Botulinum toxin type A for upper limb spasticity after stroke

References

• National Audit Office. Reducing Brain Damage: Faster Access to Better Stroke Care. The Stationary Office, London, UK (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Watkins CL, Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, Moore AP, Smith TL, Sharma AK. Prevalence of spasticity post stroke. Clin. Rehabil.16(5), 515–522 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommerfeld DK, Eek EUB, Svensson A-K, Holmqvist LW, von Arbin MH. Spasticity after stroke: its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations. Stroke35(1), 134–139 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lance JW. Symposium synopsis. In: Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control. Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP (Eds). Symposium Specialists Inc, Chicago, IL, USA (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Pandyan AD, Gregoric M, Barnes MP et al. Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disabil. Rehabil.27(1–2), 2–6 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians, British Society of Rehabiliation Medicine, Chartered Society of Physiotherapy and Association of Chartered Physiotherapists Interested in Neurology. Spasticity in Adults: Management Using Botulinum Toxin. National Guidelines. Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Mayer NH, Esquenazi A, Childers MK. Common patterns of clinical motor dysfunction. Muscle Nerve20(Suppl. 6), S21–S35 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Sheean GL. Botulinum treatment of spasticity: why is it so difficult to show a functional benefit? Curr. Opin. Neurol.14(6), 771–776 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ada L, O’Dwyer N, O’Neill E. Relation between spasticity, weakness and contracture of the elbow flexors and upper limb activity after stroke: an observational study. Disabil. Rehabil.28(13–14), 891–897 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard CT, Gardipee KA, Koontz JR, Anderson J-H, Wilkins SA. Correlation between impairment and motor performance during reaching tasks in subjects with spastic hemiparesis. J. Rehabil. Med.38(4), 243–249 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheean DG. Is spasticity painful? Eur. J. Neurol.16(2), 157–158 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnes MP. Management of spasticity. Age Ageing27(2), 239–245 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National Clinical Guideline for Stroke (Third Edition). Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Collins MD, East AK. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the food-borne pathogen Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins. J. Appl. Microbiol.84(1), 5–17 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goonetilleke A, Harris JB. Clostridial neurotoxins. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry75(Suppl. 3), 35–39 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Sobel J. Botulism. Clin. Infect. Dis.41(8), 1167–1173 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbguth FJ. From poison to remedy: the chequered history of botulinum toxin. J. Neural Transm.115(4), 559–565 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossetto O, Montecucco C. How botulinum toxins work. In: Handbook of Botulinum Toxin Treatment (Second Edition). Moore P, Naumann M (Eds). Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Dolly JO, Aoki KR. The structure and mode of action of different botulinum toxins. Eur. J. Neurol.13(Suppl. 4), 1–9 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressler D, Saberi FA, Barbosa ER. Botulinum toxin: mechanisms of action. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr.63(1), 180–185 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressler D, Benecke R. Pharmacology of therapeutic botulinum toxin preparations. Disabil. Rehabil.29(23), 1761–1768 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh BR. Botulinum neurotoxin structure, engineering, and novel cellular trafficking and targeting. Neurotox. Res.9(2–3), 73–92 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko C-P. Do nerve terminal sprouts contribute to functional recovery from botulinum neurotoxin A? J. Physiol.586(13), 3021 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aoki KR. Review of a proposed mechanism for the antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A. Neurotoxicology26(5), 785–793 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosales RL, Bigalke H, Dressler D. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin: differences between type A preparations. Eur. J. Neurol.13(Suppl. 1), 2–10 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett A. Dysport: pharmacological properties and factors that influence toxin action. Toxicon54(5), 683–689 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder AS, Berweck S, Lee SH, Heinen F. Botulinum toxin treatment of children with cerebral palsy – a short review of different injection techniques. Neurotox. Res.9(2–3), 189–196 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das TK, Park DM. Effect of treatment with botulinum toxin on spasticity. Postgrad. Med. J.65(762), 208–210 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson DM, Alexander DN, O’Brien CF et al. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology46(5), 1306–1310 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse S, Reiter F, Konrad M, Jahnke MT. Botulinum toxin type A and short-term electrical stimulation in the treatment of upper limb flexor spasticity after stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil.12(5), 381–388 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SJ, Ellis E, White S, Moore AP. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after stroke or head injury. Clin. Rehabil.14(1), 5–13 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakheit AM, Thilmann AF, Ward AB et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke. Stroke31(10), 2402–2406 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhakta BB, Cozens JA, Chamberlain MA, Bamford JM. Impact of botulinum toxin type A on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry69(2), 217–221 (2000); Erratum in J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry70(6), 821 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakheit AM, Pittock S, Moore AP et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke. Eur. J. Neurol.8(6), 559–565 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashear A, Gordon MF, Elovic E et al. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.347(6), 395–400 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childers MK, Brashear A, Jozefczyk P et al. Dose-dependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.85(7), 1063–1069 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suputtitada A, Suwanwela NC. The lowest effective dose of botulinum A toxin in adult patients with upper limb spasticity. Disabil. Rehabil.27(4), 176–184 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yelnik AP, Colle FM, Bonan IV, Vicaut E. Treatment of shoulder pain in spastic hemiplegia by reducing spasticity of the subscapular muscle: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of botulinum toxin A. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry78(8), 845–848 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco E, Duarte E, Vila J et al. Is botulinum toxin type A effective in the treatment of spastic shoulder pain in patients after stroke? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. J. Rehabil. Med.39(6), 440–447 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong K-H, Neo J-J, Chua KS. A randomized controlled study of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with spasticity. Clin. Rehabil.21(1), 28–35 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahangir AW, Tan HJ, Norlinah MI et al. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after stroke. Med. J. Malaysia62(4), 319–322 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Boer KS, Arwert HJ, de Groot JH, Meskers CGM, Mishre ADR, Arendzen JH. Shoulder pain and external rotation in spastic hemiplegia do not improve by injection of botulinum toxin A into the subscapular muscle. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry79(5), 581–583 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory P, Turner-Stokes L, Baguley IJ et al. Botulinum toxin A for treatment of upper limb spasticity following stroke: a multi-centre randomized placebo-controlled study of the effects on quality of life and other person-centred outcomes. J. Rehabil. Med.41(7), 536–544 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashear A, McAfee AL, Kuhn ER, Fyffe J. Botulinum toxin type B in upper-limb poststroke spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.85(5), 705–709 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kuijk AA, Geurts ACH, Bevaart BJW, van Limbeek J. Treatment of upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients by focal neuronal or neuromuscular blockade: a systematic review of the literature. J. Rehabil. Med.34(2), 51–61 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso E, Rodrigues B, Lucena R, Oliveira IR, Pedreira G, Melo A. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of the upper limb spasticity after stroke: a meta-analysis. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr.63(1), 30–33 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garces K, McCormick A, McGahan L, Skidmore B. Botulinum toxin A for upper and lower limb spasticity: a systematic review. Technology report no 51. Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, Ottawa, Canada (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Rosales RL, Chua-Yap AS. Evidence-based systematic review on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin-A therapy in post-stroke spasticity. J. Neural Transm.115(4), 617–623 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elia A, Filippini G, Calandrella D, Albanese A. Botulinum neurotoxins for post stroke spasticity in adults: a systematic review. Mov. Disord.24(6), 801–812 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashworth B. Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practioner192, 540–542 (1964).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys. Ther.67(2), 206–207 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson GR. Measurement of spasticity. In: Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome and Spasticity (First Edition). Barnes MP, Johnson GR (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Burridge JH, Wood DE, Hermens HJ et al. Theoretical and methodological considerations in the measurement of spasticity. Disabil. Rehabil.27(1–2), 69–80 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood DE, Burridge JH, van Wijck FM et al. Biomechanical approaches applied to the lower and upper limb for the measurement of spasticity: a systematic review of the literature. Disabil. Rehabil.27(1–2), 19–32 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voerman GE, Gregoric M, Hermens HJ. Neurophysiological methods for the assessment of spasticity: the Hoffmann reflex, the tendon reflex, and the stretch reflex. Disabil. Rehabil.27(1–2), 33–68 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumann M, Albanese A, Heinen F, Molenaers G, Relja M. Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A following long-term use. Eur. J. Neurol.13(Suppl. 4), 35–40 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brin MF. Botulinum toxin: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and immunology. Muscle Nerve Suppl.6, S146–S168 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dressler D, Hallett M. Immunological aspects of Botox, Dysport and Myobloc/NeuroBloc. Eur. J. Neurol.13(Suppl. 1), 11–15 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore P, Naumann M. General and clinical aspects of treatment with botulinum toxin. In: Handbook of Botulinum Toxin Treatment (Second Edition). Moore P, Naumann M (Eds). Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers H, Shaw L, Price C et al. Study design and methods of the BoTULS trial: a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the clinical effect and cost effectiveness of treating upper limb spasticity due to stroke with botulinum toxin type A. Trials9, 59 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw L, Rodgers H, Price C et al. BoTULS: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial to evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of treating upper limb spasticity due to stroke with botulinum toxin type A. Health Technology Assessment (In press).
   Google Scholar