Elevated Levels of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in Plasma as a Missing Risk Factor for Celiac Disease

References

• Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, et al. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut. 2012;62(1):43–52. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionetti E, Catassi C. The role of environmental factors in the development of celiac disease: what is new? Diseases. 2015;3(4):282–293. doi:10.3390/diseases3040282
   Google Scholar
• Singh P, Arora A, Strand TA, et al. Global prevalence of celiac disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(6):823–836.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang JY, Kang AH, Green A, Gwee KA, Ho KY. Systematic review: worldwide variation in the frequency of coeliac disease and changes over time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(3):226–245. doi:10.1111/apt.12373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Rubio-Tapia A, van Dyke CT, et al. Increasing incidence of celiac disease in a North American population. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):818–824. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohi S, Mustalahti K, Kaukinen K, et al. Increasing prevalence of coeliac disease over time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(9):1217–1225. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03502.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myléus A, Ivarsson A, Webb C, et al. Celiac disease revealed in 3% of Swedish 12-year-olds born during an epidemic. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(2):170–176. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31818c52cc
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio-Tapia A, Kyle RA, Kaplan EL, et al. Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:88–93. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebwohl B, Murray JA, Verdú EF, et al. Gluten introduction, breastfeeding, and celiac disease: back to the drawing board. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(1):12–14. doi:10.1038/ajg.2015.219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Green PH. The missing environmental factor in celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(14):1341–1343. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1408011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwalfenberg GK. A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;55(1):96–108. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201000174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(2):73–78. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradi S, Shahdadian F, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH. A comparison of the effect of supplementation and sunlight exposure on serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;1–9. doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1611538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zittermann A, Ernst JB, Birschmann I, Dittrich M. Effect of vitamin D or activated vitamin D on circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Chem. 2015;61(12):1484–1494. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2015.244913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittker S. Exposure to excessive oral vitamin D in youth: a risk factor for celiac disease in later life? J Allergy Asthma (Herbert). 2015;2(2). doi:10.7243/2054-9873-2-2
   Google Scholar
• Bittker SS, Bell KR. Potential risk factors for celiac disease in childhood: a case-control epidemiological survey. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2019;12:303–319. doi:10.2147/CEG.S210060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza GR, Di Sario A, Cecchetti L, et al. Bone mass and metabolism in patients with celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 1995;109(1):122–128. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90276-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keaveny AP, Freaney R, McKenna MJ, Masterson J, O’Donoghue DP. Bone remodeling indices and secondary hyperparathyroidism in celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(6):1226–1231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney PD, Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS. Coeliac disease. BMJ. 2014;348:g1561. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochhar GS, Singh T, Gill A, Kirby DF. Celiac disease: managing a multisystem disorder. Cleve Clin J Med. 2016;83(3):217–227. doi:10.3949/ccjm.83a.14158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mautalen C, González D, Mazure R, et al. Effect of treatment on bone mass, mineral metabolism, and body composition in untreated celiac disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92(2):313–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza GR, Di Sario A, Cecchetti L, et al. Influence of pattern of clinical presentation and of gluten-free diet on bone mass and metabolism in adult coeliac disease. Bone. 1996;18(6):525–530. doi:10.1016/8756-3282(96)00071-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selby PL, Davies M, Adams JE, Mawer EB. Bone loss in celiac disease is related to secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(4):652–657. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.4.652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zingone F, Ciacci C. The value and significance of 25(OH) and 1,25(OH) vitamin D serum levels in adult coeliac patients: a review of the literature. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50(8):757–760. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2018.04.005
   Google Scholar
• Altman DG. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. London. UK: Chapman & Hall; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Greenland S, Thomas DC. On the need for the rare disease assumption in case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116(3):547–553. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistics notes. The odds ratio. BMJ. 2000;320(7247):1468. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7247.1468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garabédian M, Jacqz E, Guillozo H, et al. Elevated plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in infants with hypercalcemia and an elfin facies. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(15):948–952. doi:10.1056/NEJM198504113121503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesney RW, Rosen JF, Hamstra AJ, DeLuca HF. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in normal children and in vitamin D disorders. Am J Dis Child. 1980;134(2):135–139. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130140009004
   Google Scholar
• Giannotti A, Tiberio G, Castro M, Gambarara M, Dallapiccola B. Coeliac disease in Williams syndrome. J Med Genet. 2001;38(11):767–768. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.38.11.767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau NA, McGuire JL, Zerwekh JE, Frenkel EP, Pak CY. Hypercalcemia associated with increased serum calcitriol levels in three patients with lymphoma. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100(1):1–6. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-100-1-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund B, Sørensen OH, Lund B, Agner E. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in normal subjects and in patients with postmenopausal osteopenia. Influence of age, renal function and oestrogen therapy. Horm Metab Res. 1982;14(5):271–274. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1018990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green PH, Fleischauer AT, Bhagat G, Goyal R, Jabri B, Neugut AI. Risk of malignancy in patients with celiac disease. Am J Med. 2003;115(3):191–195. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00302-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauras N, Vieira NE, Yergey AL. Estrogen therapy enhances calcium absorption and retention and diminishes bone turnover in young girls with Turner’s syndrome: a calcium kinetic study. Metab. 1997;46(8):908–913. doi:10.1016/S0026-0495(97)90078-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonamico M, Pasquino AM, Mariani P, et al. Prevalence and clinical picture of celiac disease in Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(12):5495–5498. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell NH, Stern PH, Pantzer E, Sinha TK, DeLuca HF. Evidence that increased circulating 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D is the probable cause for abnormal calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest. 1979;64(1):218–225. doi:10.1172/JCI109442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Wahlstrom J, Grunewald J, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Coeliac disease and risk of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2007;24(2):121–126. doi:10.1007/s11083-007-9062-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouillon R, Muls E, De Moor P. Influence of thyroid function on the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980;51(4):793–797. doi:10.1210/jcem-51-4-793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choung RS, Larson SA, Khaleghi S, et al. Prevalence and morbidity of undiagnosed celiac disease from a community-based study. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(4):830–839.e5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralph AP, Rashid Ali MRS, William T, et al. Vitamin D and activated vitamin D in tuberculosis in equatorial Malaysia: a prospective clinical study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):312. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2314-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Wahlstrom J, Grunewald J, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Coeliac disease and risk of tuberculosis: a population based cohort study. Thorax. 2007;62(1):23–28. doi:10.1136/thx.2006.059451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoudi T, Gourabi H, Ashrafi M, Yazdi RS, Ezabadi Z. Calciotropic hormones, insulin resistance, and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2010;93(4):1208–1214. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.11.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuscu NK, Akcali S, Kucukmetin NT. Celiac disease and polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;79(2):149–150. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(02)00241-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloni GF, Dessole S, Vargiu N, Tomasi PA, Musumeci S. The prevalence of coeliac disease in infertility. Hum Reprod. 1999;14(11):2759–2761. doi:10.1093/humrep/14.11.2759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stagi S, Di Tommaso M, Manoni C, Scalini P, Chiarelli F. Bone mineral status in children and adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome. Int J Endocrinol. 2016;2016:3032759. doi:10.1155/2016/3032759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seminog OO, Seminog AB, Yeates D, Goldacre MJ. Associations between Klinefelter’s syndrome and autoimmune diseases: English national record linkage studies. Autoimmunity. 2014;48(2):125–128. doi:10.3109/08916934.2014.968918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosgaard B, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Mosekilde L. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in primary hyperparathyroidism depend on sex, body mass index, plasma phosphate and renal function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;66(1):35–42. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02680.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Kämpe O, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Silverberg SJ, Ekbom A. Primary hyperparathyroidism and celiac disease: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(3):897–904. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu H, Zhang J, Lu Y, et al. Association between circulating vitamin D level and urolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):301. doi:10.3390/nu9030301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciacci C, Spagnuolo G, Tortora R, et al. Urinary stone disease in adults with celiac disease: prevalence, incidence and urinary determinants. J Urol. 2008;180(3):974–979. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett C, Krebs JE. WSTF does it all: a multifunctional protein in transcription, repair, and replication. Biochem Cell Biol. 2011;89(1):12–23. doi:10.1139/O10-114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams JS, Singer FR, Gacad MA, et al. Isolation and structural identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced by cultured alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;60(5):960–966. doi:10.1210/jcem-60-5-960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadranel J, Garabedian M, Milleron B, Guillozo H, Akoun G, Hance AJ. 1,25(OH)2D2 production by T lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages recovered by lavage from normocalcemic patients with tuberculosis. J Clin Invest. 1990;85(5):1588–1593. doi:10.1172/JCI114609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewison M, Kantorovich V, Liker HR, et al. Vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia in lymphoma: evidence for hormone production by tumor-adjacent macrophages. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(3):579–582. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.3.579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenza HL, Kimmel-Jehan C, Jehan F, et al. Parathyroid hormone activation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase gene promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95(4):1387–1391. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson NW, Eckhauser FE, Harness JK. The anatomy of primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1982;92(5):814–821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Bryman I, Windh M, Wilhelmsen L. Osteoporosis and fractures in Turner syndrome-importance of growth promoting and oestrogen therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;51(4):497–502. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00841.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez L, Witchel SF. The patient with Turner syndrome: puberty and medical management concerns. Fertil Steril. 2012;98(4):780–786. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wosnitzer MS, Paduch DA. Endocrinological issues and hormonal manipulation in children and men with Klinefelter syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2013;163C(1):16–26. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagenfeldt Y, Linde K, Sjöberg HE, Zumkeller W, Arver S. Testosterone increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and insulin-like growth factor-I in hypogonadal men. Int J Androl. 1992;15(2):93–102. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1992.tb01118.x
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford RM, Brutsche MH, Kearns M, Bourke M, Stevens F, Gilmartin JJ. Prevalence of coeliac disease in patients with sarcoidosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16(9):911–915. doi:10.1097/00042737-200409000-00016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brassard M, AinMelk Y, Baillargeon JP. Basic infertility including polycystic ovary syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92(5):1163–1192. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2008.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, Rossman MD, Yeager H Jr. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(10 Pt 1):1885–1889. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2104046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath H 3rd, Hodgson SF, Kennedy MA. Primary hyperparathyroidism. Incidence, morbidity, and potential economic impact in a community. N Engl J Med. 1980;302(4):189–193. doi:10.1056/NEJM198001243020402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vynnycky E, Fine PE. The natural history of tuberculosis: the implications of age-dependent risks of disease and the role of reinfection. Epidemiol Infect. 1997;119(2):183–201. doi:10.1017/s0950268897007917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devesa SS, Fears T. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma time trends: United States and international data. Cancer Res. 1992;52(19 Suppl):5432s–5440s.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaly S, Kaakoush NO, Lloyd F, et al. High dose vitamin D supplementation alters faecal microbiome and predisposes mice to more severe colitis. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):11511. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29759-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JJ, Kaplan GG, Makhija S, et al. Microscopic colitis-defining incidence rates and risk factors: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(1):35–40. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2007.10.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivares M, Walker AW, Capilla A, et al. Gut microbiota trajectory in early life may predict development of celiac disease. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):36. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0415-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavhan SG, Brar RS, Banga HS, et al. Clinicopathological studies on vitamin D(3) toxicity and therapeutic evaluation of aloe vera in rats. Toxicol Int. 2011;18(1):35–43. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.75851
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marsh MN, Johnson MW, Rostami K. Mucosal histopathology in celiac disease: a rebuttal of Oberhuber’s sub-division of Marsh III. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2015;8(2):99–109.
   Google Scholar
• Yang J, Tamura RN, Aronsson CA, et al. Maternal use of dietary supplements during pregnancy is not associated with coeliac disease in the offspring: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. Br J Nutr. 2017;117(3):466–472. doi:10.1017/S0007114517000332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mårild K, Tapia G, Haugen M, et al. Maternal and neonatal vitamin D status, genotype and childhood celiac disease. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0179080. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu SM, Kogan MD, Gergen P. Vitamin-mineral supplement use among preschool children in the United States. Pediatrics. 1997;100(5):E4. doi:10.1542/peds.100.5.e4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogelholm M. New nordic nutrition recommendations are here. Food Nutr Res. 2013;57. doi:10.3402/fnr.v57i0.22903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiro A, Buttriss JL, Vitamin D. An overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe. Nutr Bull. 2014;39(4):322–350. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porojnicu AC, Bruland OS, Aksnes L, Grant WB, Moan J. Sun beds and cod liver oil as vitamin D sources. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2008;91(2–3):125–131. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brustad M, Braaten T, Lund E. Predictors for cod-liver oil supplement use – the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(1):128–136. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews KW, Palachuvattil J, Gusev PA, Dang PT, Savarala S, Han F USDA Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database Release 4.0 (DSID-4): children’s multivitamin/mineral (MVM) dietary supplement study; 2015. Available from: https://dietarysupplementdatabase.usda.nih.gov/dsid_database/Res%20Summ%20Child%20MVM%2011-1-2018.pdf. Accessed September 24, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner CL, Greer FR. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008;122(5):1142–1152. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control. National Center for Health Statistics. Data Table of infant weight-for-age charts. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/html_charts/wtageinf.htm. Accessed September 24, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Hypponen E, Sovio U, Wjst M, et al. Infant vitamin D supplementation and allergic conditions in adulthood: Northern Finland birth cohort 1966. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1037:84–95. doi:10.1196/annals.1337.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner JD, Stein DM, McCarter R, Moon RY. Early infant multivitamin supplementation is associated with increased risk for food allergy and asthma. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):27–32. doi:10.1542/peds.114.1.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back O, Blomquist HK, Hernell O, Stenberg B. Does vitamin D intake during infancy promote the development of atopic allergy? Acta Derm Venereol. 2009;89(1):28–32. doi:10.2340/00015555-0541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nja F, Nystad W, Lodrup Carlsen KC, Hetlevik O, Carlsen KH. Effects of early intake of fruit or vegetables in relation to later asthma and allergic sensitization in school-age children. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94(2):147–154. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01882.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ress K, Annus T, Putnik U, Luts K, Uibo R, Uibo O. Celiac disease in children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31(4):483–488. doi:10.1111/pde.12372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Hemminki K, Wahlstrom J, Almqvist C. Celiac disease confers a 1.6-fold increased risk of asthma: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(4):1071–1073. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1076
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehtonen-Veromaa MK, Mottonen TT, Nuotio IO, Irjala KM, Leino AE, Viikari JS. Vitamin D and attainment of peak bone mass among peripubertal Finnish girls: a 3-y prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1446–1453. doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wamberg L, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B, Rejnmark L. The effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on calciotropic hormones and bone mineral density in obese subjects with low levels of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D: results from a randomized controlled study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2013;93(1):69–77. doi:10.1007/s00223-013-9729-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Restorff C, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Theiler R. High-dose oral vitamin D3 supplementation in rheumatology patients with severe vitamin D3 deficiency. Bone. 2009;45(4):747–749. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.06.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient – a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(4):549–555. doi:10.1017/S0007114509992017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crew KD, Xiao T, Thomas PS, et al. Safety, feasibility, and biomarker effects of high-dose vitamin D supplementation among women at high risk for breast cancer. IJFS. 2015;S1:1–16. doi:10.19070/2326-3350-SI01001
   Google Scholar
• Kivelä L, Kaukinen K, Lähdeaho ML, et al. Presentation of celiac disease in finnish children is no longer changing: a 50-year perspective. J Pediatr. 2015;167(5):1109–15.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymczak I, Pawliczak R. The active metabolite of vitamin D3 as a potential immunomodulator. Scand J Immunol. 2016;83(2):83–91. doi:10.1111/sji.12403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheu V, Bäck O, Mondoc E, Issazadeh-Navikas S. Dual effects of vitamin D-induced alteration of TH1/TH2 cytokine expression: enhancing IgE production and decreasing airway eosinophilia in murine allergic airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(3):585–592. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(03)01855-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konowalchuk JD, Rieger AM, Kiemele MD, Ayres DC, Barreda DR. Modulation of weanling pig cellular immunity in response to diet supplementation with 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2013;155(1–2):57–66. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouari W, Ysmail-Dahlouk L, Aribi M. Vitamin D3 enhances bactericidal activity of macrophage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int Immunopharmacol. 2016;30:94–101. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes JL, Oak E, Garcia J, et al. Vitamin D modulates human macrophage response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2019:S1472-9792(19)30160-X. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard MM, Bai Y, Serena G, et al. RNA sequencing of intestinal mucosa reveals novel pathways functionally linked to celiac disease pathogenesis. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0215132. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calton EK, Keane KN, Newsholme P, Soares MJ. The impact of vitamin D levels on inflammatory status: a systematic review of immune cell studies. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0141770. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harishankar M, Afsal K, Banurekha VV, Meenakshi N, Selvaraj P. 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3 downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokine response in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014;23(1):148–152. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, et al. Circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated and peak power output correlates with 25-hydroxyvitamin D in vitamin D insufficient adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(6):1523–1534. doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2582-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Pinto R, Pietropaoli D, Chandar AK, Ferri C, Cominelli F. Association between inflammatory bowel disease and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(11):2708–2717. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousa A, Naderpoor N, Johnson J, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation and nuclear factor kappa-B activity in overweight/obese adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):15154. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15264-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins MH, Owen J, Ahearn T, et al. Effects of supplemental vitamin D and calcium on biomarkers of inflammation in colorectal adenoma patients: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(10):1645–1654. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(7):669–683. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protiva P, Pendyala S, Nelson C, Augenlicht LH, Lipkin M, Holt PR. Calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulate genes of immune and inflammatory pathways in the human colon: a human crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(5):1224–1231. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.105304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragde H, Jansson U, Fredrikson M, Grodzinsky E, Söderman J. Celiac disease biomarkers identified by transcriptome analysis of small intestinal biopsies. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018;75(23):4385–4401. doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2898-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornsby E, Pfeffer PE, Laranjo N, et al. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: effect on the neonatal immune system in a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(1):269–278.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szebeni B, Veres G, Dezsofi A, et al. Increased mucosal expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 in coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;45(2):187–193. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318064514a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone I, Sarra M, Del Vecchio Blanco G, et al. Characterization of IL-17A-producing cells in celiac disease mucosa. J Immunol. 2010;184(4):2211–2218. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhtar E, Mily A, Haq A, et al. Prenatal high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation has balanced effects on cord blood Th1 and Th2 responses. Nutr J. 2016;15(1):75. doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0194-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncalves-Mendes N, Talvas J, Dualé C, et al. Impact of vitamin D supplementation on influenza vaccine response and immune functions in deficient elderly persons: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Front Immunol. 2019;10:65. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionetti P, Pazzaglia A, Moriondo M, et al. Differing patterns of transforming growth factor-beta expression in normal intestinal mucosa and in active celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999;29(3):308–313. doi:10.1097/00005176-199909000-00013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bak NF, Bendix M, Hald S, Reinert L, Magnusson MK, Agnholt J. High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation decreases the number of colonic CD103+ dendritic cells in healthy subjects. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(7):2607–2619. doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1531-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myleus A. Towards Explaining the Swedish Epidemic of Celiac Disease – An Epidemiological Approach. Umeå, Sweden: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Livsmedelsverket. Livsmedelsverkets Föreskrifter (SLVFS 1983:2) om Berikning av Vissa Livsmedel (Food agency’s order about fortification of foodstuffs). Available from: https://www.livsmedelsverket.se/globalassets/om-oss/lagstiftning/berikn---;kosttillsk---livsm-spec-gr-fsmp/slvfs-1983-02-kons.pdf. Accessed September 24, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lamberg-Allardt C, Ala-Houhala M, Ahola M, Parviainen MT, Räsänen L, Visakorpi J. Vitamin D status of children and adolescents in Finland. Ann Nutr Metab. 1986;30(4):267–272. doi:10.1159/000177203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaukka T, Riska E, Kimmel UM. Use of vitamin supplements in Finland. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;29(3):355–361. doi:10.1007/bf00544094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberg-Allardt CJ, Outila TA, Kärkkainen MU, Rita HJ, Valsta LM. Vitamin D deficiency and bone health in healthy adults in Finland: could this be a concern in other parts of Europe? J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(11):2066–2073. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.11.2066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratzer W, Kibele M, Akinli A, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in Germany: a prospective follow-up study. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(17):2612–2620. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i17.2612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakala P, Knuts LR, Vuorinen A, Hammar N, Becker W. Comparison of nutrient intake data calculated on the basis of two different databases. Results and experiences from a Swedish-Finnish study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(9):1035–1044. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601639
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hintzpeter B, Mensink GB, Thierfelder W, Müller MJ, Scheidt-Nave C. Vitamin D status and health correlates among German adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(9):1079–1089. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catassi C, Kryszak D, Bhatti B, et al. Natural history of celiac disease autoimmunity in a USA cohort followed since 1974. Ann Med. 2010;42(7):530–538. doi:10.3109/07853890.2010.514285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picciano MF, Dwyer JT, Radimer KL, et al. Dietary supplement use among infants, children, and adolescents in the United States, 1999-2002. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(10):978–985. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.10.978
   Google Scholar
• Kantor ED, Rehm CD, Du M, White E, Giovannucci EL. Trends in dietary supplement use among US adults from 1999-2012. JAMA. 2016;316(14):1464–1474. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.14403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooney MR, Harnack L, Michos ED, Ogilvie RP, Sempos CT, Lutsey PL. Trends in use of high-dose vitamin D supplements exceeding 1000 or 4000 international units daily, 1999-2014. JAMA. 2017;317(23):2448–2450. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.4392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition Labeling. Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Landren WO Jr, Eitenmueller RR, Soliman AM. Vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 levels in infant formula produced in the United States. J Food Compos Anal. 1989;2(2):140–148. doi:10.1016/0889-1575(89)90074-4
   Google Scholar
• Murphy SC, Newcomer C. Guideline for Vitamin A & D Fortification of Fluid Milk. New Jersey: The Dairy Practices Council; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Cataldo F, Lio D, Simpore J, Musumeci S. Consumption of wheat foodstuffs not a risk for celiac disease occurrence in burkina faso. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;35(2):233–234. doi:10.1097/00005176-200208000-00029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USAID. Burkina Faso: nutrition profile; 2018. Available from: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/Burkina-Faso-Nutrition-Profile-Mar2018-508.pdf. Accessed September 24, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Addo D, Yadav V, Njiru H, et al. Government leadership needed for food fortification in sub saharan Africa. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(12):2333–2334. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.206896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondrashova A, Mustalahti K, Kaukinen K, et al. Lower economic status and inferior hygienic environment may protect against celiac disease. Ann Med. 2008;40(3):223–231. doi:10.1080/07853890701678689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylavsky FA, Cheng S, Lyytikäinen A, Viljakainen H, Lamberg-Allardt C. Strategies to improve vitamin D status in northern European children: exploring the merits of vitamin D fortification and supplementation. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):1130–1134. doi:10.1093/jn/136.4.1130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodentsova VM, Vrzhesinskaia OA, Sokol’nikov AA. Food fortified with vitamins: the history and perspectives. Vopr Pitan. 2012;81:66–78.
   Google Scholar
• Bakhtiyarova S, Lesnyak O, Kyznesova N, Blankenstein MA, Lips P. Vitamin D status among patients with hip fracture and elderly control subjects in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:441–446. doi:10.1007/s00198-005-0006-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akobeng AK, Ramanan AV, Buchan I, Heller RF. Effect of breast feeding on risk of coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(1):39–43. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.082016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silano M, Agostoni C, Sanz Y, Guandalini S. Infant feeding and risk of developing celiac disease: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2016;6(1):e009163. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arundel P, Ahmed SF, Allgrove J, et al. British Paediatric and Adolescent Bone Group’s position statement on vitamin D deficiency. BMJ. 2012;345:e8182. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smecuol E, Mauriño E, Vazquez H, et al. Gynaecological and obstetric disorders in coeliac disease: frequent clinical onset during pregnancy or the puerperium. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;8(1):63–89. doi:10.1097/00042737-199601000-00012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrado F, Magazzu G, Sferlazzas C. Diagnosis of celiac disease in pregnancy and puerperium: think about it. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002;81(2):180–181. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.810219.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Cohen WR, Silva P, Epstein FH. Elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D plasma levels in normal human pregnancy and lactation. J Clin Invest. 1979;63(2):342–344. doi:10.1172/JCI109308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narang M, Puri AS, Sachdeva S, Singh J, Kumar A, Saran RK. Celiac disease and Helicobacter pylori infection in children: is there any Association? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32(6):1178–1182. doi:10.1111/jgh.13654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu W, Zhang L, Li MX, et al. Vitamin D3 activates the autolysosomal degradation function against Helicobacter pylori through the PDIA3 receptor in gastric epithelial cells. Autophagy. 2019;15(4):707–725. doi:10.1080/15548627.2018.1557835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brar P, Lee AR, Lewis SK, Bhagat G, Green PH. Celiac disease in African-Americans. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51(5):1012–1015. doi:10.1007/s10620-005-9000-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardini HE, Westgate P, Grigorian AY. Racial differences in the prevalence of celiac disease in the US Population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2012. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(6):1738–1742. doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3514-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balluz LS, Kieszak SM, Philen RM, Mulinare J. Vitamin and mineral supplement use in the United States. Results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9(3):258–262. doi:10.1001/archfami.9.3.258
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vazquez H, Smecuol E, Flores D, et al. Relation between cigarette smoking and celiac disease: evidence from a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(3):798–802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoggatt KJ, Bernstein L, Reynolds P, et al. Correlates of vitamin supplement use in the United States: data from the California Teachers Study cohort. Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(8):735–740. doi:10.1023/A:1020282927074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brot C, Jorgensen NR, Sorensen OH. The influence of smoking on vitamin D status and calcium metabolism. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53(12):920–926. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte LA, Kotecha S, Watkins WJ, Jenkins HR. Coeliac disease is more common in children with high socio-economic status. Acta Paediatr. 2014;103(3):289–294. doi:10.1111/apa.12494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canova C, Zabeo V, Pitter G, et al. Association of maternal education, early infections, and antibiotic use with celiac disease: a population-based birth cohort study in northeastern Italy. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(1):76–85. doi:10.1093/aje/kwu101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson A, MacKay D. Health habits and other characteristics of dietary supplement users: a review. Nutr J. 2014;13:14. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada H, Kuhn C, Feillet H, Bach JF. The ‘hygiene hypothesis’ for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010;160(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esrey SA, Potash JB, Roberts L, Shiff C. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ. 1991;69(5):609–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodsell W. Housing and the birth rate in Sweden. Am Sociol Rev. 1937;2(6):850–859. doi:10.2307/2084364
   Google Scholar
• Strom J. The Fall of Infant Mortality in Sweden and its Causes. Nord Med. 1953;50(38):1285–1294.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. Per country data on health; 2018. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/. Accessed September 24, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Samsel A, Seneff S. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: celiac sprue and gluten intolerance. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2013;6(4):159–184. doi:10.2478/intox-2013-0026
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schweinsberg F, Abke W, Rieth K, Rohmann U, Zullei-Seibert N. Herbicide use on railway tracks for safety reasons in Germany. Toxicol Lett. 1999;107(1–3):201–205. doi:10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00048-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skark C, Zullei-seibert N, Schottler U, Schlett C. The occurrence of glyphosate in surface water. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 1998;70(1–4):93–104. doi:10.1080/03067319808032607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmann HH, Dickeduisberg M, Theuvsen L. Uses and benefits of glyphosate in German arable farming. Crop Protection. 2012;42:164–169. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.06.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horth H, Blackmore K. Survey of glyphosate and AMPA in groundwaters and surface waters in Europe. Monsanto; 2009. Available from: http://www.egeis.org/cd-info/WRC-report-UC8073-02-December-2009-Glyphosate-monitoring-in-water.pdf. Accessed September 24, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner A, Matthias T. Possible association between celiac disease and bacterial transglutaminase in food processing: a hypothesis. Nutr Rev. 2015;73(8):544–552. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando H, Adachi M, Umeda K, Matsuura A, Nonaka M. Purification and characteristics of a novel transglutaminase derived from microorganisms. Agr Bio Chem. 1989;53(10):2613–2617. doi:10.1080/00021369.1989.10869735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieliszek M, Misiewicz A. Microbial transglutaminase and its application in the food industry. A review. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2014;59(3):241–250. doi:10.1007/s12223-013-0287-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar