565
Views
42
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Melatonin agonists and insomnia

, &
Pages 305-318 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Lerner AB, Case JD, Heinzelman RW. Structure of melatonin. J. Am. Chem. Soc.81, 6084–6085 (1959).
  • Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Ebisawa T. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses. Neuron13(5), 1177–1185 (1994).
  • Cardinali DP, Golombek DA. Let there be sleep – on time. Lancet373, 438–440 (2009).
  • Rusak B. The mammalian circadian system: models and physiology. J. Biol. Rhythms4(2), 121–134 (1989).
  • Inouye S-I, Kawamura H. Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic “island” containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA76(11), 5962–5966 (1979).
  • Maywood ES, O’Neill JS, Chesham JE, Hastings MH. The circadian clockwork of the suprachiasmatic nuclei – analysis of a cellular oscillator that drives endocrine rhythms. Endocrinology148(12), 5624–5634 (2007).
  • Young MY. Life’s 24-hour clock: molecular control of circadian rhythms in animal cells. Trends Biochem. Sci.25, 601–606 (2000).
  • Clayton JD, Kyriacou CP, Reppert SM. Keeping time with the human genome. Nature409, 829–831 (2001).
  • Sehgal A, Ousley A, Yang Z, Chen Y, Schotland P. What makes the circadian clock tick: Genes that keep time? Recent Prog. Horm. Res.54, 61–84 (1999).
  • Wright KP, Hughes RJ, Kronauer RE, Dijk D, Czeisler CA. Intrinsic near-24-h pacemaker period determines limits of circadian entrainment to a weak synchronizer in humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98(24), 14027–14032 (2001).
  • Arendt J. Melatonin. Clin. Endocrinol.29, 205–229 (1988).
  • Arendt J. Melatonin and the Mammlian Pineal Gland. Springer, Berlin, Germany (1996).
  • Dawson D, Armstrong SM. Chronobiotics – drugs that shift rhythms. Pharmacol. Ther.69(1), 15–36 (1996).
  • Arendt J, Skene DJ. Melatonin as a chronobiotic. Sleep Med. Rev.9, 25–39 (2005).
  • Zhdanova IV, Lynch HJ, Wurtman RJ. Melatonin: a sleep-promoting hormone. Sleep20, 899–907 (1997).
  • Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Godson C. Melatonin receptors step into the light: cloning and classification of subtypes. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.17(3), 100–102 (1996).
  • Dubocovich ML. Melatonin receptors: role on sleep and circadian rhythm regulation. Sleep Med.8(Suppl. 3), 34–42 (2007).
  • Rajaratnam SMW, Polymeropolous MH, Fisher DM et al. Melatonin agonist tasimelteon (VEC-192) for transient insomnia after sleep-time shift: two randomised controlled multicentre trials. Lancet373(9662), 482–491 (2009).
  • Kato K, Hirai K, Nishiyama K et al. Neurochemical properties of ramelteon (TAK-375), a selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonist. Neuropharmacology48(2), 301–310 (2005).
  • McArthur AJ, Hunt AE, Gillette MU. Melatonin action and signal transduction in the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock: activation of protein kinase C at dusk and dawn. Endocrinology138(2), 627–634 (1997).
  • Dubocovich ML, Yun K, Alghoul WM, Benloucif S, Masana MI. Selective MT2 melatonin receptor anatagonists block melatonin-mediated phase advances of circadian rhythms. FASEB J.12(12), 1211–1220 (1998).
  • Dubocovich ML, Hudson RL, Sumaya IC, Masan MI, Manna E. Effect of MT1 melatonin receptor deletion on melatonin-mediated phase shift of circadian rhythms in the c57BL/6 mouse. J. Pineal Res.39(2), 113–120 (2005).
  • Redman JR. Circadian entrainment and phase shifting in mammals with melatonin. J. Biol. Rhythms12(6), 581–587 (1997).
  • Rajaratnam SMW, Cohen DA, Rogers NL. Melatonin and melatonin analogues. Sleep Med. Clin.4(2), 179–193 (2009).
  • Zee P, Manthena P. The brain’s master circadian clock: Implications and opportunities for therapy of sleep disorders. Sleep Med. Rev.11, 59–70 (2007).
  • Arendt J, Middleton B, Stone B, Skene DJ. Complex effects of melatonin: Evidence for photoperiodic responses in humans? Sleep22(5), 625–635 (1999).
  • Burgess HJ, Revell VL, Eastman CI. A three pulse phase response curve to three milligrams of melatonin in humans. J. Physiol.586(2), 639–647 (2008).
  • Lewy AJ, Bauer VK, Ahmed S et al. The human phase response curve (PRC) to melatonin is about 12 hours out of phase with the PRC to light. Chronobiol. Int.15(1), 71–83 (1998).
  • Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Hoban TM. Free-running melatonin rhythms in blind people: phase shifts with melatonin and triazolam administration. In: Temporal Disorder in Human Oscillatory Systems. Rensing, L, an der Heiden, U, Mackey, MC (Eds). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany 219–224 (1987).
  • Deacon S, English J, Arendt J. Acute phase-shifting effects of melatonin associated with suppression of core body temperature in humans. Neurosci. Lett.178, 32–34 (1994).
  • Krauchi K, Cajochen C, Mori D, Graw P, Wirz-Justice A. Early evening melatonin and S-20098 advance circadian phase and nocturnal regulation of core body temperature. Am. J. Physiol.272(4 Pt 2), R1178–R1188 (1997).
  • Rajaratnam SMW, Dijk D, Middleton B, Stone BM, Arendt J. Melatonin phase-shifts human circadian rhythms with no evidence of changes in the duration of endogenous melatonin secretion ot the 24-hour production of reproductive hormones. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol.88(9), 4303–4309 (2003).
  • Skene DJ, Arendt J. Human circadian rhythms: physiological and therapeutic relevance of light and melatonin. Ann. Clin. Biochem.43(Pt 5), 344–353 (2006).
  • Redman JR, Armstrong SM. Reentrainmnet of rat circadian activity rhythms: effects of melatonin. J. Pineal Res.5(2), 203–215 (1998).
  • Hirai K, Kita M, Ohta H et al. Ramelteon (TAK-375) accelerates reentrainment of circadian rhythm after a phase advance of the light-dark cycle in rats. J. Biol. Rhythms20(1), 27–37 (2005).
  • Richardson GS, Zee PC, Wang-Weigand S, Rodriguez L, Peng X. Circadian phase-shifting effects of repeated ramelteon administration in healthy adults. J. Clin. Sleep Med.4(5), 456–461 (2008).
  • Vachharajani NN, Yeleswaram K, Boutlon DW. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of BMS-214778, a novel melatonin receptor agonist. J. Pharm. Sci.92(4), 760–772 (2003).
  • Martinet L, Guardiola-Lemaitre B, Mocaer E. Entrainment of circadian rhythms by S-20098, a melatonin agonist, is dose and plasma concentration dependent. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.54(4), 713–718 (1996).
  • Pitrosky B, Kirsch R, Malan A, Mocaer E, Pevet P. Organization of rat circadian rhythms during daily infusion of melatonin or S20098, a melatonin agonist. Am. J. Physiol.277(3 Pt 2), R812–R828 (1999).
  • Armstrong SM, McNulty OM, Guardiola-Lemaitre B, Redman JR. Successful use of S20098 and melatonin in an animal model of delayed sleep-phase syndrome (DSPS). Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.46(1), 45–49 (1993).
  • Redman JR, Guardiola-Lemaitre B, Brown M, Delagrange P, Armstrong SM. Dose dependent effects of S-20098, a melatonin agonist, on direction of re-entrainment of rat circadian activity rhythms. Psychopharmacology118(4), 358–390 (1995).
  • Leproult R, Van Onderbergen A, L’Hermite-Baleriaux M, Van Cauter E, Copinschi G. Phase-shifts of 24-h rhythms of hormonal release and body temperature following early evening administration of the melatonin agonist agomelatine in healthy older men. Clin. Endocrinol.63, 298–304 (2005).
  • Arendt J. Importance and relevance of melatonin to human biological rhythms. J. Neuroendocrinol.15(4), 427–431 (2003).
  • Zhdanova IV. Melatonin as a hypnotic: pro. Sleep Med. Rev.9(1), 51–65 (2005).
  • Scheer FA, Zeitzer JM, Ayas NT, R. B, Czeisler CA, Shea JA. Reduced sleep efficiency in cervical spinal cord injury: association with abolished night time melatonin secretion. Spinal Cord44(2), 78–81 (2006).
  • Shibata S, Cassone VM, Moore RY. Effects of melatonin on neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Neurosci. Lett.97(1–2), 140–144 (1989).
  • Van Someren EJ. Sleep propensity of modulated by circadian and behavior-induced changes in cutaneous temperature. J. Therm. Biol.29, 437–444 (2004).
  • van den Heuvel C, Noone J, Lushington K, Dawson D. Changes in sleepiness and body temperature precede nocturnal sleep onset: evidence from a polysomnography study in young men. J. Sleep Res.7, 159–166 (1998).
  • Gilbert S, van den Heuvel C, Ferguson S, Dawson D. Thermoregulation as a sleep signalling system. Sleep Med. Rev.8(2), 81–93 (2003).
  • Krauchi K, Cajochen C, Werth E, Wirz-Justice A. Warm feet promote the rapid onset of sleep. Nature401(6748), 36–37 (1999).
  • Krauchi K, Cajochen C, Werth E, Wirz-Justice A. Functional link between distal vasodilation and sleep-onset latency? Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.278(3), R741–R748 (2000).
  • van den Heuvel C, Kennaway D, Dawson D. Thermoregulatory and soporific effects of very low dose melatonin injection. Am. J. Physiol.276, E249–E254 (1999).
  • Gilbert S, van den Heuvel C, Dawson D. Daytime melatonin and tempazepam in young adult humans: equivalent effects on sleep latency and body temperature. J. Physiol.514(3), 905–914 (1999).
  • Van Someren EJ. More than a marker: interaction between the circadian regulation of temperature and sleep, age-related changes, and treatment possibilities. Chronobiol. Int.17(3), 313–354 (2000).
  • Srinivasan V, Pandi-Perumal SR, Trahkt I et al. Melatonin and melatonergic drugs on sleep: Possible mechanisms of action. Int. J. Neurosci.119(6), 821–846 (2009).
  • van den Heuvel CJ, Ferguson SA, Macchi MM, Dawson D. Melatonin as a hypnotic: Con. Sleep Med. Rev.9, 71–80 (2004).
  • Bjorvatn B, Pallesen S. A practical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Med. Rev.13, 47–60 (2009).
  • Arendt J, Rajaratnam SMW. Melatonin and its agonists: an update. Br. J. Psychiatry193, 267–269 (2008).
  • Gilbert S, van den Heuvel C, Kennaway D, Dawson D. Peripheral heat loss: a predictor of the hypothermic response to melatonin administration in young and older women. Physiol. Behav.66(2), 365–370 (1999).
  • Dawson D, Rogers N, van den Heuvel CJ, Kennaway DJ, Lushington K. Effect of sustained nocturnal transbuccal melatonin administration on sleep and temperature in elderly insomniacs. J. Biol. Rhythms13(6), 532–538 (1998).
  • Garfinkel D, Laudon M, Nof D, Zisapel N. Improvement of sleep quality in elderly people by controlled-release melatonin. Lancet346(8974), 541–544 (1995).
  • Otmani S, Demazieres A, Staner C et al. Effects of prolonged-release melatonin, zolpidem, and their combination on psychomotor functions, memory recall, and driving skills in healthy middle aged and elderly volunteers. Hum. Psychopharmacol.23(8), 693–705 (2008).
  • Strogatz SH, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA. Circadian pacemaker interferes with sleep onset at specific times each day: role in insomnia. Am. J. Physiol.252(1 Pt 2), R172–R178 (1987).
  • Lavie P. Ultrashort sleep-waking schedule. III. ‘Gates’ and ‘forbidden zones’ for sleep. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.63, 414–425 (1986).
  • Rajaratnam SMW, Middleton B, Stone BM, Arendt J, Dijk D. Melatonin advances the circadian timing of EEG sleep and directly facilitates sleep without altering its duration in extended sleep opportunties in humans. J. Physiol.561(Pt 1), 339–351 (2004).
  • Wyatt JK, Dijk DJ, Ritz-de Cecco A, Ronda JM, Czeisler CA. Sleep-faciltating effect of exogenous melatonin in healthy young men and women is circadian-phase dependent. Sleep29(5), 609–618 (2006).
  • Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N et al. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restricton: a meta-analysis. Br. Med. J.332(7538), 385–393 (2006).
  • Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ. Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag (Cochrane Review). Cochrance Database Syst. Rev.2, CD001520 (2002).
  • Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N et al. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders: a meta-analysis. J. Gen. Int. Med.20(12), 1151–1158 (2005).
  • Turek FW, Gillette MU. Melatonin, sleep, and circadian rhythms: rationale for development of specific melatonin agonists. Sleep Med.5, 523–532 (2004).
  • van den Heuvel CJ, Reid KJ, Dawson D. Effect of atenolol on nocturnal sleep and temperature in young men: reversal by pharmacological doses of melatonin. Physiol. Behav.61(6), 795–802 (1997).
  • Miyamoto M, Nishikawa H, Doken Y, Hirai K, Uchikawa O, Ohkawa S. The sleep-promoting action of ramelteon (TAK-375) in freely moving cats. Sleep27(7), 1319–1325 (2004).
  • Yukuhiro N, Kimura H, Nishikawa H, Ohkawa S, Yoshikubo S, Miyamoto M. Effects of ramelteon (TAK-375) on nocturnal sleep in freely moving monkeys. Brain Res.1027(1–2), 59–66 (2004).
  • Descamps A, Rousset C, Millan MJ, Spedding M, Delagrange P, Cespuglio R. Influence of the novel antidepressant and melatonin agonist/serotonin2C receptor antagonist, agomelatine, on the rat sleep–wake cycle architecture. Psychopharmacology205(1), 93–106 (2009).
  • Roth T, Stubbs C, Wash JK. Ramelteon (TAK-375), a selective MT1/MT2-receptor agonist, reduces latency to persistent sleep in a model of transient insomnia related to a novel sleep environment. Sleep28(3), 303–307 (2005).
  • Zammit G, Schwartz H, Roth T, Wang-Weigand S, Sainati S, Zhang J. The effects of ramelteon in a first-night model of transient insomnia. Sleep Med.10, 55–59 (2009).
  • Winkelman J, Kotagal S, Olson E, Scammel T, Schenck C, Spielman A (Eds). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual (2nd Edition). American Academy of Sleep Medicine, IL, USA (2005).
  • Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Blood ML, Stevenson J, Keith LD. Melatonin administration to blind people: phase advances and entrainment. J. Biol. Rhythms6(3), 249–261 (1991).
  • Folkard S, Arendt J, Aldhous M, Kennett H. Melatonin stabilises sleep onset time in a blind man without entrainment of cortisol or temperature rhythms. Neurosci. Lett.113(2), 193–198 (1990).
  • Sharkey KM, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Effects of melatonin administration on daytime sleep after simulated night shift work. J. Sleep Res.10(3), 181–192 (2001).
  • Dahlitz MJ, Alvarez B, Vignau J, English J, Arendt J, Parkes JD. Delayed sleep-phase syndrome: response to melatonin. Lancet337, 1121–1124 (1991).
  • Arendt J, Skene DJ, Middleton B, Lockley SW, Deacon S. Efficacy of melatonin treatment in jet lag, shift work, and blindness. J. Biol. Rhythms12(6), 604–617 (1997).
  • Nagtegall JE, Kerkhof GA, Smits MG, Swart AC, Van Der Meer YG. Delayed sleep phase syndrome: A placebo-controlled cross-over study on the effects of melatonin administered five hours before the individual dim light melatonin onset. J. Sleep Res.7(2), 135–143 (1998).
  • Suhner A, Schlagenhauf P, Johnson R, Tschopp A, Steffen R. Comparitive study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag. Chronobiol. Int.15(6), 655–666 (1998).
  • Kayumov L, Brown G, Jindal R, Buttoo K, Shapiro CM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of the effect of exogenous melatonin on delayed sleep phase syndrome. Psychosom. Med.63(1), 40–48 (2001).
  • Arendt J. Does melatonin improve sleep? Efficacy of melatonin. Br. Med. J.332(7540), 550 (2006).
  • Arendt J, Aldhous M, Marks V. Alleviation of jet lag by melatonin: preliminary results of controlled double blind trial. Br. Med. J.292(6529), 1170 (1986).
  • Dagan Y, Yovel I, Hallis D, Eisenstein M, Raichik I. Evaluating the role of melatonin in the long-term treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). Chronobiol. Int.15(2), 181–190 (1998).
  • Lockley SW, Skene DJ, James K, Thapan K, Wright J, Arendt J. Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects. J. Endocrinol.164(1), R1–R6 (2000).
  • Sack RL, Brandes RW, Kendall AR, Lewy AJ. Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people. N. Engl. J. Med.343(15), 1070–1077 (2000).
  • Haimov I, Lavie P, Laudon M, Herer P, Vigder C, Zisapel N. Melatonin replacement therapy of elderly insomniacs. Sleep18(7), 598–603 (1995).
  • Zhdanova IV, Wurtman RJ, Regan MM, Taylor JA, Shi JP, Leclair OU. Melatonin treatment for age-related insomnia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol.86(10), 4727–4730 (2001).
  • Wurtman RJ, Zhdanova IV. Improvement of sleep quality by melatonin. Lancet346(8988), 1491 (1995).
  • Hughes RJ, Sack RL, Lewy AJ. The role of melatonin and circadain phase in age-related sleep-maintenance insomnia: assessment in a clinical trial of melatonin replacement. Sleep21(1), 52–68 (1998).
  • Ellis CM, Lemmens G, Parkes JD. Melatonin and insomnia. J. Sleep Res.4(1), 61–65 (1996).
  • Lemoine P, Nir T, Laudon M, Zisapel N. Prolonged-release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects. J. Sleep Res.16(4), 372–380 (2007).
  • Sateia MJ, Kirby-Long P, Taylor JL. Efficacy and clinical safety of ramelteon: an evidence-based review. Sleep Med. Rev.12, 319–332 (2008).
  • Erman M, Seiden D, Zammit G, Sainati S, Zhang J. An efficacy, safety, and dose-response study of ramelteon in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med.7, 17–24 (2006).
  • Roth T, Seiden D, Sainati S, Wang-Weigand S, Zhang J, Zee P. Effects of ramelteon on patient-reported sleep latency in older adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep Med.7(4), 312–318 (2006).
  • Roth T, Seiden D, Wang-Weigand S, Zhang J. A 2-night, 3-period, crossover study of ramelteon’s efficacy and safety in older adults with chronic insomnia. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.23(5), 1005–1014 (2007).
  • Walsh JK, Moscovitch A, Burke J, Farber R, Roth T. Efficacy and tolerability of indiplon in older adults with primary insomnia. Sleep Med.8(7–8), 753–759 (2007).
  • Scharf MB, Black J, Hull S, Landin R, Farber R. Long-term nightly treatment with indiplon in adults with primary insomnia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-month study. Sleep30(6), 743–752 (2007).
  • Neubauer DN. A review of ramelteon in the treatment of sleep disorders. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat.4(1), 69–79 (2008).
  • Johnson MW, Suess PE, Griffiths RR. Ramelteon: a novel hypnotic lacking abuse liability and sedative adverse effects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry63(10), 1149–1157 (2006).
  • Carman JS, Post RM, Buswell R, Goodwin FK. Negative effects of melatonin on depression. Am. J. Psychiatry133(10), 1181–1186 (1976).
  • Dalton EJ, Rotondi D, Levitan RD, Kennedy SH, Brown GM. Use of slow-release melatonin in treatment-resistant depression. J. Psychiatry Neurosci.25(1), 48–52 (2000).
  • Dolberg OT, Hirschmann S, Grunhaus L. Melatonin for the treatment of sleep disturbances in major depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry155(8), 1119–1121 (1998).
  • Bourin M, Mocaer E, Porsolt R. Antidepressant-like activity of S 20098 (agomelatine) in the forced swimming test in rodents: involvement of melatonin and serotonin receptors. J. Psychiatry Neurosci.29(2), 126–133 (2004).
  • Barden N, Shink E, Labbe M, Vacher R, Rochford F, Mocaer E. Antidepressant action of agomelatine (S 20098) in a transgenic mouse model. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry29(6), 908–916 (2005).
  • Loo H, Hale A, D’Haenen H. Determination of the dose of agoemlatine, a melatonergic agonist and selective 5HT-(2C) antagonist, in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled dose range study. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.17(5), 239–247 (2002).
  • Kennedy SH, Emsley R. Placebo-controlled trial of agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Eur. Neuropsychpharmacol.16(2), 93–100 (2006).
  • Olie JP, Emsley R. Confirmed clinical efficacy of agomelatinin (25–50 mg) in major depression: two randomized, doubel-blind placebo controlled studies. Eur. Neuropsychpharmacol.15(Suppl. 3), S416 (2005).
  • Lemoine P, Guilleminault C, Alvarez E. Improvement in subjective sleep in major depressive disorder with a novel antidperessant, agomelatine: Randomised, double-blind comparison with venlafaxine. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 68(11), 1723–1732 (2007).
  • San L, Arranz B. Agomelatine: a novel mechanism of antidepressant action involving the melatonergic and the serotonergic system. Eur. Psychiatry23, 396–402 (2008).
  • Rouillon F. Efficacy and tolerance profile of agomelatine and practical use in depressed patients. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.21(Suppl. 1), S31–S35 (2006).
  • Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Möri D, Graw P, Wirz-Justice A. Early evening melatonin and S-20098 advance circadian phase and nocturnal regulation of core body temperature. Am. J. Physiol.272(4 Pt 2), R1178–R1188 (1997).
  • Papp M, Gruca P, Boyer PA, Mocaer E. Effect of agomelatine in the chronic mild stress model of depression in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology28(4), 694–703 (2003).
  • Quera-Salva MA, Vanier B, Laredo J et al. Major depressive disorder, sleep EEG and agomelatine: an open-label study. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.10(5), 691–696 (2007).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.