Viral infection and aging as cofactors for the development of pulmonary fibrosis

References

• Adamson IY, Young L, Bowden DH. Relationship of alveolar epithelial injury and repair to the induction of pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol.130(2), 377–383 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sime PJ, O’Reilly KM. Fibrosis of the lung and other tissues: new concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. Clin. Immunol.99(3), 308–319 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauldie J, Bonniaud P, Sime P, Ask K, Kolb M. TGF-β, Smad3 and the process of progressive fibrosis. Biochem. Soc. Trans.35, 661–664 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilborn J, Bailie M, Coffey M, Burdick M, Strieter R, Peters-Golden M. Constitutive activation of 5-lipoxygenase in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest.97(8), 1827–1836 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilborn J, Crofford L, Burdick M, Kunkel S, Strieter R, Peters-Golden M. Cultured lung fibroblasts isolated from patients with idiopathic pumonary fibrosis have a diminished capacity to synthesize prostaglandin E2 and to express cyclooxygenase-2. J. Clin. Invest.95, 1861–1868 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisson T, Simon R. The plasminogen activation system in lung disease. Curr. Drug Targets8, 1016–1029 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucala R, Spiegel LA, Chesney J, Hogan M, Cerami A. Circulating fibrocytes define a new leukocyte subpopulation that mediates tissue repair. Mol. Med.1(1), 71–81 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore BB, Kolodsick JE, Thannickal VJ et al. CCR2-mediated recruitment of fibrocytes to the alveolar space after fibrotic injury. Am. J. Pathol.166(3), 675–684 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips RJ, Burdick MD, Hong K et al. Circulating fibrocytes traffic to the lungs in response to CXCL12 and mediate fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest., 114(3), 438–446 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada T, Nabeshima K, Hamasaki M, Uesugi N, Watanabe K, Iwasaki H. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in human lungs with usual interstitial pneumonia: quantitative immunohistochemistry. Pathology60(1), 14–21 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Kim KK, Wei Y, Szekeres C et al. Epithelial cell α3β1 integrin links β-catenin and Smad signaling to promote myofibroblast formation and pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest.119(1), 213–224 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konigshoff M, Kramer M, Balsara N et al. WNT1-inducible signaling protein-1 mediates pulmonary fibrosis in mice and is upregulated in humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest.119(4), 772–787 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbiani G. The myofibroblast: a key cell for wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res.54, 183–194 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collard HR, Moore BB, Flaherty KR et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.176(7), 636–643 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez FJ, Safrin S, Weycker D et al. The clinical course of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann. Intern. Med.142(12 Pt 1), 963–967 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghu G, Weycker D, Edelsberg J, Bradford WZ, Oster G. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.174(7), 810–816 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armanios MY, Chen JJ, Cogan JD et al. Telomerase mutations in families with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med.356(13), 1317–1326 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grutters JC, du Bois RM. Genetics of fibrosing lung diseases. Eur. Respir. J.25(5), 915–927 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taskar VS, Coultas DB. Is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis an environmental disease? Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 293–298 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas AQ, Lane K, Phillips J 3rd et al. Heterozygosity for a surfactant protein C gene mutation associated with usual interstitial pneumonitis and cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in one kindred. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.165(9), 1322–1328 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XM, Zhang Y, Kim HP et al. Caveolin-1: a critical regulator of lung fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Exp. Med.203(13), 2895–2906 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JS, Collard HR, Raghu G et al. Does chronic microaspiration cause idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Am. J. Med.123(4), 304–311 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannella KM, Moore BB. Viruses as co-factors for the initiation or exacerbation of lung fibrosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair1(1), 2 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kutok JL, Wang F. Spectrum of Epstein–Barr virus-associated diseases. Annu. Rev. Pathol.1, 375–404 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan JJ, Stewart JP, Hasleton PS, Arrand JR, Carroll KB, Woodcock AA. Epstein–Barr virus replication within pulmonary epithelial cells in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax50(12), 1234–1239 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty PC, Christensen JP, Belz GT, Stevenson PG, Sangster MY. Dissecting the host response to a γ-herpesvirus. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.356(1408), 581–593 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindenbach BD, Rice CM. Unravelling hepatitis C virus replication from genome to function. Nature436(7053), 933–938 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda T, Ohta K, Suzuki N et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and high prevalence of serum antibodies to hepatitis C virus. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.146(1), 266–268 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meliconi R, Andreone P, Fasano L et al. Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in Italian patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax51(3), 315–317 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arase Y, Suzuki F, Suzuki Y et al. Hepatitis C virus enhances incidence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. World J. Gastroenterol.14(38), 5880–5886 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manganelli P, Salaffi F, Pesci A. [Hepatitis C virus and pulmonary fibrosis]. Recenti Prog. Med.93(5), 322–326 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Idilman R, Cetinkaya H, Savas I et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in individuals with chronic hepatitis C. J. Med. Virol.66(1), 34–39 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving WL, Day S, Johnston ID. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hepatitis C virus infection. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.148(6 Pt 1), 1683–1684 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mushahwar IK, Erker JC, Muerhoff AS et al. Molecular and biophysical characterization of TT virus: evidence for a new virus family infecting humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA96(6), 3177–3182 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Ukita M et al. The entire nucleotide sequence of a TT virus isolate from the United States (TUS01): comparison with reported isolates and phylogenetic analysis. Virology259(2), 437–448 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gergely P Jr, Perl A, Poor G. Possible pathogenic nature of the recently discovered TT virus: does it play a role in autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Autoimmun. Rev.6(1), 5–9 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bando M, Ohno S, Oshikawa K, Takahashi M, Okamoto H, Sugiyama Y. Infection of TT virus in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Med.95(12), 935–942 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wold WSM, Horwitz MS. Adenoviruses. In: Fields Virology, 5th Edition. Knipe DM, Howley PM (Eds). Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, PA, USA, 2395–2436 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi S, Hogg JC. Adenovirus infections and lung disease. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol.7(3), 237–243 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwano K, Nomoto Y, Kunitake R et al. Detection of adenovirus E1A DNA in pulmonary fibrosis using nested polymerase chain reaction. Eur. Respir. J.10(7), 1445–1449 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yonemaru M, Kasuga I, Kusumoto H et al. Elevation of antibodies to cytomegalovirus and other herpes viruses in pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J.10(9), 2040–2045 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan TR, Moore BB, Weinberg JB et al. Exacerbation of established pulmonary fibrosis in a murine model by gammaherpesvirus. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.117(7), 771–780 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Mocarski E, Shenk T, Pass R. Cytomegaloviruses. In: Fields Virology. Knipe D, Howley P (Eds). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, PA, USA, 2702–2772 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Loewendorf A, Benedict CA. Modulation of host innate and adaptive immune defenses by cytomegalovirus: timing is everything. J. Intern. Med.267(5), 483–501 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magro CM, Allen J, Pope-Harman A et al. The role of microvascular injury in the evolution of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.119(4), 556–567 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworniczak S, Ziora D, Kapral M et al. Human cytomegalovirus DNA level in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.55(Suppl. 3), 67–75 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang YW, Johnson JE, Browning PJ et al. Herpesvirus DNA is consistently detected in lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.41(6), 2633–2640 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergnon JM, Vincent M, de The G, Mornex JF, Weynants P, Brune J. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and Epstein–Barr virus: an association? Lancet2(8406), 768–771 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manika K, Alexiou-Daniel S, Papakosta D et al. Epstein–Barr virus DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis.24(2), 134–140 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart JP, Egan JJ, Ross AJ et al. The detection of Epstein–Barr virus DNA in lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.159(4 Pt 1), 1336–1341 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly BG, Lok SS, Hasleton PS, Egan JJ, Stewart JP. A rearranged form of Epstein–Barr virus DNA is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.166(4), 510–513 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsukamoto K, Hayakawa H, Sato A, Chida K, Nakamura H, Miura K. Involvement of Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 in disease progression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax55(11), 958–961 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malizia AP, Keating DT, Smith SM, Walls D, Doran PP, Egan JJ. Alveolar epithelial cell injury with Epstein–Barr virus upregulates TGFβ1 expression. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.295(3), L451–L460 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson WE, Crossno PF, Polosukhin VV et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in alveolar epithelial cells is prominent in IPF: association with altered surfactant protein processing and herpesvirus infection. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.294(6), L1119–L1126 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isler JA, Skalet AH, Alwine JC. Human cytomegalovirus infection activates and regulates the unfolded protein response. J. Virol.79(11), 6890–6899 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thannickal VJ, Horowitz JC. Evolving concepts of apoptosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 350–356 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wangoo A, Shaw RJ, Diss TC, Farrell PJ, du Bois RM, Nicholson AG. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: lack of association with Epstein–Barr virus infection. Thorax52(10), 888–891 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zamo A, Poletti V, Reghellin D et al. HHV-8 and EBV are not commonly found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis.22(2), 123–128 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konishi K, Gibson KF, Lindell KO et al. Gene expression profiles of acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.180(2), 167–175 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buergelt CD, Hines SA, Cantor G, Stirk A, Wilson JH. A retrospective study of proliferative interstitial lung disease of horses in Florida. Vet. Pathol.23(6), 750–756 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donaldson MT, Beech J, Ennulat D, Hamir AN. Interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis in a horse. Equine Vet. J.30(2), 173–175 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams K, Malarkey D, Cohn L, Patrick D, Dye J, Toews G. Identification of spontaneous feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: morphology and ultrastructural evidence for a type II pneumocyte defect. Chest125(6), 2278–2288 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams KJ, Maes R, Del Piero F et al. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis: a newly recognized herpesvirus-associated fibrotic lung disease. Vet. Pathol.44(6), 849–862 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winder C, Ehrensperger F, Hermann M, Howald B, von Fellenberg R. Interstitial pneumonia in the horse: two unusual cases. Equine Vet. J.20(4), 298–301 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Love DN. Feline herpesvirus associated with interstitial pneumonia in a kitten. Vet. Rec.89(7), 178–181 (1971).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore BB, Hogaboam CM. Murine models of pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.294, L152–L160 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virgin HW 4th, Latreille P, Wamsley P et al. Complete sequence and genomic analysis of murine gammaherpesvirus 68. J. Virol.71(8), 5894–5904 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efstathiou S, Ho YM, Hall S, Styles CJ, Scott SD, Gompels UA. Murine herpesvirus 68 is genetically related to the gammaherpesviruses Epstein–Barr virus and herpesvirus saimiri. J. Gen. Virol.71(Pt 6), 1365–1372 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flano E, Husain SM, Sample JT, Woodland DL, Blackman MA. Latent murine gamma-herpesvirus infection is established in activated B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. J. Immunol.165(2), 1074–1081 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart JP, Janjua NJ, Sunil-Chandra NP, Nash AA, Arrand JR. Characterization of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 glycoprotein B (gB) homolog: similarity to Epstein–Barr virus gB (gp110). J. Virol.68(10), 6496–6504 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart JP, Usherwood EJ, Ross A, Dyson H, Nash T. Lung epithelial cells are a major site of murine gammaherpesvirus persistence. J. Exp. Med.187(12), 1941–1951 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vannella KM, Luckhardt TR, Wilke CA, van Dyk LF, Toews GB, Moore BB. Latent herpesvirus infection augments experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.181(5), 465–477 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lok SS, Haider Y, Howell D, Stewart JP, Hasleton PS, Egan JJ. Murine gammaherpes virus as a cofactor in the development of pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin resistant mice. Eur. Respir. J.20(5), 1228–1232 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore BB, Murray L, Das A, Wilke CA, Herrygers AB, Toews GB. The role of CCL12 in the recruitment of fibrocytes and lung fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.35(2), 175–181 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt M, Sun G, Stacey M, Mori L, Mattoli S. Identification of circulating fibrocytes as precursors of bronchial myofibroblasts in asthma. J. Immunol.170, 380–389 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Krug LT, Torres-Gonzalez E, Qin Q et al. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling reduces virus load and gammaherpesvirus-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol.177(2), 608–621 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baud L, Perez J, Denis M, Ardaillou R. Modulation of fibroblast proliferation by sulfidopeptide leukotrienes: effect of indomethacin. J. Immunol.138, 1190–1195 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannella KM, McMillan TR, Charbeneau RP et al. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are autocrine and paracrine regulators of fibrocyte function. J. Immunol.179(11), 7883–7890 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace WA, Ramage EA, Lamb D, Howie SE. A type 2 (Th2-like) pattern of immune response predominates in the pulmonary interstitium of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA). Clin. Exp. Immunol.101(3), 436–441 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz A, Jimenez SA. Interferon-g regulates collagen and fibronectin gene expression by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol.29(1), 251–260 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sempowski GD, Derdak S, Phipps RP. Interleukin-4 and interferon-g discordantly regulate collagen biosynthesis by functionally distinct lung fibroblast subsets. J. Cell. Physiol.167(2), 290–296 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi B, Dutia BM, Brownstein DG, Nash AA. Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 infection causes multi-organ fibrosis and alters leukocyte trafficking in interferon-g receptor knockout mice. Am. J. Pathol.158(6), 2117–2125 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora AL, Woods CR, Garcia A et al. Lung infection with gamma-herpesvirus induces progressive pulmonary fibrosis in Th2-biased mice. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.289(5), L711–L721 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Mora AL, Torres-Gonzalez E, Rojas M et al. Activation of alveolar macrophages via the alternative pathway in herpesvirus-induced lung fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol.35(4), 466–473 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uh ST, Inoue Y, King TE Jr, Chan ED, Newman LS, Riches DW. Morphometric analysis of insulin-like growth factor-I localization in lung tissues of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.158(5 Pt 1), 1626–1635 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mora AL, Torres-Gonzalez E, Rojas M et al. Control of virus reactivation arrests pulmonary herpesvirus-induced fibrosis in IFN-γ receptor-deficient mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.175(11), 1139–1150 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodgson U, Pulkkinen V, Dixon M et al.ELMOD2 is a candidate gene for familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Hum. Genet.79(1), 149–154 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulkkinen V, Bruce S, Rintahaka J et al.ELMOD2, a candidate gene for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, regulates antiviral responses. FASEB J.24(4), 1167–1177 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fell CD, Martinez FJ, Liu LX et al. Clinical predictors of a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am.J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.181(8), 832–837 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda T. Senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM): a biogerontological resource in aging research Neurobiol. Aging20, 105–110 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Gonzalez ET, Iyer SS et al. Use of senescence-accelerated mouse model in bleomycin-induced lung injury suggests that bone marrow-derived cells can alter the outcome of lung injury in aged mice. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.64(7), 731–739 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. ER stress and hormetic regulation of the aging process. Ageing Res. Rev.9(3), 211–217 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castriotta RJ, Eldadah BA, Foster WM et al. Workshop on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in older adults. Chest138(3), 693–703 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aw D, Silva AB, Palmer DB. Immunosenescence: emerging challenges for an ageing population. Immunology120(4), 435–446 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner EM, Murasko DM. Age-related changes in Type 1 and Type 2 cytokine production in humans. Biogerontology3(5), 271–290 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goronzy JJ, Lee WW, Weyand CM. Aging and T-cell diversity. Exp. Gerontol.42(5), 400–406 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowe RP, Kozlova EV, Yetman DL, Walling DM, Goodwin JS, Glaser R. Chronic herpesvirus reactivation occurs in aging. Exp Gerontol., 42(6), 563–570 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goronzy JJ, Fulbright JW, Crowson CS, Poland GA, O’Fallon WM, Weyand CM. Value of immunological markers in predicting responsiveness to influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. J. Virol.75(24), 12182–12187 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan N, Hislop A, Gudgeon N et al. Herpesvirus-specific CD8 T cell immunity in old age: cytomegalovirus impairs the response to a coresident EBV infection. J. Immunol.173(12), 7481–7489 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsakiri KD, Cronkhite JT, Kuan PJ et al. Adult-onset pulmonary fibrosis caused by mutations in telomerase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(18), 7552–7557 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alder JK, Chen JJ, Lancaster L et al. Short telomeres are a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105(35), 13051–13056 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calado RT, Young NS. Telomere diseases. N. Engl. J. Med.361(24), 2353–2365 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naik PK, Wilke CA, Vannella KM, Stoolman JST, Toews GB, Moore BB. Increased pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice infected with murine gammaherpesvirus when compared to young controls. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.181, A1996 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Torres-Gonzalez E, Jones DP, Sorescu D, Rojas M, Stecenko AA, Mora AL. Oxidative stress and susceptibility to virus-induced lung fibrosis in aging mice. Am J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.181, A1997 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Yager EJ, Kim IJ, Freeman ML et al. Differential impact of ageing on cellular and humoral immunity to a persistent murine gamma-herpesvirus. Immun. Ageing7, 3 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar