Population impact of Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine

References

• Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ. Typhoid fever. N. Engl. J. Med.347(22), 1770–1782 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akpede GO, Akenzua GI. Management of children with prolonged fever of unknown origin and difficulties in the management of fever of unknown origin in children in developing countries. Paediatr. Drugs3(4), 247–262 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler T, Islam A, Kabir I, Jones PK. Patterns of morbidity and mortality in typhoid fever dependent on age and gender: review of 552 hospitalized patients with diarrhea. Rev. Infect. Dis.13(1), 85–90 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet366(9487), 749–762 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine MM, Black RE, Lanata C. Precise estimation of the numbers of chronic carriers of Salmonella Typhi in Santiago, Chile, an endemic area. J. Infect. Dis.146(6), 724–726 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel R, Garnotel E, Spiegel A et al. Outbreak of typhoid fever in vaccinated members of the French Armed Forces in the Ivory Coast. Eur. J. Epidemiol.20(7), 635–642 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollaard AM, Ali S, van Asten HA et al. Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia. JAMA291(21), 2607–2615 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram PK, Naheed A, Brooks WA et al. Risk factors for typhoid fever in a slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Epidemiol. Infect.135(3), 458–465 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer RW. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Frage der Schutzimpfung des Menschen gegen Typhus abdominalis. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr.22, 3 (1896).
   Google Scholar
• Hawley PR, Simmons JS. The effectiveness of vaccines used for the prevention of typhoid fever in the United States Army and Navy. Am. J. Public Health Nations Health24(7), 689–709 (1934).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright AE, Leishman WB. Remarks on the results which have been obtained by the antityphoid incoulations and on the methods which have been employed in the preparation of the vaccine. Brit. Med. J.1, 8 (1900).
   Google Scholar
• Siler JF, Dunham GC. Duration of immunity conferred by typhoid vaccine: results of re-vaccination by intracutaneous injection of typhoid vaccine. Am. J. Public Health Nations Health29(2), 95–103 (1939).
   Google Scholar
• Wahdan MH, Sippel JE, Mikhail IA et al. Controlled field trial of a typhoid vaccine prepared with a nonmotile mutant of Salmonella Typhi Ty2. Bull. World Health Organ.52(1), 69–73 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanoff B, Levine MM, Lambert PH. Vaccination against typhoid fever: present status. Bull. World Health Organ.72(6), 957–971 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyruey MH, Goudineau JA, Germain M. [Chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever in Saigon]. Nouv. Presse Med.2(21), 1455 (1973).
   Google Scholar
• Olarte J, Galindo E. Salmonella Typhi resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and other antimicrobial agents: strains isolated during an extensive typhoid fever epidemic in Mexico. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.4(6), 597–601 (1973).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhutta ZA, Naqvi SH, Razzaq RA, Farooqui BJ. Multidrug-resistant typhoid in children: presentation and clinical features. Rev. Infect. Dis.13(5), 832–836 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uwaydah AK, Matar I, Chacko KC, Davidson JC. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella Typhi in Qatar: epidemiology and therapeutic implications. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.85(6), 790–792 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Coovadia YM, Gathiram V, Bhamjee A et al. An outbreak of multiresistant Salmonella Typhi in South Africa. Q. J. Med.82(298), 91–100 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta B, Kumar R, Khurana S. Multi drug resistant Salmonella Typhi in Ludhiana (Punjab). Indian J. Pathol. Bacteriol.36(1), 5–7 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Mirza SH, Beeching NJ, Hart CA. Multi-drug resistant typhoid: a global problem. J. Med. Microbiol.44(5), 317–319 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahdan MH, Serie C, Cerisier Y, Sallam S, Germanier R. A controlled field trial of live Salmonella Typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results. J. Infect. Dis.145(3), 292–295 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Cryz S, Ortiz E. Comparison of enteric-coated capsules and liquid formulation of Ty21a typhoid vaccine in randomised controlled field trial. Lancet336(8720), 891–894 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacket CO, Ferreccio C, Robbins JB et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two Salmonella Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines. J. Infect. Dis.154(2), 342–345 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacket CO, Levine MM, Robbins JB. Persistence of antibody titres three years after vaccination with Vi polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever. Vaccine6(4), 307–308 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keitel WA, Bond NL, Zahradnik JM, Cramton TA, Robbins JB. Clinical and serological responses following primary and booster immunization with Salmonella Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines. Vaccine12(3), 195–199 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotkin SA, Bouveret-Le Cam N. A new typhoid vaccine composed of the Vi capsular polysaccharide. Arch. Intern. Med.155(21), 2293–2299 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.83(6), 49–59 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull. World Health Organ.82(5), 346–353 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha SK, Baqui AH, Hanif M et al. Typhoid fever in Bangladesh: implications for vaccination policy. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.20(5), 521–524 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha A, Sazawal S, Kumar R et al. Typhoid fever in children aged less than 5 years. Lancet354(9180), 734–737 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui FJ, Rabbani F, Hasan R, Nizami SQ, Bhutta ZA. Typhoid fever in children: some epidemiological considerations from Karachi, Pakistan. Int. J. Infect. Dis.10(3), 215–222 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crump JA, Ram PK, Gupta SK, Miller MA, Mintz ED. Part I. Analysis of data gaps pertaining to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infections in low and medium human development index countries, 1984–2005. Epidemiol. Infect.136(4), 436–448 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskey AP, Basnyat B, Thwaites GE et al. Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993–2003. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.102(1), 91–95 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks WA, Hossain A, Goswami D et al. Bacteremic typhoid fever in children in an urban slum, Bangladesh. Emerging Infect. Dis.11(2), 326–329 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro-Holliday MC et al. A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bull. World Health Organ.86(4), 260–268 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallenas C, Hernandez H, Kay B, Black R, Gotuzzo E. Efficacy of bone marrow, blood, stool and duodenal contents cultures for bacteriologic confirmation of typhoid fever in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis.4(5), 496–498 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang JE, Hernandez H, Yi A et al. [Hemoculture and bone marrow culture in children with typhoid fever]. Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex.39(9), 614–616 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Gilman RH, Terminel M, Levine MM, Hernandez-Mendoza P, Hornick RB. Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow, and rose-spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella Typhi in typhoid fever. Lancet1(7918), 1211–1213 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward TE, Smadel JE et al. Preliminary report on the beneficial effect of chloromycetin in the treatment of typhoid fever. Ann. Intern. Med.29(1), 131–134 (1948).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee H, Jagdish S, Pai D et al. Changing trends in outcome of typhoid ileal perforations over three decades in Pondicherry. Trop. Gastroenterol.22(3), 155–158 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Bahl R, Sinha A, Poulos C et al. Costs of illness due to typhoid fever in an Indian urban slum community: implications for vaccination policy. J. Health. Popul. Nutr.22(3), 304–310 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulos C, Bahl R, Whittington D et al. A cost-benefit analysis of typhoid fever immunization programmes in an Indian urban slum community. J. Health. Popul. Nutr.22(3), 311–321 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix A, Pitt M. A new antigen of B. typhosus. Lancet224(5787), 6 (1934).
   Google Scholar
• Szu SC, Li XR, Stone AL, Robbins JB. Relation between structure and immunologic properties of the Vi capsular polysaccharide. Infect. Immun.59(12), 4555–4561 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins JD, Robbins JB. Reexamination of the protective role of the capsular polysaccharide (Vi antigen) of Salmonella Typhi. J. Infect. Dis.150(3), 436–449 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong KH, Feeley JC, Northrup RS, Forlines ME. Vi antigen from Salmonella typhosa and immunity against typhoid fever. I. Isolation and immunologic properties in animals. Infect. Immun.9(2), 348–353 (1974).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix A, Anderson ES. The immunizing potency of alcohol-killed and alcohol-preserved typhoid vaccine after storage for ten years. J. Hyg. (Lond.)49(2–3), 288–298 (1951).
   Google Scholar
• Zuckerman JN. A recently developed typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine: rationale and clinical profile. BioDrugs15(Suppl. 1), 1–4 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Wang JY, Noriega FR, Galen JE, Barry E, Levine MM. Constitutive expression of the Vi polysaccharide capsular antigen in attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi oral vaccine strain CVD 909. Infect. Immun.68(8), 4647–4652 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landy M, Lamb E. Estimation of Vi antibody employing erythrocytes treated with purified Vi antigen. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.82(4), 593–598 (1953).
   Google Scholar
• Lim SM, Jung HS, Kim MJ et al. Immunogenicity and safety of Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine in healthy persons in Korea. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.17(4), 611–615 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Sabitha P, Prabha Adhikari MR, Chowdary A et al. Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of two different brands of Salmonella Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine. Indian J. Med. Sci.58(4), 141–149 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panchanathan V, Kumar S, Yeap W et al. Comparison of safety and immunogenicity of a Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine with a whole-cell killed vaccine in Malaysian Air Force recruits. Bull. World Health Organ.79(9), 811–817 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Acharya IL, Lowe CU, Thapa R et al. Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi. A preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med.317(18), 1101–1104 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klugman KP, Gilbertson IT, Koornhof HJ et al. Protective activity of Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever. Lancet2(8569), 1165–1169 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klugman KP, Koornhof HJ, Robbins JB, Le Cam NN. Immunogenicity, efficacy and serological correlate of protection of Salmonella Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine three years after immunization. Vaccine14(5), 435–438 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirza NB, Wamola IA, Estambale BA, Mbithi E, Poillet M. Typhim Vi vaccine against typhoid fever: a clinical trial in Kenya. East Afr. Med. J.72(3), 162–164 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbosch D, Peyron F, Picot N et al. Combined typhoid fever and hepatitis A vaccine: comparison of immunogenicity and safety to concomitant monovalent vaccine over 3 years. J. Travel Med.12(6), 319–326 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumas R, Forrat R, Lang J, Farinelli T, Loutan L. Safety and immunogenicity of a new inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in concurrent administration with a typhoid fever vaccine or a typhoid fever + yellow fever vaccine. Adv. Ther.14(4), 160–167 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Acosta CJ, Hong-Hui Y, Ning W et al. Efficacy of a locally produced, Chinese Vi polysaccharide typhoid fever vaccine during six years of follow-up. Vaccine23(48–49), 5618–5623 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Requirements for Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine (Requirements for Biological Substances No. 48). In: WHO Technical Report Series. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Zhou WZ, Koo HW, Wang XY et al. Revaccination with locally-produced Vi typhoid polysaccharide vaccine among chinese school-aged children: safety and immunogenicity findings. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.26(11), 1001–1005 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessel L, Debois H, Fletcher M, Dumas R. Experience with Salmonella Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.18(9), 609–620 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRoeck D, Ochiai RL, Yang J et al. Typhoid vaccination: the Asian experience. Expert Rev. Vaccines7(5), 547–560 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HH. Experience of school based vaccination in typhoid fever endemic area using Vi manufactured in China. Presented at: Typhoid Fever, A Neglected Disease: Towards a Vaccine Introduction Policy. Annecy, France, 2–4 April 2007
   Google Scholar
• Yang J. Enteric Fever in South China: Guangxi Province. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries2(4), 6 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Agtini M et al. The use of typhoid vaccines in Asia: the DOMI experience. Clin. Infect. Dis.45(Suppl. 1), S34–S38 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Acosta CJ, Galindo CM, Ali M et al. A multi-country cluster randomized controlled effectiveness evaluation to accelerate the introduction of Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine in developing countries in Asia: rationale and design. Trop. Med. Int. Health10(12), 1219–1228 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang J, Acosta CJ, Si GA et al. A mass vaccination campaign targeting adults and children to prevent typhoid fever in Hechi; expanding the use of Vi polysaccharide vaccine in Southeast China: a cluster-randomized trial. BMC Public Health5, 49 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agtini MD, Ochiai RL, Soeharno R et al. Introducing Vi polysaccharide typhoid fever vaccine to primary school children in North Jakarta, Indonesia, via an existent school-based vaccination platform. Public Health120(11), 1081–1087 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Thiem VD, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Canh do G et al. The feasibility of a school-based Vi polysaccharide vaccine mass immunization campaign in Hue City, central Vietnam: streamlining a typhoid fever preventive strategy. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health37(3), 515–522 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Khan MI, Ochiai RL, Hamza HB et al. Lessons and implications from a mass immunization campaign in squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan: an experience from a cluster-randomized double-blinded vaccine trial [NCT00125047]. Trials7, 17 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HH, Kilgore PE, Yang LH et al. An outbreak of typhoid fever, Xing-An County, People’s Republic of China, 1999: estimation of the field effectiveness of Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine. J. Infect. Dis.183(12), 1775–1780 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sur D, Ochiai RL, Bhattacharya SK et al. A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of Vi typhoid vaccine in India. N. Engl. J. Med.361(4), 335–344 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRoeck D, Clemens JD, Nyamete A, Mahoney RT. Policymakers’ views regarding the introduction of new-generation vaccines against typhoid fever, shigellosis and cholera in Asia. Vaccine23(21), 2762–2774 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Stanton B, Wang X et al. Differences in perception of dysentery and enteric fever and willingness to receive vaccines among rural residents in China. Vaccine24(5), 561–571 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Do GC, Whittington D, Le TK et al. Household demand for typhoid fever vaccines in Hue, Vietnam. Health Policy Plan.21(3), 241–255 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Whittington D, Sur D, Cook J et al. Rethinking cholera and typhoid vaccination policies for the poor: private demand in Kolkata, India. World Dev.37(2), 399–409 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook J, Jeuland M, Whittington D et al. The cost-effectiveness of typhoid Vi vaccination programs: calculations for four urban sites in four Asian countries. Vaccine26(50), 6305–6316 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uneke CJ. Concurrent malaria and typhoid fever in the tropics: the diagnostic challenges and public health implications. J. Vector Borne Dis.45(2), 133–142 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Saha MR, Ramamurthy T, Dutta P, Mitra U. Emergence of Salmonella Typhi Vi antigen-negative strains in an epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever cases in Calcutta, India. Natl Med. J. India13(3), 164 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arya SC, Agarwal N. A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of Vi typhoid vaccine in India. N. Engl. J. Med.361(22), 2191 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Baker S, Sarwar Y, Aziz H et al. Detection of Vi-negative Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in the peripheral blood of patients with typhoid fever in the Faisalabad region of Pakistan. J. Clin. Microbiol.43(9), 4418–4425 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wain J, House D, Zafar A et al. Vi antigen expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clinical isolates from Pakistan. J. Clin. Microbiol.43(3), 1158–1165 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeting of the Immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts, November 2007 – conclusions and recommendations. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.83(1), 1–15 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sur D, Manna B, Chakrabarty N et al. Vaccine desirability during an effectiveness trial of the typhoid fever polysaccharide Vi vaccine, Kolkata India. Hum. Vaccin.5(9), 614–620 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB et al. The efficacy of a Salmonella Typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children. N. Engl. J. Med.344(17), 1263–1269 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanh MN, Bay PV, Ho VA et al. Persistent efficacy of Vi conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever in young children. N. Engl. J. Med.349(14), 1390–1391 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar