697
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Biomarkers in community-acquired pneumonia

&
Pages 203-214 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Welte T, Suttorp N, Marre R. CAPNETZ – Community-Acquired Pneumonia Competence Network. Infection32, 234–238 (2004).
  • Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections – full version. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.17(Suppl. 6), E1–E59 (2011).
  • Christ-Crain M, Müller B. Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: diagnostic guides to antibiotic prescription, prognostic markers and mediators. Eur. Respir. J.30, 556–573 (2007).
  • Tillett WS, Francis T Jr. Serological reactions in pneumonia with non-protein somatic fraction of pneumococcus. J. Exp. Med.52, 561–571 (1930).
  • Abernethy TJ, Avery OT. The occurrence during acute infections of a protein not normally present in the blood: I. Distribution of the reactive protein in patients’ sera and the effect of calcium on the flocculation reaction with C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. J. Exp. Med.73, 173–182 (1941).
  • Mold C, Gewurz H, Du Clos TW. Regulation of complement activation by C-reactive protein. Immunopharmacology42, 23–30 (1999).
  • Harbarth S, Holeckova K, Froidevaux C et al. Diagnostic value of procalcitonin, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 in critically ill patients admitted with suspected sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164, 396–402 (2001).
  • Vigushin DM, Pepys MB, Hawkins PN. Metabolic and scintigraphic studies of radioiodinated human C-reactive protein in health and disease. J. Clin. Invest.91, 1351–1357 (1993).
  • Müller B, Prat C. Markers of acute inflammation in assessing and managing lower respiratory tract infections: focus on procalcitonin. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.12, 8–16 (2006).
  • Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK, Saint-Louis P, Lacroix J. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis.39, 206–217 (2004); erratum: 40, 1386 (2005).
  • Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Huber AR, Müller B. Long-term stability of procalcitonin in frozen samples and comparison of Kryptor and VIDAS automated immunoassays. Clin. Biochem.43, 341–344 (2010).
  • de Kruif MD, Lemaire LC, Giebelen IA et al. The influence of corticosteroids on the release of novel biomarkers in human endotoxemia. Intensive Care Med.34, 518–522 (2008).
  • Sanders RJ, Schoorl M, Dekker E, Snijders D, Boersma WG, Ten Boekel E. Evaluation of a new procalcitonin assay for the Siemens ADVIA Centaur with the established method on the B.R.A.H.M.S Kryptor. Clin. Lab.57, 415–420 (2011).
  • Dahaba AA, Rehak PH, List WF. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations in nonseptic uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis. Intensive Care Med.29, 579–583 (2003).
  • Amour J, Birenbaum A, Langeron O et al. Influence of renal dysfunction on the accuracy of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of postoperative infection after vascular surgery. Crit. Care Med.36, 1147–1154 (2008).
  • Morgenthaler NG. Copeptin: a biomarker of cardiovascular and renal function. Congest Heart Fail.16(Suppl. 1), S37–S44 (2010).
  • Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Alonso C, Bergmann A. Assay for the measurement of copeptin, a stable peptide derived from the precursor of vasopressin. Clin. Chem.52, 112–119 (2006).
  • Jochberger S, Morgenthaler NG, Mayr VD et al. Copeptin and arginine vasopressin concentrations in critically ill patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91, 4281–4286 (2006).
  • Alehagen U, Dahlström U, Rehfeld JF, Goetze JP. Association of copeptin and N-terminal proBNP concentrations with risk of cardiovascular death in older patients with symptoms of heart failure. JAMA305, 2088–2095 (2011).
  • Khan SQ, Dhillon OS, O’Brien RJ et al. C-terminal provasopressin (copeptin) as a novel and prognostic marker in acute myocardial infarction: Leicester Acute Myocardial Infarction Peptide (LAMP) study. Circulation115, 2103–2110 (2007).
  • Levin ER, Gardner DG, Samson WK. Natriuretic peptides. N. Engl. J. Med.339, 321–328 (1998).
  • Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur. Heart. J.29, 2388–2442 (2008).
  • Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med.347, 161–167 (2002).
  • Brueckmann M, Huhle G, Lang S et al. Prognostic value of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with severe sepsis. Circulation112, 527–534 (2005).
  • Pirracchio R, Deye N, Lukaszewicz AC et al. Impaired plasma B-type natriuretic peptide clearance in human septic shock. Crit. Care Med.36, 2542–2546 (2008).
  • Eto T. A review of the biological properties and clinical implications of adrenomedullin and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP), hypotensive and vasodilating peptides. Peptides22, 1693–1711 (2001).
  • Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Alonso C, Bergmann A. Measurement of midregional proadrenomedullin in plasma with an immunoluminometric assay. Clin. Chem.51, 1823–1829 (2005).
  • Guignant C, Voirin N, Venet F et al. Assessment of pro-vasopressin and pro-adrenomedullin as predictors of 28-day mortality in septic shock patients. Intensive Care Med.35, 1859–1867 (2009).
  • Maisel A, Mueller C, Nowak R et al. Mid-region pro-hormone markers for diagnosis and prognosis in acute dyspnea: results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.55, 2062–2076 (2010).
  • Krüger S, Ewig S, Papassotiriou J et al. Inflammatory parameters predict etiologic patterns but do not allow for individual prediction of etiology in patients with CAP – Results from the German competence network CAPNETZ. Respir. Res.10, 65 (2009).
  • Müller F, Christ-Crain M, Bregenzer T et al. Procalcitonin levels predict bacteremia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective cohort trial. Chest138, 121–129 (2010).
  • Almirall J, Bolibar I, Toran P et al. Contribution of C-reactive protein to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest125, 1335–1342 (2004).
  • Prat C, Domínguez J, Andreo F et al. Procalcitonin and neopterin correlation with aetiology and severity of pneumonia. J. Infect.52, 169–177 (2006).
  • Holm A, Nexoe J, Bistrup LA et al. Aetiology and prediction of pneumonia in lower respiratory tract infection in primary care. Br. J. Gen. Pract.57, 547–554 (2007).
  • García Vázquez E, Martínez JA, Mensa J et al. C-reactive protein levels in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J.21, 702–705 (2003).
  • Masiá M, Gutiérrez F, Padilla S et al. Clinical characterisation of pneumonia caused by atypical pathogens combining classic and novel predictors. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.13, 153–161 (2007).
  • Ip M, Rainer TH, Lee N et al. Value of serum procalcitonin, neopterin, and C-reactive protein in differentiating bacterial from viral etiologies in patients presenting with lower respiratory tract infections. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.59, 131–136 (2007).
  • Ingram PR, Inglis T, Moxon D, Speers D. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in severe 2009 H1N1 influenza infection. Intensive Care Med.36, 528–532 (2010).
  • Bafadhel M, Clark TW, Reid C et al. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in hospitalized adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia or exacerbation of asthma or COPD. Chest139, 1410–1418 (2011).
  • Bello S, Lasierra AB, Minchole E et al. Prognostic power of proadrenomedullin in community-acquired pneumonia is independent on etiology. Eur. Respir. J. doi:10.1183/09031936.00080411 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Menendez R, Cavalcanti M, Reyes S et al. Markers of treatment failure in hospitalised community acquired pneumonia. Thorax63, 447–452 (2008).
  • Schuetz P, Suter-Widmer I, Chaudri A, Christ-Crain M, Zimmerli W, Müeller B. Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Therapy and Hospitalisation in Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (ProHOSP) study group. Prognostic value of procalcitonin in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J.37, 384–392 (2011).
  • Krüger S, Ewig S, Kunde J et al. Pro-vasopressin (copeptin) in patients with community-acquired pneumonia – influence of antibiotic pre-treatment: results from the German competence network CAPNETZ. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.64, 159–162 (2009).
  • Krüger S, Ewig S, Kunde J et al. Assessment of inflammatory markers in patients with community-acquired pneumonia – influence of antimicrobial pre-treatment. Results from the German competence network CAPNETZ. Clin. Chim. Acta411, 1929–1934 (2010).
  • Krüger S, Kunde J, Hanschmann A, Marre R, Suttorp N, Welte T. Influence of antibiotic pre-treatment on pro-atrial natriuretic peptide in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J.32(Suppl.), 383s (2008).
  • Krüger S, Ewig S, Marre R et al. Procalcitonin predicts patients at low risk of death from community-acquired pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J.31, 349–355 (2008).
  • Krüger S, Papassotiriou J, Marre R et al. Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and pro-vasopressin to predict severity and prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia. Results from the German competence network CAPNETZ. Intensive Care Med.33, 2069–2078 (2007).
  • Müller B, Morgenthaler NG, Stolz D et al. Circulating levels of copeptin, a novel biomarker, in lower respiratory tract infections. Eur. J. Clin. Invest.37, 145–152 (2007).
  • Müller B, Suess E, Schuetz P et al. Circulating levels of pro-atrial natriuretic peptide in lower respiratory tract infections. J. Intern. Med.260, 568–576 (2006).
  • Vazquez M, Jockers K, Christ-Crain M, Zimmerli W, Müller B, Schuetz P. MR-pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) predicts short- and long-term outcomes in respiratory tract infections: a prospective validation study. Int. J. Cardiol.156, 16–23 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Prat C, Lacoma A, Dominguez J et al. Midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide as a prognostic marker in pneumonia. J. Infect.55, 400–407 (2007).
  • Masiá M, Papassotiriou J, Morgenthaler NG, Hernández I, Shum C, Gutiérrez F. Midregional pro-A-type natriuretic peptide and carboxy-terminal provasopressin may predict prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin. Chem.53, 2193–2201 (2007).
  • Claessens YE, Mathevon T, Kierzek G et al. Accuracy of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide to guide site of care of community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med.36, 799–809 (2010).
  • Krüger S, Ewig S, Kunde J et al. Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and pro-vasopressin to predict short- and long-term survival in community-acquired pneumonia. Results from the German competence network CAPNETZ. Thorax65, 208–214 (2010).
  • Guertler C, Wirz B, Christ-Crain M, Zimmerli W, Müeller B, Schuetz P. Inflammatory responses predict long-term mortality risk in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J.37, 1439–1446 (2011).
  • Schuetz P, Wolbers M, Christ-Crain M et al. Prohormones for prediction of adverse medical outcome in community-acquired pneumonia and lower respiratory tract infections. Crit. Care14, R106 (2010).
  • Krüger S, Ewig S, Giersdorf S et al. Cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers to predict short- and long-term survival in community-acquired pneumonia. Results from the German competence network CAPNETZ. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.182, 1426–1434 (2010).
  • Christ-Crain M, Morgenthaler NG, Stolz D et al. Pro-adrenomedullin to predict severity and outcome in community-acquired pneumonia [ISRCTN04176397]. Crit. Care10, R96–R103 (2006).
  • Waterer GW, Kessler LA, Wunderink RG. Medium-term survival after hospitalization with community-acquired pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.169, 910–914 (2004).
  • Brancati FL, Chow JW, Wagener MM, Vacarello SJ, Yu VL. Is pneumonia really the old man’s friend? Two-year prognosis after community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet342, 30–33 (1993).
  • Mortensen EM, Kapoor WN, Chang CH, Fine MJ. Assessment of mortality after long-term follow-up of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis.37, 1617–1624 (2003).
  • Koivula I, Sten M, Makela P. Prognosis after community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a population-based 12 year follow-up study. Arch. Intern. Med.159, 1550–1555 (1999).
  • Yende S, D’Angelo G, Kellum JA et al. Inflammatory markers at hospital discharge predict subsequent mortality after pneumonia and sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.177, 1242–1247 (2008).
  • Boussekey N, Leroy O, Georges H et al. Diagnostic and prognostic values of admission procalcitonin levels in community-acquired pneumonia in an intensive care unit. Infection33, 257–263 (2005).
  • Boussekey N, Leroy O, Alfandari S et al. Procalcitonin kinetics in the prognosis of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med.32, 469–472 (2006).
  • Menéndez R, Martinez R, Reyes S et al. Stability in community-acquired pneumonia: one step forward with markers? Thorax64, 987–992 (2009).
  • Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Zimmerli W, Müeller B. Repeated measurements of endothelin-1 precursor peptides predict the outcome in community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med.37, 970–980 (2011).
  • Lacoma A, Rodríguez N, Prat C et al. Usefulness of consecutive biomarkers measurement in the management of community-acquired pneumonia. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1381-0 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Schuetz P, Chiappa V, Briel M, Greenwald JL. Procalcitonin algorithms for antibiotic therapy decisions: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and recommendations for clinical algorithms. Arch. Intern. Med.171(15), 1322–1331 (2011).
  • Müller B, Harbarth S, Stolz D et al. Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters in community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect. Dis.7, 10 (2007).
  • Cals JW, Butler CC, Hopstaken RM, Hood K, Dinant GJ. Effect of point of care testing for C reactive protein and training in communication skills on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial. BMJ338, b1374 (2009).
  • Christ-Crain M, Jaccard-Stolz D, Bingisser R et al. Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and outcome in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster-randomised, single-blinded intervention trial. Lancet363, 600–607 (2004).
  • Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R et al. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.174, 84–93 (2006).
  • Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Thomann R et al. Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial. JAMA302, 1059–1066 (2009).
  • Briel M, Schuetz P, Müeller B et al. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic use vs a standard approach for acute respiratory tract infections in primary care. Arch. Intern. Med.168, 2000–2007 (2008).
  • Burkhardt O, Ewig S, Haagen U et al. A simple procalcitonin-guided strategy results in safe reductions of antibiotic use in patients with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infections in primary care. Eur. Respir. J.36, 601–607 (2010).
  • Saeed K, Dryden M, Bourne S, Paget C, Proud A. Reduction in antibiotic use through procalcitonin testing in patients in the medical admission unit or intensive care unit with suspicion of infection. J. Hosp. Infect.78, 289–292 (2011).
  • Heyland DK, Johnson AP, Reynolds SC, Muscedere J. Procalcitonin for reduced antibiotic exposure in the critical care setting: a systematic review and an economic evaluation. Crit. Care Med.39, 1792–1799 (2011).
  • Jensen JU, Hein L, Lundgren B et al. Procalcitonin-guided interventions against infections to increase early appropriate antibiotics and improve survival in the intensive care unit: a randomized trial. Crit. Care Med.39, 2048–2058 (2011).
  • Stolz D, Christ-Crain M, Bingisser R et al. Antibiotic treatment of exacerbations of COPD: a randomized, controlled trial comparing procalcitonin-guidance with standard therapy. Chest131, 9–19 (2007).
  • Stolz D, Smyrnios N, Eggimann P et al. Procalcitonin for reduced antibiotic exposure in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomised study. Eur. Respir. J.34, 1364–1375 (2009).
  • Kristoffersen KB, Søgaard OS, Wejse C et al. Antibiotic treatment interruption of suspected lower respiratory tract infections based on a single procalcitonin measurement at hospital admission – a randomized trial. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.15, 481–487 (2009).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.