Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression

References

• Sackeim HA, George MS. Brain stimulation - basic, translational and clinical research in neuromodulation: why a new journal? Brain Stimul.1, 4–6 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George MS, Belmaker RH. TMS in Clinical Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, USA (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Higgins ES, George MS. Brain Stimulation Therapies for Clinicians. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, USA (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Pearce Williams L. Michael Faraday’s chemical notebook: portrait of the scientist as a young man. Phys. Educ.26, 278 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Martiny K, Lunde M, Bech P. Transcranial low voltage pulsed electromagnetic fields in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Biol. Psychiatry68(2), 163–169 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang GJ et al. Effects of low-field magnetic stimulation on brain glucose metabolism. Neuroimage51, 623–628 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolin A, Brill NQ, Broberg PJ. Stimulation of irritable tissues by means of an alternating magnetic field. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.102, 251–253 (1959).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet1, 1106–1107 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Sommer M, Thickbroom GW et al. Consensus: new methodologies for brain stimulation. Brain Stimul.2, 2–13 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein CM. A six-pound battery-powered portable transcranial magnetic stimulator. Brain Stimul.1, 128–130 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magentic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol. Psychiatry62(11), 1208–1216 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey KR, Epstein CM, George MS, Bohning DE. Modeling the effects of electrical conductivity of the head on the induced electrical field in the brain during magnetic stimulation. Clin. Neurophysiol.114, 2204–2209 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Rothwell JC, Hallett M, Berardelli A, Eisen A, Rossini PM, Paulus W. Magnetic stimulation: motor evoked potentials. The International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. EEG Clin. Neurophys. (Suppl. 52), 97–103 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Roth BJ, Momen S, Turner R. Algorithm for the design of magnetic stimulation coils. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.32, 214–216 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth Y, Zangen A, Hallett M. A coil design for transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions. J. Clin. Neurophysiol.19, 361–370 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth Y, Zangen A, Voller B, Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions: evidence for efficacy of the H-coil. Clin. Neurophysiol.116, 775–779 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levkovitz Y, Harel EV, Roth Y et al. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation over the prefrontal cortex: Evaluation of antidepressant and cognitive effects in depressive patients. Brain Stimul.2, 188–200 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohning DE, Pecheny AP, Epstein CM et al. Mapping transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) fields in vivo with MRI. Neuroreport8, 2535–2538 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Fountain S, Daskalakis ZJ. A comprehensive review of the effects of rTMS on motor cortical excitability and inhibition. Clin. Neurophysiol.117, 2584–2596 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox PT, Narayana S, Tandon N et al. Intensity modulation of TMS-induced cortical excitation: primary motor cortex. Hum. Brain Mapp.27, 478–487 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco P, Turner D, Rothwell J, Thickbroom G. Corticomotor responses to triple-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation: effects of interstimulus interval and stimulus intensity. Brain Stimul.2, 36–40 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herbsman T, Forster L, Molnar C et al. Motor threshold in transcranial magnetic stimulation: the impact of white matter fiber orientation and skull-to-cortex distance. Hum. Brain Mapp.30, 2044–2055 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Lazzaro V, Ziemann U, Lemon RN. State of the art: physiology of transcranial motor cortex stimulation. Brain Stimul.1, 345–362 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li X, Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Anderson B, Bohning DE, George MS. Acute left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients is associated with immediately increased activity in prefrontal cortical as well as subcortical regions. Biol. Psychiatry55, 882–890 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahas Z, Teneback CC, Kozel A et al. Brain effects of TMS delivered over prefrontal cortex in depressed adults: role of stimulation frequency and coil-cortex distance. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci.13, 459–470 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell KA, Nahas Z, Shastri A et al. The transcranial magnetic stimulation motor threshold depends on the distance from coil to underlying cortex: a replication in healthy adults comparing two methods of assessing the distance to cortex. Biol. Psychiatry49, 454–459 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozel FA, Nahas Z, deBrux C et al. How coil–cortex distance relates to age, motor threshold, and antidepressant response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci.12, 376–384 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohning DE, Shastri A, McGavin L et al. Motor cortex brain activity induced by 1-Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation is similar in location and level to that for volitional movement. Invest. Radiol.35, 676–683 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffman RE, Cavus I. Slow transcranial magnetic stimulation, long-term depotentiation, and brain hyperexcitability disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry159, 1093–1102 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Lazzaro V, Pilato F, Saturno E et al. Theta-burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation suppresses specific excitatory circuits in the human motor cortex. J. Physiol.565, 945–950 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stagg CJ, Wylezinska M, Matthews PM et al. The neurochemical effects of theta burst stimulation as assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Neurophysiol.101(6), 2872–2877 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziemann U, Paulus W, Nitsche MA et al. Consensus: motor cortex plasticity protocols. Brain Stimul.1, 164–182 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual-Leone A, Gates JR, Dhuna A. Induction of speech arrest and counting errors with rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology41, 697–702 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein CM, Lah JJ, Meador K, Weissman JD, Gaitan LE, Dihenia B. Optimum stimulus parameters for lateralized suppression of speech with magnetic brain stimulation. Neurology47, 1590–1593 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke BM, Upton AR, Kamath MV, Al-Harbi T, Castellanos CM. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for migraine: clinical effects. J. Headache Pain7, 341–346 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ambrosini A, Schoenen J. The electrophysiology of migraine. Curr. Opin. Neurol.16, 327–331 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amassian VE, Quirk GJ, Stewart M. A comparison of corticospinal activation by magnetic coil and electrical stimulation of monkey motor cortex. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.77, 390–401 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amassian VE, Eberle L, Maccabee PJ, Cracco RQ. Modelling magnetic coil excitation of human cerebral cortex with a peripheral nerve immersed in a brain-shaped volume conductor: the significance of fiber bending in excitation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.85, 291–301 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lisanby S, Luber B, Schroeder C et al. rTMS in primates: intracerebral measurement of rTMS and ECS induced voltage in vivo.Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.107, 79 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Lisanby SH, Luber B, Schroeder C et al. Intracerebral measurement of rTMS and ECS induced voltage in vivo.Biol. Psychiatry43, 100s (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Paulus W, Classen J, Cohen LG et al. State of the art: pharmacologic effects on cortical excitability measures tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Stimul.1, 151–163 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urushihara R, Murase N, Rothwell JC et al. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the premotor cortex on somatosensory-evoked potentials and regional cerebral blood flow. Neuroimage31, 699–709 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricci R, Ramsey D, Johnson K et al. A pilot feasibility study of daily rTMS to modify corticospinal excitability during lower limb immobilization. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag.4, 1127–1134 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miniussi C, Cappa SF, Cohen LG et al. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation/transcranial direct current stimulation in cognitive neurorehabilitation. Brain Stimul.1, 326–336 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel FC, Celnik P, Pascual-Leone A et al. Controversy: noninvasive and invasive cortical stimulation show efficacy in treating stroke patients. Brain Stimul.1, 370–382 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pape TL, Rosenow J, Lewis G et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-associated neurobehavioral gains during coma recovery. Brain Stimul.2, 22–35 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Ricci R, Large CH, Anderson B, Nahas Z, George MS. Lamotrigine and valproic acid have different effects on motorcortical neuronal excitability. J. Neural Transm.116(4), 423–429 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Teneback CC, Nahas Z et al. Interleaved transcranial magnetic stimulation/functional MRI confirms that lamotrigine inhibits cortical excitability in healthy young men. Neuropsychopharmacology29, 1395–1407 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George MS, Bohning DE, Li X et al. Neuroimaging of rTMS effects on the Brain. In: Transcranial Brain Stimulation in Mental Disorders. Marcolin M, Padberg F (Eds). Karger, Germany (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Siebner HR, Bergmann TO, Bestmann S et al. Consensus paper: combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging. Brain Stimul.2, 58–80 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Ketter TA, Post RM. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in clinical depression. Depression2, 59–72 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• George MS. Why would you ever want to? Toward understanding the antidepressant effect of prefrontal rTMS. Hum. Psychopharmacol.15, 307–313 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.9, 357–381 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Wassermann EM, Williams WA et al. Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci.8, 172–180 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Wassermann EM, Williams WA et al. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. Neuroreport6, 1853–1856 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Wassermann EM, Kimbrell TA et al. Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am. J. Psychiatry154, 1752–1756 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Large CH, Daniel ED, Li X, George MS. Neural network dysfunction in bipolar depression: clues from the efficacy of lamotrigine. Biochem. Soc. Trans.37, 1080–1084 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller W, Seligman M. Depression and learned helplessness in man. J. Abnorm. Psychol.84, 228–238 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier S. Learned helplessness and animal models of depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry8, 435–446 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson JP, Thompson BM, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Medial prefrontal cortical activation modulates the impact of controllable and uncontrollable stressor exposure on a social exploration test of anxiety in the rat. Stress12(5), 445–450 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christianson JP, Paul ED, Irani M et al. The role of prior stressor controllability and the dorsal raphe nucleus in sucrose preference and social exploration. Behav. Brain Res.193, 87–93 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baratta MV, Lucero TR, Amat J, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex in mediating behavioral control-induced reduction of later conditioned fear. Learn. Mem.15, 84–87 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baratta MV, Christianson JP, Gomez DM et al. Controllable versus uncontrollable stressors bi-directionally modulate conditioned but not innate fear. Neuroscience146, 1495–1503 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassermann EM. Report on risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on Risk and Safety of rTMS (June 1996). Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.108, 1–16 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin. Neurophysiol.120(12), 2008–2039 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlaepfer TE, George MS, Mayberg H. WFSBP guidelines on brain stimulation treatments in psychiatry. World J. Biol. Psychiatry11, 2–18 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Belmaker B, Fitzgerald P, George MS et al. Managing the risks of repetitive transcranial stimulation. CNS Spectr.8, 489 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Counter SA, Borg E, Lofqvist L, Brismar T. Hearing loss from the acoustic artifact of the coil used in extracranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology40(8), 1159–1162 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo C, Sachdev P, Elsayed H et al. Effects of a 2- to 4 week course of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on neuropsychological functioning, electroencephalogram, and auditory threshold in depressed patients. Biol. Psychiatry49, 615–623 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisanby SH, Husain MM, Rosenquist PB et al. Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: clinical predictors of outcome in a multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology34, 522–534 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol. Psychiatry62, 1208–1216 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little JT, Kimbrell TA, Wassermann EM, et al. Cognitive effects of 1- and 20-hertz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression: preliminary report. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol. Behav. Neurol.13, 119–124 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avery DH, Isenberg KE, Sampson SM et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder: clinical response in an open-label extension trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry69, 441–451 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borckardt JJ, Smith AR, Hutcheson K et al. Reducing pain and unpleasantness during repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. ECT22, 259–264 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson BS, Kavanagh K, Borckardt JJ et al. Decreasing procedural pain over time of left prefrontal rtms for depression: initial results from the open-label phase of a multisite trial (OPT-TMS). Brain Stimul.2, 88–92 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Esser SK et al. Triggering sleep slow waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104, 8496–8501 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tononi G, Koch C. The neural correlates of consciousness: an update. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1124, 239–261 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebner HR, Bergmann TO, Bestmann S et al. Consensus paper: combining TMS with neuroimaging. Brain Stimul.2, 58–80 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoflich G, Kasper S, Hufnagel A, Ruhrmann S, Moller HJ. Application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of drug-resistant major depression. Hum. Psychopharmacol.8, 361–365 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolbinger HM, Hoflich G, Hufnagel A, Moller H-J, Kasper S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of major depression – a pilot study. Hum. Psychopharmacol.10, 305–310 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grisaru N, Yarovslavsky U, Abarbanel J, Lamberg T, Belmaker RH. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression and schizophrenia. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.4, 287–288 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Ridding MC, Rothwell JC. Is there a future for therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation? Nat. Rev. Neuroscience8, 559–567 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutter DJLG. Antidepressant efficacy of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in double-blind sham-controlled designs: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Med.39, 65–75 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrmann LL, Ebmeier KP. Factors modifying the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a review. J. Clin. Psychiatry67, 1870–1876 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozel FA, George MS. Meta-analysis of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat depression. J. Psychiatr. Pract.8, 270–275 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin JLR, Barbanoj MJ, Schlaepfer TE et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating depression (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Update Software, Oxford, UK (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell PB, Loo CK. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry40, 406–413 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam RW, Chan P, Wilkins-Ho M, Yatham LN. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Can. J. Psychiatry53, 621–631 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herwig U, Fallgatter AJ, Hoppner J et al. Antidepressant effects of augmentative transcranial magnetic stimulation: randomised multicentre trial. Br. J. Psychiatry191, 441–448 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oquendo MA, Baca-Garcia E, Kartachov A et al. A computer algorithm for calculating the adequacy of antidepressant treatment in unipolar and bipolar depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry64, 825–833 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dew RE, Kramer SI, McCall WV. Adequacy of antidepressant treatment by psychiatric residents: the antidepressant treatment history form as a possible assessment tool. Acad. Psychiatry29, 283–288 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joo JH, Solano FX, Mulsant BH, Reynolds CF, Lenze EJ. Predictors of adequacy of depression management in the primary care setting. Psychiatr. Serv.56, 1524–1528 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George MS, Lisanby SH, Avery D et al. Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry67, 507–516 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borckardt JJ, Linder KJ, Ricci R et al. Focal electrically administered therapy: device parameter effects on stimulus perception in humans. J. ECT25, 91–98 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arana AB, Borckardt JJ, Ricci R et al. Focal electrical stimulation as a sham control for rTMS: does it truly mimic the cutaneous sensation and pain of active prefrontal rTMS? Brain Stimul.1, 44–51 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George MS, Lisanby SH, Avery D et al. daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry67, 507–516 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nierenberg AA, Fava M, Trivedi MH et al. A comparison of lithium and T(3) augmentation following two failed medication treatments for depression: a STAR*D report. Am. J. Psychiatry163, 1519–1530; quiz 665 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herwig U, Padberg F, Unger J, Spitzer M, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in therapy studies: examination of the reliability of ‘standard’ coil positioning by neuronavigation. Biol. Psychiatry50(1), 58–61 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbsman T, Avery D, Ramsey D et al. More lateral and anterior prefrontal coil location is associated with better repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation antidepressant response. Biol. Psychiatry66, 509–515 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Hoy K, McQueen S et al. A randomized trial of rTMS targeted with MRI based neuro-navigation in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology34, 1255–1262 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figiel GS, Epstein C, McDonald WM et al. The use of rapid rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in refractory depressed patients. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neuro.10, 20–25 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahas Z, Li X, Kozel FA et al. Safety and benefits of distance-adjusted prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients 55–75 years of age: a pilot study. Depress Anxiety19, 249–256 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge RE, Moser DJ, Action L, Robinson RG. Treatment of vascular depression using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry65, 268–276 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pridmore S, Bruno R, Turnier-Shea Y, Reid P, Rybak M. Comparison of unlimited numbers of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and ECT treatment sessions in major depressive episode. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.3, 129–134 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershon AA, Dannon PN, Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am. J. Psychiatry160, 835–845 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Nahas Z, Molloy M et al. A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression. Biol. Psychiatry48, 962–970 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein CM, Evatt ML, Funk A et al. An open study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression with Parkinson’s disease. Clin. Neurophysiol.118, 2189–2194 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson B, Mishory A, Nahas Z et al. Tolerability and safety of high daily doses of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy young men. J. ECT22, 49–53 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hadley DL, Anderson B, Borckardt JJ et al. Safety, tolerability and effectiveness of high doses of adjunctive left prefrontal daily rTMS for treatment resistant depression in a clinical setting. J. ECT DOI: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181ce1a8c (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Martis B et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: preliminary results of a randomized trial. Biol. Psychiatry51, 659–667 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunhaus L, Schreiber S, Dolberg OT, Polack D, Dannon PN. A randomized controlled comparison of ECT and rTMS in severe and resistant non-psychotic major depression. Biol. Psychiatry53, 324–331 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reardon JP, Blumner KH, Peshek AD, Pradilla RR, Pimiento PC. Long-term maintenance therapy for major depressive disorder with rTMS. J. Clin. Psychiatry66, 1524–1528 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Nahas Z, Anderson B, Kozel FA, George MS. Can left prefrontal rTMS be used as a maintenance treatment for bipolar depression? Depress Anxiety20, 98–100 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andre-Obadia N, Peyron R, Mertens P, Mauguiere F, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for pain control. Double-blind study of different frequencies against placebo, and correlation with motor cortex stimulation efficacy. Clin. Neurophysiol.117, 1536–1544 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefaucheur JP. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the management of pain. Suppl. Clin. Neurophysiol.57, 737–748 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lefaucher JP, Drouot X, Nguyen JP. Interventional neurophysiology for pain control: duration of pain relief following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Neurophysiologie Clinique31, 247–252 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Keravel Y, Nguyen JP. Pain relief induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of precentral cortex. NeuroReport12, 2963–2965 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollnik JD, Dauper J, Wustefield S et al. Repetitive magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain conditions. Suppl. Clin. Neurophysiol.56, 390–393 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pridmore S, Oberoi G. Transcranial magnetic stimulation applications and potential use in chronic pain: studies in waiting. J. Neurol. Sci.182, 1–4 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borckardt JJ, Reeves ST, Weinstein M et al. Significant analgesic effects of one session of postoperative left prefrontal cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a replication study. Brain Stimul.1, 122–127 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borckardt JJ, Weinstein M, Reeves ST et al. Postoperative left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces patient-controlled analgesia use. Anesthesiology105, 557–562 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson KN, Welch MJ, Kozel FA, Demitrack MA, Nahas Z. Cost–effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression: a health economics analysis. Adv. Ther.26, 346–368 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozel FA, George MS, Simpson KN. Decision analysis of the cost–effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of nonpsychotic severe depression. CNS Spectr.9, 476–482 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP et al. Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. N. Engl. J. Med.328, 839–846 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim HA, Luber B, Moeller JR, Prudic J, Devanand DP, Nobler MS. Electrophysiological correlates of the adverse cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. J. ECT16, 110–120 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH et al. Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA285, 1299–1307 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• George MS, Nahas Z, Molloy M et al. A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression. Biol. Psychiatry48(10), 962–970 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar