. Feeding of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) enhances gene expression of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and attenuates the hypotensive effect of nicardipine in rats. Life Sci. 70(23), 2783–2792 (2002).
  • Chatterjee SS, Doelman CJ, Nöldner M, Biber A, Koch E. Influence of the Ginkgo extract EGb 761 on rat liver cytochrome P450 and steroid metabolism and excretion in rats and man. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 57(5), 641–650 (2005).
  • Zhao LZ, Huang M, Chen J et al. Induction of propranolol metabolism by Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in rats. Curr. Drug Metab. 7(6), 577–587 (2006).
  • Umegaki K, Taki Y, Endoh K et al. Bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba extract is a major substance inducing hepatic CYPs. J Pharm. Pharmacol. 59(6), 871–877 (2007).
  • Taki Y, Yokotani K, Yamada S et al. Ginkgo biloba extract attenuates warfarin-mediated anticoagulation through induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by bilobalide in mice. Phytomedicine 19(2), 177–182 (2012).
  • Yin OQ, Tomlinson B, Waye MM, Chow AH, Chow MS. Pharmacogenetics and herb–drug interactions: experience with Ginkgo biloba and omeprazole. Pharmacogenetics 14(12), 841–850 (2004).
  • Uchida S, Yamada H, Li XD et al. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolbutamide and midazolam in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 46(11), 1290–1298 (2006).
  • Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS et al. Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 59(4), 425–432 (2005).
  • Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Luo Y et al. Ginkgo biloba does not alter clearance of flurbiprofen, a cytochrome P450-2C9 substrate. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 46(2), 214–221 (2006).
  • Mohutsky MA, Anderson GD, Miller JW, Elmer GW. Ginkgo biloba: evaluation of CYP2C9 drug interactions in vitro and in vivo. Am. J. Ther. 13(1), 24–31 (2006).
  • Mohamed ME, Frye RF. Effects of herbal supplements on drug glucuronidation. Review of clinical, animal, and in vitro studies. Planta Med. 77(4), 311–321 (2011).
  • Li L, Hu H, Xu S, Zhou Q, Zeng S. Roles of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in phytochemical metabolism of herbal medicines and the associated herb–drug interactions. Curr. Drug Metab. 13(5), 615–623 (2012).
  • Zhang L, Zuo Z, Lin G. Intestinal and hepatic glucuronidation of flavonoids. Mol. Pharm. 4(6), 833–845 (2007).
  • Mohamed MF, Tseng T, Frye RF. Inhibitory effects of commonly used herbal extracts on UGT1A1 enzyme activity. Xenobiotica. 40(10), 663–669 (2010).
  • Mohamed ME, Frye RF. Inhibitory effects of commonly used herbal extracts on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4, 1A6, and 1A9 enzyme activities. Drug Metab. Dispos. 39(9), 1522–1528 (2011).
  • Gwilt PR, Lear CL, Tempero MA et al. The effect of garlic extract on human metabolism of acetaminophen. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 3(2), 155–160 (1994).
  • Lee LS, Wise SD, Chan C, Parsons TL, Flexner C, Lietman PS. Possible differential induction of phase 2 enzyme and antioxidant pathways by American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 48(5), 599–609 (2008).
  • van Erp NP, Baker SD, Zhao M et al. Effect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan. Clin. Cancer Res. 11(21), 7800–7806 (2005).
  • Lee LS, Stephenson KK, Fahey JW et al. Induction of chemoprotective phase 2 enzymes by ginseng and its components. Planta Med. 75(10), 1129–1133 (2009).
  • Andrén L, Andreasson A, Eggertsen R. Interaction between a commercially available St. John’s wort product (Movina) and atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 63(10), 913–916 (2007).
  • Werba JP, Giroli M, Cavalca V, Nava MC, Tremoli E, Dal Bo L. The effect of green tea on simvastatin tolerability. Ann. Intern. Med. 149(4), 286–287 (2008).
  • Alvarez AI, Real R, Pérez M, Mendoza G, Prieto JG, Merino G. Modulation of the activity of ABC transporters (P-glycoprotein, MRP2, BCRP) by flavonoids and drug response. J. Pharm. Sci. 99(2), 598–617 (2010).
  • Aszalos A. Role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in interactions between natural products and drugs. Curr. Drug Metab. 9(10), 1010–1018 (2008).
  • Wang X, Wolkoff AW, Morris ME. Flavonoids as a novel class of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP1B1 (OATP-C) modulators. Drug Metab. Dispos. 33(11), 1666–1672 (2005).
  • Mandery K, Bujok K, Schmidt I et al. Influence of the flavonoids apigenin, kaempferol, and quercetin on the function of organic anion transporting polypeptides 1A2 and 2B1. Biochem. Pharmacol. 80(11), 1746–1753 (2010).
  • Fuchikami H, Satoh H, Tsujimoto M, Ohdo S, Ohtani H, Sawada Y. Effects of herbal extracts on the function of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP-B. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34(4), 577–582 (2006).
  • Holtzman CW, Wiggins BS, Spinler SA. Role of P-glycoprotein in statin drug interactions. Pharmacotherapy 26(11), 1601–1607 (2006).
  • Kumar YS, Adukondalu D, Sathish D et al. P-glycoprotein- and cytochrome P-450-mediated herbal drug interactions. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact. 25(1–4), 3–16 (2010).
  • Fan L, Tao GY, Wang G et al. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract ingestion on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy Chinese volunteers. Ann. Pharmacother. 43(5), 944–949 (2009).
  • Schwarz UI, Hanso H, Oertel R et al. Induction of intestinal P-glycoprotein by St. John’s wort reduces the oral bioavailability of talinolol. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 81(5), 669–678 (2007).
  • Tran VH, Marks D, Duke RK, Bebawy M, Duke CC, Roufogalis BD. Modulation of P-glycoprotein-mediated anticancer drug accumulation, cytotoxicity, and ATPase activity by flavonoid interactions. Nutr. Cancer 63(3), 435–443 (2011).
  • Zhou S, Lim LY, Chowbay B. Herbal modulation of P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab. Rev. 36(1), 57–104 (2004).
  • Abuznait AH, Qosa H, O’Connell ND et al. Induction of expression and functional activity of P-glycoprotein efflux transporter by bioactive plant natural products. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49(11), 2765–2772 (2011).
  • Tapaninen T, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M. Grapefruit juice greatly reduces the plasma concentrations of the OATP2B1 and CYP3A4 substrate aliskiren. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 88(3), 339–342 (2010).
  • Tapaninen T, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M. Orange and apple juice greatly reduce the plasma concentrations of the OATP2B1 substrate aliskiren. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 71(5), 718–726 (2011).
  • Ma XH, Zheng CJ, Han LY et al. Synergistic therapeutic actions of herbal ingredients and their mechanisms from molecular interaction and network perspectives. Drug Discov. Today 14(11–12), 579–588 (2009).
  • Izzo AA, Di Carlo G, Borrelli F, Ernst E. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: the risk of drug interaction. Int. J. Cardiol. 98(1), 1–14 (2005).
  • Izzo AA. Interactions between herbs and conventional drugs: overview of the clinical data. Med. Princ. Pract. 21(5), 404–428 (2012).
  • Hsieh HY, Chiu PH, Wang SC. Epigenetics in traditional chinese pharmacy: a bioinformatic study at pharmacopoeia scale. Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med. 2011, 816714 (2011).
  • Ulbricht C, Chao W, Costa D, Rusie-Seamon E, Weissner W, Woods J. Clinical evidence of herb–drug interactions: a systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration. Curr. Drug Metab. 9(10), 1063–1120 (2008).
  • Chen XW, Serag ES, Sneed KB et al. Clinical herbal interactions with conventional drugs: from molecules to maladies. Curr. Med. Chem. 18(31), 4836–4850 (2011).
  • Cordier W, Steenkamp V. Herbal remedies affecting coagulation: a review. Pharm. Biol. 50(4), 443–452 (2012).
  • Stanger MJ, Thompson LA, Young AJ, Lieberman HR. Anticoagulant activity of select dietary supplements. Nutr. Rev. 70(2), 107–117 (2012).
  • Mousa SA. Antithrombotic effects of naturally derived products on coagulation and platelet function. Methods Mol. Biol. 663, 229–240 (2010).
  • Samuels N. Herbal remedies and anticoagulant therapy. Thromb. Haemost. 93(1), 3–7 (2005).
  • Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS et al. Effect of St John’s wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 57(5), 592–599 (2004).
  • Mueller SC, Uehleke B, Woehling H et al. Effect of St John’s wort dose and preparations on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 75(6), 546–557 (2004).
  • Aruna D, Naidu MU. Pharmacodynamic interaction studies of Ginkgo biloba with cilostazol and clopidogrel in healthy human subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 63(3), 333–338 (2007).
  • Kellermann AJ, Kloft C. Is there a risk of bleeding associated with standardized Ginkgo biloba extract therapy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy 31(5), 490–502 (2011).
  • Chan AL, Leung HW, Wu JW, Chien TW. Risk of hemorrhage associated with co-prescriptions for Ginkgo biloba and antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 17(6), 513–517 (2011).
  • Chan TY. Interaction between warfarin and danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). Ann. Pharmacother. 35(4), 501–504 (2001).
  • Aston JL, Lodolce AE, Shapiro NL. Interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. Pharmacotherapy 26(9), 1314–1319 (2006).
  • Chan HT, So LT, Li SW, Siu CW, Lau CP, Tse HF. Effect of herbal consumption on time in therapeutic range of warfarin therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 58(1), 87–90 (2011).
  • Müller AC, Kanfer I. Potential pharmacokinetic interactions between antiretrovirals and medicinal plants used as complementary and African traditional medicines. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 32(8), 458–470 (2011).
  • van den Bout-van den Beukel CJ, Koopmans PP, van der Ven AJ, De Smet PA, Burger DM. Possible drug-metabolism interactions of medicinal herbs with antiretroviral agents. Drug Metab. Rev. 38(3), 477–514 (2006).
  • Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Chaitt D, Alfaro RM, Falloon J. Indinavir concentrations and St. John’s wort. Lancet 355(9203), 547–548 (2000).
  • de Maat MM, Hoetelmans RM, Math t RA et al. Drug interaction between St. John’s wort and nevirapine. AIDS 15(3), 420–421 (2001).
  • Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, Gallicano KD, Falloon J. The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34(2), 234–238 (2002).
  • Hajda J, Rentsch KM, Gubler C, Steinert H, Stieger B, Fattinger K. Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 41(5), 729–735 (2010).
  • Gallicano K, Foster B, Choudhri S. Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J. Clin. Pharmacol. 55(2), 199–202 (2003).
  • Lee LS, Andrade AS, Flexner C. Interactions between natural health products and antiretroviral drugs: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43(8), 1052–1059 (2006).
  • Penzak SR, Robertson SM, Hunt JD et al. Echinacea purpurea significantly induces cytochrome P450 3A activity but does not alter lopinavir–ritonavir exposure in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy 30(8), 797–805 (2010).
  • Moltó J, Valle M, Miranda C et al. Herb–drug interaction between Echinacea purpurea and darunavir–ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55(1), 326–330 (2011).
  • Chen XW, Sneed KB, Zhou SF. Pharmacokinetic profiles of anticancer herbal medicines in humans and the clinical implications. Curr. Med. Chem. 18(21), 3190–3210 (2011).
  • Yap KY, See CS, Chan A. Clinically-relevant chemotherapy interactions with complementary and alternative medicines in patients with cancer. Recent Pat. Food. Nutr. Agric. 2(1), 12–55 (2010).
  • Cheng CW, Fan W, Ko SG, Song L, Bian ZX. Evidence-based management of herb–drug interaction in cancer chemotherapy. Explore (NY). 6(5), 324–329 (2010).
  • Ben-Arye E, Attias S, Tadmor T, Schiff E. Herbs in hemato-oncological care: an evidence-based review of data on efficacy, safety, and drug interactions. Leuk. Lymphoma 51(8), 1414–1423 (2010).
  • He SM, Yang AK, Li XT, Du YM, Zhou SF. Effects of herbal products on the metabolism and transport of anticancer agents. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 6(10), 1195–1213 (2010).
  • Mathijssen RH, Verweij J, de Bruijn P, Loos WJ, Sparreboom A. Effects of St. John’s wort on irinotecan metabolism. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 94(16), 1247–1249 (2002).
  • Frye RF, Fitzgerald SM, Lagattuta TF, Hruska MW, Egorin MJ. Effect of St John’s wort on imatinib mesylate pharmacokinetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 76(4), 323–329 (2004).
  • Smith P, Bullock JM, Booker BM, Haas CE, Berenson CS, Jusko WJ. The influence of St. John’s wort on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of imatinib mesylate. Pharmacotherapy 24(11), 1508–1514 (2004).
  • Cox MC, Low J, Lee J et al. Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Clin. Cancer Res. 12(15), 4636–4640 (2006).
  • Nowack R. Review article: cytochrome P450 enzyme, and transport protein mediated herb–drug interactions in renal transplant patients: grapefruit juice, St John’s wort – and beyond! Nephrology (Carlton). 13(4), 337–347 (2008).
  • Kiani J, Imam SZ. Medicinal importance of grapefruit juice and its interaction with various drugs. Nutr. J. 6, 33 (2007).
  • Ernst E. St John’s wort supplements endanger the success of organ transplantation. Arch. Surg. 137(3), 316–319 (2002).
  • Breidenbach T, Kliem V, Burg M, Radermacher J, Hoffmann MW, Klempnauer J. Profound drop of cyclosporin A whole blood trough levels caused by St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Transplantation 69(10), 2229–2230 (2000).
  • Ruschitzka F, Meier PJ, Turina M, Lüscher TF, Noll G. Acute heart transplant rejection due to Saint John’s wort. Lancet 355(9203), 548–549 (2000).
  • Edwards DJ, Fitzsimmons ME, Schuetz EG et al. 6’,7’-Dihydroxybergamottin in grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice: effects on cyclosporine disposition, enterocyte CYP3A4, and P-glycoprotein. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 65(3), 237–244 (1999).
  • Ioannides-Demos LL, Christophidis N, Ryan P, Angelis P, Liolios L, McLean AJ. Dosing implications of a clinical interaction between grapefruit juice and cyclosporine and metabolite concentrations in patients with autoimmune diseases. J. Rheumatol. 24(1), 49–54 (1997).
  • Brunner LJ, Munar MY, Vallian J et al. Interaction between cyclosporine and grapefruit juice requires long-term ingestion in stable renal transplant recipients. Pharmacotherapy 18(1), 23–29 (1998).
  • Hermann M, Asberg A, Reubsaet JL, Sather S, Berg KJ, Christensen H. Intake of grapefruit juice alters the metabolic pattern of cyclosporin A in renal transplant recipients. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 40(10), 451–456 (2002).
  • Johne A, Schmider J, Brockmöller J et al. Decreased plasma levels of amitriptyline and its metabolites on comedication with an extract from St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 22(1), 46–54 (2002).
  • Lee AJ, Chan WK, Harralson AF, Buffum J, Bui BC. The effects of grapefruit juice on sertraline metabolism: an in vitro and in vivo study. Clin. Ther. 21(11), 1890–1899 (1999).
  • Kantola T, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ. Grapefruit juice greatly increases serum concentrations of lovastatin and lovastatin acid. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 63(4), 397–402 (1998).
  • Lilja JJ, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ. Grapefruit juice–simvastatin interaction: effect on serum concentrations of simvastatin, simvastatin acid, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 64(5), 477–483 (1998).
  • Lilja JJ, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ. Grapefruit juice increases serum concentrations of atorvastatin and has no effect on pravastatin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 66(2), 118–127 (1999).
  • Kumana CR, Tong MK, Li CS et al. Diltiazem co-treatment in renal transplant patients receiving microemulsion cyclosporin. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56(6), 670–678 (2003).
  • Wang Y, Wang C, Li J et al. Effect of genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5 and MDR1 on cyclosporine concentration during the early stage after renal transplantation in Chinese patients co-treated with diltiazem. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 65(3), 239–247 (2009).
  • Loh PT, Lou HX, Zhao Y, Chin YM, Vathsala A. Significant impact of gene polymorphisms on tacrolimus but not cyclosporine dosing in Asian renal transplant recipients. Transplant. Proc. 40(5), 1690–1695 (2008).
  • Li JL, Wang XD, Chen SY et al. Effects of diltiazem on pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in relation to CYP3A5 genotype status in renal recipients: from retrospective to prospective. Pharmacogenomics J. 11(4), 300–306 (2011).
  • Qin XL, Bi HC, Wang XD et al. Mechanistic understanding of the different effects of Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera extract) on the absorption and first-pass intestinal and hepatic metabolism of tacrolimus (FK506). Int. J. Pharm. 389(1–2), 114–121 (2010).
  • Xin HW, Wu XC, Li Q et al. Effects of Schisandra sphenanthera extract on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 64(4), 469–475 (2007).
  • Jin J, Bi H, Hu J et al. Effect of Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera extract) on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in rats. Phytother. Res. 25(8), 1250–1253 (2011).
  • Hebert MF, Park JM, Chen YL, Akhtar S, Larson AM. Effects of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 44(1), 89–94 (2004).
  • Mai I, Störmer E, Bauer S, Krüger H, Budde K, Roots I. Impact of St John’s wort treatment on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in renal transplant patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 18(4), 819–822 (2003).
  • Gardiner P, Phillips R, Shaughnessy AF. Herbal and dietary supplement–drug interactions in patients with chronic illnesses. Am. Fam. Physician 77(1), 73–78 (2008).
  • Dentali S. Importance of providing cardiologists with useful advice on herb–drug interactions. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 56(11), 903–904; author reply 905 (2010).
  • Pang X, Cheng J, Krausz KW, Guo DA, Gonzalez FJ. Pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of Cyp3a by black cohosh. Xenobiotica. 41(2), 112–123 (2011).
  • Huang Y, Jiang B, Nuntanakorn P et al. Fukinolic acid derivatives and triterpene glycosides from black cohosh inhibit CYP isozymes, but are not cytotoxic to Hep-G2 cells in vitro. Curr. Drug Saf. 5(2), 118–124 (2010).
  • Qiu F, Zhang R, Sun J et al. Inhibitory effects of seven components of danshen extract on catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 enzyme in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 36(7), 1308–1314 (2008).
  • Chan K, Lo AC, Yeung JH, Woo KS. The effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on warfarin pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 47(5), 402–406 (1995).
  • Sevior DK, Hokkanen J, Tolonen A et al. Rapid screening of commercially available herbal products for the inhibition of major human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes using the N-in-one cocktail. Xenobiotica. 40(4), 245–254 (2010).
  • Tang JC, Zhang JN, Wu YT, Li ZX. Effect of the water extract and ethanol extract from traditional Chinese medicines Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. and Rheum palmatum L. on rat liver cytochrome P450 activity. Phytother. Res. 20(12), 1046–1051 (2006).
  • Ishihara K, Kushida H, Yuzurihara M et al. Interaction of drugs and Chinese herbs: pharmacokinetic changes of tolbutamide and diazepam caused by extract of Angelica dahurica. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 52(8), 1023–1029 (2000).
  • Abd El-Aty AM, Shah SS, Kim BM et al. In vitro inhibitory potential of decursin and decursinol angelate on the catalytic activity of cytochrome P-450 1A1/2, 2D15, and 3A12 isoforms in canine hepatic microsomes. Arch. Pharm. Res. 31(11), 1425–1435 (2008).
  • Strandell J, Neil A, Carlin G. An approach to the in vitro evaluation of potential for cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition from herbals and other natural remedies. Phytomedicine 11(2–3), 98–104 (2004).
  • Gorski JC, Huang SM, Pinto A et al. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 75(1), 89–100 (2004).
  • Mohamed MF, Frye RF. Inhibition of intestinal and hepatic glucuronidation of mycophenolic acid by Ginkgo biloba extract and flavonoids. Drug Metab. Dispos. 38(2), 270–275 (2010).
  • Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Tang R, Budzinski JW, Krantis A, Li KY. Effect of several Chinese natural health products of human cytochrome P450 metabolism. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 5(2), 185–189 (2002).
  • Patel J, Buddha B, Dey S, Pal D, Mitra AK. In vitro interaction of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir with herbal constituents: changes in P-gp and CYP3A4 activity. Am. J. Ther. 11(4), 262–277 (2004).
  • Zhang R, Jie J, Zhou Y, Cao Z, Li W. Long-term effects of Panax ginseng on disposition of fexofenadine in rats in vivo. Am. J. Chin. Med. 37(4), 657–667 (2009).
  • Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 76(5), 428–440 (2004).
  • Chatterjee P, Franklin MR. Human cytochrome p450 inhibition and metabolic-intermediate complex formation by goldenseal extract and its methylenedioxyphenyl components. Drug Metab. Dispos. 31(11), 1391–1397 (2003).
  • Nishikawa M, Ariyoshi N, Kotani A et al. Effects of continuous ingestion of green tea or grape seed extracts on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 19(4), 280–289 (2004).
  • Beckmann-Knopp S, Rietbrock S, Weyhenmeyer R et al. Inhibitory effects of silibinin on cytochrome P-450 enzymes in human liver microsomes. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 86(6), 250–256 (2000).
  • Rajnarayana K, Reddy MS, Vidyasagar J, Krishna DR. Study on the influence of silymarin pretreatment on metabolism and disposition of metronidazole. Arzneimittelforschung. 54(2), 109–113 (2004).
  • Piscitelli SC, Formentini E, Burstein AH, Alfaro R, Jagannatha S, Falloon J. Effect of milk thistle on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 22(5), 551–556 (2002).
  • DiCenzo R, Shelton M, Jordan K et al. Coadministration of milk thistle and indinavir in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy 23(7), 866–870 (2003).
  • Wu JW, Lin LC, Tsai TH. Drug–drug interactions of silymarin on the perspective of pharmacokinetics. J. Ethnopharmacol. 121(2), 185–193 (2009).
  • Kim CS, Choi SJ, Park CY, Li C, Choi JS. Effects of silybinin on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen in rats. Anticancer Res. 30(1), 79–85 (2010).
  • Han Y, Guo D, Chen Y, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Zhou HH. Effect of silymarin on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite E-3174 in healthy Chinese volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 65(6), 585–591 (2009).
  • Han Y, Guo D, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Zhou HH. Effect of continuous silymarin administration on oral talinolol pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica. 39(9), 694–699 (2009).
  • Fan L, Wang JC, Jiang F et al. Induction of cytochrome P450 2B6 activity by the herbal medicine baicalin as measured by bupropion hydroxylation. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 65(4), 403–409 (2009).
  • Fan L, Zhang W, Guo D et al. The effect of herbal medicine baicalin on pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, substrate of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83(3), 471–476 (2008).
  • Mohammed Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects. Br. J. Pharmacol. 154(8), 1691–1700 (2008).
  • Gervasini G, Vizcaino S, Carrillo JA, Caballero MJ, Benitez J. The effect of CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and the MDR1 polymorphisms and gender on the urinary excretion of the metabolites of the H-receptor antihistamine ebastine: a pilot study. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 62(2), 177–186 (2006).
  • Guo LQ, Chen QY, Wang X et al. Different roles of pummelo furanocoumarin and cytochrome P450 3A5*3 polymorphism in the fate and action of felodipine. Curr. Drug Metab. 8(6), 623–630 (2007).
  • Uno T, Yasui-Furukori N, Takahata T, Sugawara K, Tateishi T. Lack of significant effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole and its metabolites in subjects with different CYP2C19 genotypes. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 45(6), 690–694 (2005).
  • Miura M, Kagaya H, Tada H et al. Intestinal CYP3A4 is not involved in the enantioselective disposition of lansoprazole. Xenobiotica. 36(1), 95–102 (2006).
  • Xu H, Williams KM, Liauw WS, Murray M, Day RO, McLachlan AJ. Effects of St John’s wort and CYP2C9 genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide. Br. J. Pharmacol. 153(7), 1579–1586 (2008).
  • Wang LS, Zhu B, Abd El-Aty AM et al. The influence of St John’s wort on CYP2C19 activity with respect to genotype. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 44(6), 577–581 (2004).
  • Wang XD, Li JL, Su QB et al. Impact of the haplotypes of the human pregnane X receptor gene on the basal and St John’s wort-induced activity of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 67(2), 255–261 (2009).
  • Wang LS, Zhou G, Zhu B et al. St John’s wort induces both cytochrome P450 3A4-catalyzed sulfoxidation and 2C19-dependent hydroxylation of omeprazole. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 75(3), 191–197 (2004).
  • Fan L, Zhou G, Guo D et al. The pregnane X receptor agonist St. John’s wort has no effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 50(9), 605–611 (2011).
  • Rengelshausen J, Banfield M, Riedel KD et al. Opposite effects of short-term and long-term St. John’s wort intake on voriconazole pharmacokinetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 78(1), 25–33 (2005).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.