References
- Upadhyay A, Jaber BL, Madias NE. Incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia. Am J Med. 2006;21:70–76.
- Hawkins RC. Age and gender as risk factors for hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;337:169–172.
- Liamis G, Rodenburg EM, Hofman A, Zietse R, Stricker BH, Hoorn EJ. Electrolyte disorders in community subject: prevalence and risk factors. Am J Med. 2013;126(3):256–263.
- Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(21):1581–1589.
- Frase CL, Arieff AI. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of hyponatremia encephalopathy. Am J Med. 1997;102:67–77.
- Hoorn EJ, Rivadeneira F, van Meurs JB, et al. Mild hyponatremia as a risk factor for fractures: the Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(8):1822–1828.
- Waikar SS, Mount DB, Curhan GC. Mortality after hospitalization with mild, moderate, and severe hyponatremia. 2009;122:857–865.
- Shea AM, Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Szczech LA, Schulman KA. Medical costs of abnormal serum sodium levels. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:764–770.
- Rose BD, Post TW. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2001.
- Schrier RW, Berl T, Anderson RJ. Osmotic and nonosmotic control of vasopressin release. Am J Physiol. 1979;236:F321-F332.
- Koshimizu T, Nakamura K, Egashira N, Hiroyama M, Nonoguchi H, Tanoue A. Vasopressin V1a and V1b receptors: from molecules to physiological systems. Physiol Rev. 2012;92:1813–1864.
- Nielsen S, Kwon TH, Christensen BM, Promeneur D, Frokiaer J, Marples D. Physiology and pathophysiology of renal aquaporins. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:647–663.
- Kang SH, Kim HW, Lee SY, et al. Is the sodium level per se related to mortality in hospitalized patients with severe hyponatremia? Clin Nephrol. 2012;77(3):182–187.
- Hoorn EJ, Lindemans J, Zietse R. Development of severe hyponatraemia in hospitalized patients: treatment-related risk factors and inadequate management. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:70–76.
- Arief AI, Llach F, Massry S. Neurological manifestation and morbidity of hyponatremia: correlation with brain water and electrolytes. Medicine. 1976;55(2):121–129.
- Schrier R, Shweta B. Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia in acute illness. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008;14(6):627–634.
- Renneboog B, Musch W, Vandemergel X, Manto MU, Decaux G. Mild chronic hyponatremia is associated with falls, unsteadiness, and attention deficits. 2006. Am J Med. 2006;119(1):71. e1-e8.
- Verbalis JG, Barsony J, Sugimura Y, et al. Hyponatremia-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25;(3):554–563.
- Wald R, Jaber BL, Price LL, Upadhyay A, Madias NE. Impact of hospital-associated hyponatremia on selected outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(3):294–302.
- Klein L, O’Connor CM, Leimberger JD, et al. Lower serum sodium is associated with increased short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with worsening heart failure: results from the Outcomes of a Prospective Trial of Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic Heart Failure (OPTIME-CHF) study. Circulation. 2005;111(19):2454–2460.
- Jenq CC, Tsai MH, Tian YC, et al. Serum sodium predicts prognosis in critically ill cirrhotic patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44(3):220–226.
- Boscoe A, Paramore C, Verbalis JG. Cost of illness of hyponatremia in the United States. Cost EffResourAlloc. 2006;4:10.
- Callahan MA, Do HT, Caplan DW, Yoon-Flannery K. Economic impact of hyponatremia in hospitalized patients: a retrospective cohort study. Postgrad Med. 2009;121(2):186–191.
- Zilberberg MD, Exuzides A, Spalding J, et al. Epidemiology, clinical and economic outcomes of admission hyponatremia among hospitalized patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(6):1601–1608.
- Schrier RW, Sharma S, Shchekochikhin D. Hyponatraemia: more than just a marker of disease severity? Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013;9(1):37–50.
- Soupart A, Coffernils M, Couturier B, Gankam-Kengne F, Decaux G. Efficacy and tolerance of urea compared with vaptans for long-term treatment of patients with SIADH. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7(5):742–747.
- Shchekochikhin D, Tkachenko O, Schrier RW. Hyponatremia: an update on current pharmacotherapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013;14(6):747–755.
- US Food and Drug Association. Drug Approval Package. Conivaptan. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/022016_vaprisol_toc.cfm. Accessed April 28, 2013.
- US Food and Drug Association. Approved Drug Products. Tolvaptan. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search. Accessed April 28, 2013.
- Quittnat F, Gross P. Vaptans and the treatment of water-retaining disorders. Semin Nephrol. 2006;26(3):234–243.
- Schrier RW, Gross P, Gheorghiade M. Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(20):2099–2112.
- Udelson JE, Smith WB, Hendrix GH, et al. Acute hemodynamic effects of conivaptan, a dual V(1A) and V(2) vasopressin receptor antagonist, in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2001;104(20):2417–2423.
- Torres VE, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, et al. Tolvaptan in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(25):2407–2418.
- Zeltser D, Rosansky S, van Rensburg H, Verbalis JG, Smith N. Assessment of the efficacy and safety of intravenous conivaptan in euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. Am J Nephrol. 2007;27(5):447–457.
- Ghali JK, Koren MJ, Taylor JR, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral conivaptan : a V1A/V2 vasopressin receptor antagonist, assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(6):2145–2152.
- Annane D, Decaux G, Smith N. Efficacy and safety of oral conivaptan, a vasopressin-receptor antagonist, evaluated in a randomized, controlled trial in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia. Am J MedSci. 2009;337(1):28–36.
- Gheorghiade M, Gattis WA, O’Connor CM, et al. Effects of tolvaptan, a vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(16):1963–1971.
- Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC Jr. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA. 2007;297(12):1319–1331.
- Li-Ng M, Verbalis JG. Conivaptan: evidence supporting its therapeutic use in hyponatremia. Core Evid. 2010;4:83–92.
- Berl T, Quittnat-Pelletier F, Verbalis JG. Oral tolvaptan is safe and effective in chronic hyponatremia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(4):705–712.
- US Food and Drug Association. MedWatch: The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program. Samsca (tolvaptan): Drug Warning - Potential Risk of Liver Injury. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm336669.htm. Accessed April 28, 2013.
- Albright JD, Reich MF, Delos Santos EG, et al. 5-Fluoro-2-methyl-N-[4-(5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-[1,4]benzodiazepin-10(11H)-ylcarbonyl)-3-chlorophenyl]benzamide (VPA-985): an orally active arginine vasopressin antagonist with selectivity for V2 receptors. J Med Chem. 1998;41(14):2442–2444.
- Abraham WT, Shamshirsaz AA, McFann K, Oren RM, Schrier RW Aquaretic effect of lixivaptan, an oral, non-peptide, selective V2 receptor vasopressin antagonist, in New York Heart Association functional class II and III chronic heart failure patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(8):1615–1621.
- Cardiokine Biopharma, LLC. Advisory Committee Briefing Document. Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration; 2012. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/CardiovascularandRenalDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM318869.pdf. Accessed April 28, 2013.
- Ku E, Nobakht N, Campese VM. Lixivaptan: a novel vasopressin receptor antagonist. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;18(5):657–662.
- Cardiokine Biopharma, LLC. Cardiokine Slides, Lixivaptan, for the September 13, 2012 Meeting of the Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs Advisory Committee. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/Cardiovas-cularandRenalDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM320601.pdf.
- Abraham WT, Hensen J, Gross PA, et al. Lixivaptan safely and effectively corrects serum sodium concentrations in hospitalized patients with euvolemic hyponatremia. Kidney Int. 2012;82(11):1223–1230.
- Abraham WT, Decaux G, Josiassen RC. Oral lixivaptan effectively increases serum sodium concentrations in outpatients with euvolemic hyponatremia. Kidney Int. 2012;82(11):1215–1222.
- Abraham WT, Aranda JM, Boehmer JP. Rationale and design of the treatment of hyponatremia based on lixivaptan in NYHA class III/IV cardiac patient evaluation (THE BALANCE) study. Clin Transl Sci. 2010;3(5):249–253.
- US Food and Drug Association. FDA Briefing Document for the Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs Advisory (CRDAC). Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration; 2012. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/CardiovascularandRenalDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM318867.pdf. Accessed April 28, 2013.
- US Food and Drug Association. Transcript of the FDA center for drug evaluation and research cardiovascular and renal drugs advisory committee Thursday, September 13, 2012 8:00 am to 12:00 pm Morning Session. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/CardiovascularandRenalDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM345074.pdf. Accessed April 28, 2013.
- Borne RT, Krantz MJ. Lixivaptan for hyponatremia - the numbers game. JAMA. 2012;308(22):2345–2346.
- Gross PA, Wagner A, Decaux G. Vaptans are not the mainstay of treatment in hyponatremia: perhaps not yet. Kidney Int. 2011;80:594–600.