A time for everything and everything in its time – exploring the mechanisms underlying seasonality of COPD exacerbations

References

• DopicoXCEvangelouMFerreiraRCWidespread seasonal gene expression reveals annual differences in human immunity and physiologyNat Commun20156700025965853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DowellSFSeasonal variation in host susceptibility and cycles of certain infectious diseasesEmerg Infect Dis20017336937411384511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PellJPCobbeSMSeasonal variations in coronary heart diseaseQJM1999921268969610581331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ScholtissekBZahnSMaierJImmunostimulatory endogenous nucleic acids drive the lesional inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosusJ Invest Dermatol201713771484149228351661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IikuniNNakajimaAInoueEWhat’s in season for rheumatoid arthritis patients? Seasonal fluctuations in disease activityRheumatology (Oxford)200746584684817264092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RiceSACarpenterMFityanALimited exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: a systematic reviewBr J Dermatol2015172365266125646772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YoneshiroTMatsushitaMNakaeSBrown adipose tissue is involved in the seasonal variation of cold-induced thermogenesis in humansAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2016 Epub330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OwensNMcGorryPDSeasonality of symptom onset in first-episode schizophreniaPsychol Med200333116316712537047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JenkinsCRCelliBAndersonJASeasonality and determinants of moderate and severe COPD exacerbations in the TORCH studyEur Respir J2012391384521737561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilliamsNPCoombsNAJohnsonMJSeasonality, risk factors and burden of community-acquired pneumonia in COPD patients: a population database study using linked health care recordsInt J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis20171231332228176888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MiravitllesMAnzuetoALegnaniDForstmeierLFargelMPatient’s perception of exacerbations of COPD – the PERCEIVE studyRespir Med2007101345346016938447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PuhanMASiebelingLFreiAZollerMBischoff-FerrariHTer RietGNo association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with exacerbations in primary care patients with COPDChest20141451374324008868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung DiseasePocket Guide to COPD Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention. A Guide for Health Care Professionals2017 ed2016 Available from: https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wms-GOLD-2017-Pocket-Guide.pdfAccessed March 19, 2018
   Google Scholar
• WiseRACalverleyPMACarterKClerisme-BeatyEMetzdorfNAnzuetoASeasonal variations in exacerbations and deaths in patients with COPD during the TIOSPIR((R)) trialInt J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis20181360561629497289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthyHJacksonMCorcoranMColonisation of Irish patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by Streptococcus pneumoniae and analysis of the pneumococcal vaccine coverage: a non-interventional, observational, prospective cohort studyBMJ Open201777e013944
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilkinsonTMAArisEBourneSA prospective, observational cohort study of the seasonal dynamics of airway pathogens in the aetiology of exacerbations in COPDThorax2017721091992728432209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzezinska-PawlowskaOERydzewskaADŁuczyńskaMMajkowska-WojciechowskaBKowalskiMLMakowskaJSEnvironmental factors affecting seasonality of ambulance emergency service visits for exacerbations of asthma and COPDJ Asthma201653213914526369434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlmagroPHernandezCMartinez-CamborPTresserrasREscarrabillJSeasonality, ambient temperatures and hospitalizations for acute exacerbation of COPD: a population-based study in a metropolitan areaInt J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis20151089990826056439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RabeKFFabbriLMVogelmeierCSeasonal distribution of COPD exacerbations in the Prevention of Exacerbations with Tiotropium in COPD trialChest2013143371171923188489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HanMKQuibreraPMCarrettaEEFrequency of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an analysis of the SPIROMICS cohortLancet Respir Med20175861962628668356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HurstJRAnzuetoAVestboJSusceptibility to exacerbation in COPDLancet Respir Med201759e2928853400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VilkmanSKeistinenTTuuponenTKiveläSLSeasonal variation in hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in FinlandArctic Med Res19965541821869115544
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BrimsFJAsiimweAAndrewsNPWeekend admission and mortality from acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in winterClin Med2011114334339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MapelDWDedrickDDavisKTrends and cardiovascular co-morbidities of COPD patients in the Veterans Administration Medical System. 1991–1999COPD200521354117136959
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DonaldsonGCWedzichaJAThe causes and consequences of seasonal variation in COPD exacerbationsInt J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis201491101111025336941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeyerleinAWehweckFZieglerAGPfluegerMRespiratory infections in early life and the development of islet autoimmunity in children at increased type 1 diabetes risk: evidence from the BABYDIET studyJAMA Pediatr2013167980080723818010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BjornsdottirUSHolgateSTReddyPSPathways activated during human asthma exacerbation as revealed by gene expression patterns in bloodPLoS One201167e2190221779351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMurrayJPBarkerJPArmstrongJDBozzettiLPKuhnINCircannual changes in immune functionLife Sci19833220236323706341740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MullerHKLuggDJQuinnDCell mediated immunity in Antarctic wintering personnel; 1984–1992Immunol Cell Biol19957343163207493767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StevensonTJPrendergastBJPhotoperiodic time measurement and seasonal immunological plasticityFront Neuroendocrinol201537768825456046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FarezMFMascanfroniIDMéndez-HuergoSPMelatonin contributes to the seasonality of multiple sclerosis relapsesCell201516261338135226359987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BilboSDDrazenDLQuanNHeLNelsonRJShort day lengths attenuate the symptoms of infection in Siberian hamstersProc Biol Sci2002269149044745411886635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrendergastBJHotchkissAKBilboSDKinseySGNelsonRJPhotoperiodic adjustments in immune function protect Siberian hamsters from lethal endotoxemiaJ Biol Rhythms2003181516212568244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IwasakiAFoxmanEFMolonyRDEarly local immune defences in the respiratory tractNat Rev Immunol201717172027890913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrendergastBJBaillieSRDhabharFSGonadal hormone-dependent and -independent regulation of immune function by photoperiod in Siberian hamstersAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol20082942R384R39217989142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrendergastBJBilboSDNelsonRJShort day lengths enhance skin immune responses in gonadectomised Siberian hamstersJ Neuroendocrinol2005171182115720471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YoshimuraTYasuoSWatanabeMLight-induced hormone conversion of T4 to T3 regulates photoperiodic response of gonads in birdsNature2003426696317818114614506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThapliyalJPPandhaSKThyroid-gonad relationship in spotted munia, uroloncha punctulataJ Exp Zool196515825326114327192
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YoshimuraTThyroid hormone and seasonal regulation of reproductionFront Neuroendocrinol201334315716623660390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChatterjeeSChandelASImmunomodulatory role of thyroid hormones: in vivo effect of thyroid hormones on the blastogenic response of lymphoid tissuesActa Endocrinol (Copenh)19831031951006602446
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MascanfroniIMontesinos MdelMSusperreguySControl of dendritic cell maturation and function by triiodothyronineFASEB J20082241032104217991732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StevensonTJOnishiKGBradleySPPrendergastBJCell-autonomous iodothyronine deiodinase expression mediates seasonal plasticity in immune functionBrain Behav Immun201436617024145050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarrettPEblingFJSchuhlerSHypothalamic thyroid hormone catabolism acts as a gatekeeper for the seasonal control of body weight and reproductionEndocrinology200714883608361717478556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WatanabeTYamamuraTWatanabeMHypothalamic expression of thyroid hormone-activating and -inactivating enzyme genes in relation to photorefractoriness in birds and mammalsAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol20072921R568R57217197645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelsonRJSeasonal immune function and sickness responsesTrends Immunol200425418719215039045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ConlonKCRajkovichNBWhite-NewsomeJLLarsenLNeillaMSOPreventing cold-related morbidity and mortality in a changing climateMaturitas201169319720221592693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OsmanLMAyresJGGardenCReglitzKLyonJDouglasJGHome warmth and health status of COPD patientsEur J Public Health200818439940518367496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilkinsonPPattendenSArmstrongBVulnerability to winter mortality in elderly people in Britain: population based studyBMJ2004329746764715315961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuangFZhaoAChenRJKanHDKuangXYAmbient temperature and outpatient visits for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in Shanghai: a time series analysisBiomed Environ Sci2015281767925566865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Eurowinter GroupCold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of EuropeLancet19973499062134113469149695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howden-ChapmanPPierseNNichollsSEffects of improved home heating on asthma in community dwelling children: randomised controlled trialBMJ2008337a141118812366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllisterDAMorlingJRFischbacherCMMacNeeWWildSHSocioeconomic deprivation increases the effect of winter on admissions to hospital with COPD: retrospective analysis of 10 years of national hospitalisation dataPrim Care Respir J201322329629923820514
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ThomsonHPetticrewMMorrisonDHealth effects of housing improvement: systematic review of intervention studiesBMJ2001323730618719011473906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WankaERBayerstadlerAHeumannCNowakDJörresRAFischerRWeather and air pollutants have an impact on patients with respiratory diseases and breathing difficulties in Munich, GermanyInt J Biometeorol201458224926224091656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LowenACSteelJRoles of humidity and temperature in shaping influenza seasonalityJ Virol201488147692769524789791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TameriusJDShamanJAlonsoWJEnvironmental predictors of seasonal influenza epidemics across temperate and tropical climatesPLoS Pathog201393e100319423505366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShamanJKohnMAbsolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonalityProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200910693243324819204283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LowenACMubareekaSSteelJPalesePInfluenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperaturePLoS Pathog20073101470147617953482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShamanJPitzerVEViboudCGrenfellBTLipsitchMAbsolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United StatesPLoS Biol201082e100031620186267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeyleERMaherMCHernandezRDBasuSSugiharaGGlobal environmental drivers of influenzaProc Natl Acad Sci U S A201611346130811308627799563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruss-UstunAWolfJCorvalánCNevilleTBosRNeiraMDiseases due to unhealthy environments: an updated estimate of the global burden of disease attributable to environmental determinants of healthJ Public Health (Oxf)201739346447527621336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoFWHuiDSAir pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseRespirology201217339540122142380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GaudermanWJAvolEGillilandFThe effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of ageN Engl J Med2004351111057106715356303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchikowskiTSugiriDRanftULong-term air pollution exposure and living close to busy roads are associated with COPD in womenRespir Res2005615216372913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchikowskiTRanftUSugiriDDecline in air pollution and change in prevalence in respiratory symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in elderly womenRespir Res20101111320727210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pujades-RodriguezMMcKeeverTLewisSWhyattDBrittonJVennAEffect of traffic pollution on respiratory and allergic disease in adults: cross-sectional and longitudinal analysesBMC Pulm Med200994219703291
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AndersonHRSpixCMedinaSAir pollution and daily admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 6 European cities: results from the APHEA projectEur Respir J1997105106410719163648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZanobettiASchwartzJDockeryDWAirborne particles are a risk factor for hospital admissions for heart and lung diseaseEnviron Health Perspect2000108111071107711102299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DominiciFPengRDBellMLFine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseasesJAMA2006295101127113416522832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SauerzapfVJonesAPCrossJEnvironmental factors and hospitalisation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a rural county of EnglandJ Epidemiol Community Health200963432432819208692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PengRDDominiciFPastor-BarriusoRZegerSLSametJMSeasonal analyses of air pollution and mortality in 100 US citiesAm J Epidemiol2005161658559415746475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenRPengRDMengXZhouZChenBKanHSeasonal variation in the acute effect of particulate air pollution on mortality in the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES)Sci Total Environ2013450–451259265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EditorialThe Tuberculosis problemBritish Journal Tuberculosis19071114
   Google Scholar
• LiuPTStengerSLiHToll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial responseScience200631157681770177316497887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KripkeMLAntigenicity of murine skin tumors induced by ultraviolet lightJ Natl Cancer Inst1974535133313364139281
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KripkeMLFisherMSImmunologic parameters of ultraviolet carcinogenesisJ Natl Cancer Inst19765712112151003502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HartPHGormanSFinlay-JonesJJModulation of the immune system by UV radiation: more than just the effects of vitamin D?Nat Rev Immunol201111958459621852793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EngelsenOThe relationship between ultraviolet radiation exposure and vitamin D statusNutrients20102548249522254036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RhodesLEWebbARFraserHIRecommended summer sunlight exposure levels can produce sufficient (> or =20 ng ml(-1)) but not the proposed optimal (> or =32 ng ml(-1)) 25(OH)D levels at UK latitudesJ Invest Dermatol201013051411141820072137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EstupiñánJGRamanSCrescentiGHStreicherJJBarnardWFEffects of clouds and haze on UV-B radiationJ Geophys Res1996101D111680716816
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SabburgJWongJThe effects of clouds on enhancing UVB irradiance at the Earth’s surface: a one year studyGeophys Res Lett2000272033373340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuinnessAJSapeyEOxidative stress in COPD: sources, markers, and potential mechanismsJ Clin Med201762E2128212273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NorvalMThe effect of ultraviolet radiation on human viral infectionsPhotochem Photobiol20068261495150417017847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HolickMFEvolution and function of vitamin D. Recent resultsCancer Res2003164328
   Google Scholar
• KokturkNBahaAOhYMJuJYJonesPWVitamin D deficiency: what does it mean for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A comprehensive review for pulmonologistsClin Respir J201612382397
   Google Scholar
• RouxCBischoff-FerrariHAPapapoulosSEde PappAEWestJABouillonRNew insights into the role of vitamin D and calcium in osteoporosis management: an expert roundtable discussionCurr Med Res Opin20082451363137018387220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HewisonMAntibacterial effects of vitamin DNat Rev Endocrinol20117633734521263449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der AarAMSibiryakDSBakdashGVitamin D3 targets epidermal and dermal dendritic cells for induction of distinct regulatory T cellsJ Allergy Clin Immunol2011127615321540e721497886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaekeFKorfHOverberghLHuman T lymphocytes are direct targets of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the immune systemJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol20101211–222122720302932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaekeFTakiishiTKorfHGysemansCMathieuCVitamin D: modulator of the immune systemCurr Opin Pharmacol201010448249620427238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KunduRChainBMCoussensAKKhooBNoursadeghiMRegulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 hydroxylases limits cell-autonomous activation of vitamin D in dendritic cellsEur J Immunol20144461781179024643654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AutierPBoniolMPizotCMulliePVitamin D status and ill health: a systematic reviewLancet Diabetes Endocrinol201421768924622671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XystrakisEKusumakarSBoswellSReversing the defective induction of IL-10-secreting regulatory T cells in glucocorticoid-resistant asthma patientsJ Clin Invest2006116114615516341266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MajakPOlszowiec-ChlebnaMSmejdaKStelmachIVitamin D supplementation in children may prevent asthma exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory infectionJ Allergy Clin Immunol201112751294129621315433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YamshchikovAVDesaiNSBlumbergHMZieglerTRTangprichaVVitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trialsEndocr Pract200915543844919491064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JolliffeDAGreenbergLHooperRLVitamin D supplementation to prevent asthma exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant dataLancet Respir Med201751188189028986128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartineauARJolliffeDAGreenbergLVitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant dataBMJ2017356i658328202713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartineauARTimmsPMBothamleyGHHigh-dose vitamin D(3) during intensive-phase antimicrobial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a double-blind randomised controlled trialLancet2011377976124225021215445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AutierPBoniolMPizotCMulliePVitamin D status and ill health – author’s replyLancet Diabetes Endocrinol20142427527624703043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RafiqRPrinsHJBoersmaWGEffects of daily vitamin D supplementation on respiratory muscle strength and physical performance in vitamin D-deficient COPD patients: a pilot trialInt J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis2017122583259228894361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QuintJKDonaldsonGCWassefNHurstJRThomasMWedzichaJA25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency, exacerbation frequency and human rhinovirus exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseBMC Pulm Med2012122822726649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KunisakiKMNiewoehnerDEConnettJECOPD Clinical Research NetworkVitamin D levels and risk of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective cohort studyAm J Respir Crit Care Med2012185328629022077070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartineauARJamesWYHooperRLVitamin D3 supplementation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ViDiCO): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trialLancet Respir Med20153212013025476069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LehouckAMathieuCCarremansCHigh doses of vitamin D to reduce exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trialAnn Intern Med2012156210511422250141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RafiqRAlevaFESchrumpfJAPrevention of exacerbations in patients with COPD and vitamin D deficiency through vitamin D supplementation (PRECOVID): a study protocolBMC Pulm Med20151510626399451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FohnerAEWangZYrachetaJGenetics, diet, and season are associated with serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration in a Yup’ik study population from Southwestern AlaskaJ Nutr2016146231832526661839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BernsteinSZambellKAmarMJDietary intake patterns are consistent across seasons in a cohort of healthy adults in a metropolitan populationJ Acad Nutr Diet20161161384526376961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FeelischMGormanSWellerRBVitamin D status and ill healthLancet Diabetes Endocrinol201424e8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LundbergJOWeitzbergEGladwinMTThe nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeuticsNat Rev Drug Discov20087215616718167491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiuDFernandezBOHamiltonAUVA irradiation of human skin vasodilates arterial vasculature and lowers blood pressure independently of nitric oxide synthaseJ Invest Dermatol201413471839184624445737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FeelischMKolb-BachofenVLiuDIs sunlight good for our heart?Eur Heart J20103191041104520215123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RajoraNCerianiGCataniaAStarRAMurphyMTLiptonJMAlpha-MSH production, receptors, and influence on neopterin in a human monocyte/macrophage cell lineJ Leukoc Biol19965922482538603997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LugerTAScholzenTGrabbeSThe role of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in cutaneous biologyJ Investig Dermatol Symp Proc1997218793
   Google Scholar
• HogmanMExtended NO analysis in health and diseaseJ Breath Res2012404710322677778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BhowmikASeemungalTADonaldsonGCWedzichaJAEffects of exacerbations and seasonality on exhaled nitric oxide in COPDEur Respir J20052661009101516319329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SethiSEvansNGrantBJMurphyTFNew strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseN Engl J Med2002347746547112181400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SethiSMurphyTFInfection in the pathogenesis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseN Engl J Med2008359222355236519038881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeemungalTHarper-OwenRBhowmikARespiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med200116491618162311719299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilkinsonTMHurstJRPereraWRWilksMDonaldsonGCWedzichaAEffect of interactions between lower airway bacterial and rhinoviral infection in exacerbations of COPDChest2006129231732416478847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SapeyEStockleyRACOPD exacerbations. 2: aetiologyThorax200661325025816517585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YangWElankumaranSMarrLCRelationship between humidity and influenza A viability in droplets and implications for influenza’s seasonalityPLoS One2012710e4678923056454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LytleCDSagripantiJLPredicted inactivation of viruses of relevance to biodefense by solar radiationJ Virol20057922142441425216254359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FengLShayDKJiangYInfluenza-associated mortality in temperate and subtropical Chinese cities, 2003–2008Bull World Health Organ2012904279B288B22511824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EcclesRAcute cooling of the body surface and the common coldRhinology200240310911412357708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EcclesRAn explanation for the seasonality of acute upper respiratory tract viral infectionsActa Otolaryngol2002122218319111936911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SalahBDinh XuanATFouilladieuJLLockhartARegnardJNasal mucociliary transport in healthy subjects is slower when breathing dry airEur Respir J1988198528553229484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PapiABellettatoCMBraccioniFInfections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbationsAm J Respir Crit Care Med2006173101114112116484677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EnglandPHSurveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses in the United Kingdom: Winter 2015 to 20162016144 Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526405/Flu_Annual_Report_2015_2016.pdfAccessed March 3, 2018
   Google Scholar
• MakinenTMJuvonenRJokelainenJCold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infectionsRespir Med2009103345646218977127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnsonCEcclesRAcute cooling of the feet and the onset of common cold symptomsFam Pract200522660861316286463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IkaheimoTMJaakkolaKJokelainenJA decrease in temperature and humidity precedes human rhinovirus infections in a cold climateViruses201689E24427598190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DonaldsonGCKeatingeWRMortality related to cold weather in elderly people in southeast England, 1979–94BMJ19973157115105510569366732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar