1,074
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Expert Opinion

Management of the COPD Patient with Comorbidities: An Experts Recommendation Document

ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 1015-1037 | Published online: 07 May 2020

References

  • Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Descriptive note : chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 2016, November. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/. Accessed January 2017.
  • MiravitllesM, SorianoJB, Garcia-RioF, et al. Prevalence of COPD in Spain: impact of undiagnosed COPD on quality of life and daily life activities. Thorax. 2009;64(10):863–868. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.11572519553233
  • Grupo de Trabajo de GesEPOC. Guía de Práctica Clínica para el Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de Pacientes con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) – guía Española de la EPOC (GesEPOC). Versión 2017 [Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) – Spanish Guideline for COPD (GesEPOC). 2017 version]. Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53(Suppl 1):2–64. Spanish.
  • Díez-ManglanoJ, López-GarcíaF. Protocolos: manejo Diagnóstico y Terapéutico de las Comorbilidades en la EPOC [Protocols: Diagnostic and Therapeutic management of Comorbidities in COPD]. Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI) y Elsevier SL. 2014;1–259. Spanish.
  • Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). From the global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD. 2017 Available from: http://goldcopd.org. Accessed 316, 2020.
  • SinDD, AnthonisenNR, SorianoJB, AgustiAG. Mortality in COPD: role of comorbidities. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(6):1245–1257. doi:10.1183/09031936.0013380517138679
  • SmithMC, WrobelJP. Epidemiology and clinical impact of major comorbidities in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:871–888. doi:10.2147/COPD25210449
  • BrookR. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Pub; 1994.
  • Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. A Guideline Developers’ Handbook (Publication Nº 50). Edinburgh: SIGN; 2001 Disponible en: http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/50/index.html. Accessed 316, 2020.
  • Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Levels of Evidence Document. (Consultado Enero 2017). 2011 Disponible en: http://www.cebm.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CEBM-Levels-of-Evidence-2.1.pdf. Accessed 316, 2020.
  • ScholsAM, BuurmanWA, Staal van den BrekelAJ, DentenerMA, WoutersEF. Evidence for a relation between metabolic derangements and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in a subgroup of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1996;51(8):819–824. doi:10.1136/thx.51.8.8198795671
  • Almagro MenaP, Rodríguez CarballeiraM. Afectación extrapulmonar en la EPOC.¿ Qué es relevante y cómo debemos evaluarla [Extrapulmonary involvement in COPD: what is relevant and how should we evaluate it?] Med Clin (Barc). 2011;18–23. Spanish.
  • Garcia-RioF, SorianoJB, MiravitllesM, et al. Impact of obesity on the clinical profile of a population-based sample with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105220. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.010522025153331
  • SteutenLM, CreutzbergEC, VrijhoefHJ, WoutersEF. COPD as a multicomponent disease: inventory of dyspnoea, underweight, obesity and fat free mass depletion in primary care. Prim Care Respir J. 2006;15(2):84–91. doi:10.1016/j.pcrj.2005.09.00116701766
  • FranssenFM, O’DonnellDE, GoossensGH, BlaakEE, ScholsAM. Obesity and the lung: 5. Obesity and COPD. Thorax. 2008;63(12):1110–1117. doi:10.1136/thx.2007.08682719020276
  • CecereLM, LittmanAJ, SlatoreCG, et al. Obesity and COPD: associated symptoms, health-related quality of life, and medication use. COPD. 2011;8(4):275–284. doi:10.3109/15412555.2011.58666021809909
  • VozorisNT, O’DonnellDE. Prevalence, risk factors, activity limitation and health care utilization of an obese, population-based sample with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can Respir J. 2012;19(3):e18–24. doi:10.1155/2012/73261822679617
  • CurtisJR, WestfallAO, AllisonJ, et al. Population-based assessment of adverse events associated with long-term glucocorticoid use. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55(3):420–426. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1529-013116739208
  • YuanL, DaiX, YangM, CaiQ, ShaoN. Potential treatment benefits and safety of roflumilast in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:1477–1483. doi:10.2147/COPD.S10637027418821
  • SavaF, LavioletteL, BernardS, BretonMJ, BourbeauJ, MaltaisF. The impact of obesity on walking and cycling performance and response to pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD. BMC Pulm Med. 2010;10(1):55. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-10-5521054892
  • RamachandranK, McCuskerC, ConnorsM, ZuwallackR, LahiriB. The influence of obesity on pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes in patients with COPD. Chron Respir Dis. 2008;5(4):205–209. doi:10.1177/147997230809671119029231
  • SabinoPG, SilvaBM, BrunettoAF. Nutritional status is related to fat-free mass, exercise capacity and inspiratory strength in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010;65(6):599–605. doi:10.1590/S1807-5932201000060000720613936
  • FarsangC, KissI, TykarskiA, NarkiewiczK. Treatment of hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Soc Hypertension Sci Newsletter. 2016;17:62.
  • SchonhoferB, WenzelM, GeibelM, KohlerD. Blood transfusion and lung function in chronically anemic patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(11):1824–1828. doi:10.1097/00003246-199811000-000229824074
  • MillerJ, EdwardsLD, AgustiA, et al. Comorbidity, systemic inflammation and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort. Respir Med. 2013;107(9):1376–1384. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.05.00123791463
  • SchnabelE, NowakD, BrascheS, WichmannHE, HeinrichJ. Association between lung function, hypertension and blood pressure medication. Respir Med. 2011;105(5):727–733. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2010.12.02321276721
  • WakabayashiK, GonzalezMA, DelhayeC, et al. Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on acute-phase outcome of myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(3):305–309. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.03.02620643237
  • WorthH, ChungKF, FelserJM, HuH, RueeggP. Cardio- and cerebrovascular safety of indacaterol vs formoterol, salmeterol, tiotropium and placebo in COPD. Respir Med. 2011;105(4):571–579. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2010.11.02721227674
  • WiseRA, AnzuetoA, CottonD, et al. Tiotropium Respimat inhaler and the risk of death in COPD. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(16):1491–1501. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa130334223992515
  • WhiteWB, CookeGE, KoweyPR, et al. Cardiovascular safety in patients receiving roflumilast for the treatment of COPD. Chest. 2013;144(3):758–765. doi:10.1378/chest.12-233223412642
  • Di DanieleN. Therapeutic approaches of uncomplicated arterial hypertension in patients with COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2015;35:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2015.09.00426363278
  • ManciniGB, EtminanM, ZhangB, LevesqueLE, FitzGeraldJM, BrophyJM. Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(12):2554–2560. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.04.03916781387
  • SalpeterS, OrmistonT, SalpeterE. Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;4:Cd003566.
  • CazzolaM, NoscheseP, D’AmatoG, MateraMG. The pharmacologic treatment of uncomplicated arterial hypertension in patients with airway dysfunction. Chest. 2002;121(1):230–241. doi:10.1378/chest.121.1.23011796456
  • CazzolaM, NoscheseP, D’AmatoM, D’AmatoG. Comparison of the effects of single oral doses of nebivolol and celiprolol on airways in patients with mild asthma. Chest. 2000;118(5):1322–1326. doi:10.1378/chest.118.5.132211083681
  • DransfieldMT, RoweSM, JohnsonJE, BaileyWC, GeraldLB. Use of beta blockers and the risk of death in hospitalised patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2008;63(4):301–305. doi:10.1136/thx.2007.08189317951276
  • RuttenFH, ZuithoffNP, HakE, GrobbeeDE, HoesAW. Beta-blockers may reduce mortality and risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(10):880–887. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.11220498416
  • HillNS. Fluid and electrolyte considerations in diuretic therapy for hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146(1):129–133. doi:10.1001/archinte.1986.003601301590222867747
  • ManninoDM, ThornD, SwensenA, HolguinF. Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(4):962–969. doi:10.1183/09031936.0001240818579551
  • AlmagroP, LopezF, CabreraFJ, et al. Comorbilidades en pacientes hospitalizados por enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Análisis comparativo de los estudios ECCO y ESMI [Comorbidities in hospitalized patients for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Comparative analysis of the ECCO and ESMI studies]. Rev Clin Esp. 2012;212(6):281–286. doi:10.1016/j.rce.2012.02.014. Spanish.22521437
  • EhrlichSF, QuesenberryCP Jr., Van Den EedenSK, ShanJ, FerraraA. Patients diagnosed with diabetes are at increased risk for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonia but not lung cancer. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):55–60. doi:10.2337/dc09-088019808918
  • WackerME, HungerM, KarraschS, et al. Health-related quality of life and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in early stages - longitudinal results from the population-based KORA cohort in a working age population. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:134. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-14-13425107380
  • JansonC, MarksG, BuistS, et al. The impact of COPD on health status: findings from the BOLD study. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(6):1472–1483. doi:10.1183/09031936.0015371223722617
  • Lopez VarelaMV, Montes de OcaM, HalbertRet al,. Comorbidities and health status in individuals with and without COPD in five Latin American cities: the PLATINO study. Arch Bronconeumol. 2013;49(11):468–474. doi:10.1016/j.arbr.2013.09.00923856439
  • KoskelaJ, KilpelainenM, KupiainenH, et al. Co-morbidities are the key nominators of the health related quality of life in mild and moderate COPD. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:102. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-14-10224946786
  • PutchaN, PuhanMA, HanselNN, DrummondMB, BoydCM. Impact of co-morbidities on self-rated health in self-reported COPD: an analysis of NHANES 2001–2008. COPD. 2013;10(3):324–332. doi:10.3109/15412555.2012.74496323713595
  • KinneyGL, Black-ShinnJL, WanES, et al. Pulmonary function reduction in diabetes with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(2):389–395. doi:10.2337/dc13-143524026562
  • BakerEH, JanawayCH, PhilipsBJ, et al. Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2006;61(4):284–289. doi:10.1136/thx.2005.05102916449265
  • BurtMG, RobertsGW, Aguilar-LozaNR, FrithP, StranksSN. Continuous monitoring of circadian glycemic patterns in patients receiving prednisolone for COPD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(6):1789–1796. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-272921411550
  • ChakrabartiB, AngusRM, AgarwalS, LaneS, CalverleyPM. Hyperglycaemia as a predictor of outcome during non-invasive ventilation in decompensated COPD. Thorax. 2009;64(10):857–862. doi:10.1136/thx.2008.10698919454410
  • YoungRP, HopkinsRJ, ChristmasT, BlackPN, MetcalfP, GambleGD. COPD prevalence is increased in lung cancer, independent of age, sex and smoking history. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(2):380–386. doi:10.1183/09031936.0014420819196816
  • CazzolaM, BettoncelliG, SessaE, CricelliC, BiscioneG. Prevalence of comorbidities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. 2010;80(2):112–119. doi:10.1159/00028188020134148
  • GudmundssonG, UlrikCS, GislasonT, et al. Long-term survival in patients hospitalized for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective observational study in the Nordic countries. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:571–576. doi:10.2147/COPD.S3446623055707
  • van den BorstB, GoskerHR, ZeegersMP, ScholsAM. Pulmonary function in diabetes: a metaanalysis. Chest. 2010;138(2):393–406. doi:10.1378/chest.09-262220348195
  • Wood-BakerRR, GibsonPG, HannayM, WaltersEH, WaltersJA. Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;1:Cd001288.
  • SuissaS, KezouhA, ErnstP. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risks of diabetes onset and progression. Am J Med. 2010;123(11):1001–1006. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.06.01920870201
  • O’ByrnePM, RennardS, GersteinH, et al. Risk of new onset diabetes mellitus in patients with asthma or COPD taking inhaled corticosteroids. Respir Med. 2012;106(11):1487–1493. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2012.07.01122902134
  • WoutersEF, BredenbrokerD, TeichmannP, et al. Effect of the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast on glucose metabolism in patients with treatment-naive, newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(9):E1720–1725. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-288622723325
  • Garcia-OlmosL, AlberquillaA, AyalaV, et al. Comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in family practice: a cross sectional study. BMC Fam Pract. 2013;14:11. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-1123324308
  • de Lucas-ramosP, Izquierdo-AlonsoJL, Rodriguez-Gonzalez MoroJM, et al. [Cardiovascular risk factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of the ARCE study]. Arch Bronconeumol. 2008;44(5):233–238. doi:10.1157/1311993718448013
  • de Lucas-ramosP, Izquierdo-AlonsoJL, Rodriguez-Gonzalez MoroJM, FrancesJF, LozanoPV, Bellon-CanoJM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a cardiovascular risk factor. Results of a case-control study (CONSISTE study). Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:679–686. doi:10.2147/COPD.S3622223055717
  • BasiliS, FerroniP, VieriM, et al. Lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atherosclerosis. 1999;147(2):249–252. doi:10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00192-610559510
  • EttingerWH, KlinefelterHF, KwiterovitchPO. Effect of short-term, low-dose corticosteroids on plasma lipoprotein lipids. Atherosclerosis. 1987;63(2–3):167–172. doi:10.1016/0021-9150(87)90117-13493784
  • HooperPL, WooW, ViscontiL, PathakDR. Terbutaline raises high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1981;305(24):1455–1457. doi:10.1056/NEJM1981121030524066946283
  • de Miguel DiezJ, Chancafe MorganJ, Jimenez GarciaR. The association between COPD and heart failure risk: a review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013;8:305–312. doi:10.2147/COPD.S3123623847414
  • TsiligianniIG, KosmasE, Van der MolenT, TzanakisN. Managing comorbidity in COPD: a difficult task. Curr Drug Targets. 2013;14(2):158–176. doi:10.2174/138945011131402000423256716
  • LeeTM, LinMS, ChangNC. Usefulness of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 as predictors of outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving pravastatin. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(4):530–535. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.09.10218312772
  • CrinerGJ, ConnettJE, AaronSD, et al. Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(23):2201–2210. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa140308624836125
  • ChogtuB, KuriachanS, MagazineR, et al. A prospective, randomized study: evaluation of the effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension. Indian J Pharmacol. 2016;48(5):503–508. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.19072127721534
  • IngebrigtsenTS, MarottJL, NordestgaardBG, LangeP, HallasJ, VestboJ. Statin use and exacerbations in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2015;70(1):33–40. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-20579525349333
  • HuangCC, ChanWL, ChenYC, et al. Statin use and hospitalization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Clin Ther. 2011;33(10):1365–1370. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.08.01021962452
  • AjmeraM, ShenC, SambamoorthiU. Association between statin medications and COPD-specific outcomes: a real-world observational study. Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2017;4(1):9–19. doi:10.1007/s40801-016-0101-627943058
  • LahousseL, LothDW, JoosGF, et al. Statins, systemic inflammation and risk of death in COPD: the Rotterdam study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2013;26(2):212–217. doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2012.10.00823142156
  • RaymakersAJN, SadatsafaviM, SinDD, De VeraMA, LyndLD. The impact of statin drug use on all-cause mortality in patients with COPD: a population-based cohort study. Chest. 2017;152(3):486–493. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.02.00228202342
  • CitgezE, van der PalenJ, Koehorst-Ter HuurneK, MovigK, van der ValkP, Brusse-KeizerM. Statins and morbidity and mortality in COPD in the COMIC study: a prospective COPD cohort study. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2016;3(1):e000142. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2016-000142
  • ZhangW, ZhangY, LiCW, JonesP, WangC, FanY. Effect of statins on COPD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2017;152(6):1159–1168. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.01528847550
  • BhattSP, DransfieldMT. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease. Transl Res. 2013;162(4):237–251. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2013.05.00123727296
  • AlmagroP, Lopez GarciaF, CabreraFJ, et al. Comorbidity and gender-related differences in patients hospitalized for COPD. The ECCO study. Respir Med. 2010;104(2):253–259. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.09.01919879744
  • AlmagroP, CabreraFJ, DiezJ, et al. Comorbidities and short-term prognosis in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of COPD: the EPOC en Servicios de medicina interna (ESMI) study. Chest. 2012;142(5):1126–1133. doi:10.1378/chest.11-241323303399
  • FonarowGC, HeywoodJT, HeidenreichPA, LopatinM, YancyCW. Temporal trends in clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for heart failure hospitalizations, 2002 to 2004: findings from Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J. 2007;153(6):1021–1028. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.01217540205
  • MentzRJ, FiuzatM, WojdylaDM, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized heart failure patients with systolic dysfunction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: findings from OPTIMIZE-HF. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14(4):395–403. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfs00922302663
  • MatamisD, TsagouriasM, PapathanasiouA, et al. Targeting occult heart failure in intensive care unit patients with acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation: effect on outcome and quality of life. J Crit Care. 2014;29(2):315.e317–314. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.11.011
  • SuzukiT, LyonA, SaggarR, et al. Editor’s choice-biomarkers of acute cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2016;5(5):416–433. doi:10.1177/204887261665230927221957
  • PavasiniR, TavazziG, BiscagliaS, et al. Amino terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide predicts all-cause mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chron Respir Dis. 2017;14(2):117–126. doi:10.1177/147997231667439327956645
  • CavaillesA, Brinchault-RabinG, DixmierA, et al. Comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22(130):454–475. doi:10.1183/09059180.0000861224293462
  • LeeH, JhunBW, ChoJ, et al. Different impacts of respiratory symptoms and comorbidities on COPD-specific health-related quality of life by COPD severity. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3301–3310. doi:10.2147/COPD29180860
  • HenochI, StrangS, LofdahlCG, Ekberg-JanssonA. Health-related quality of life in a nationwide cohort of patients with COPD related to other characteristics. Eur Clin Respir J. 2016;3(1):31459. doi:10.3402/ecrj.v3.3145927238360
  • JacobsDM, NoyesK, ZhaoJ, et al. Early hospital readmissions after an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the nationwide readmissions database. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15(7):837–845. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201712-913OC29611719
  • ShahT, ChurpekMM, Coca PerraillonM, KonetzkaRT. Understanding why patients with COPD get readmitted: a large national study to delineate the Medicare population for the readmissions penalty expansion. Chest. 2015;147(5):1219–1226. doi:10.1378/chest.14-218125539483
  • AlmagroP, CalboE, Ochoa de EchaguenA, et al. Mortality after hospitalization for COPD. Chest. 2002;121(5):1441–1448. doi:10.1378/chest.121.5.144112006426
  • TavazziL, SwedbergK, KomajdaM, et al. Clinical profiles and outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an efficacy and safety analysis of SHIFT study. Int J Cardiol. 2013;170(2):182–188. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.06824225201
  • CanepaM, Straburzynska-MigajE, DrozdzJ, et al. Characteristics, treatments and 1-year prognosis of hospitalized and ambulatory heart failure patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20(1):100–110. doi:10.1002/ejhf.96428949063
  • VogelmeierCF, CrinerGJ, MartinezFJ, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(5):557–582. doi:10.1164/rccm.201701-0218PP28128970
  • VestboJ, AndersonJA, BrookRD, et al. Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with heightened cardiovascular risk (SUMMIT): a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10030):1817–1826. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30069-127203508
  • SampJC, JooMJ, SchumockGT, CalipGS, PickardAS, LeeTA. Risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in COPD patients treated with long-acting beta2-agonist combined with a long-acting muscarinic or inhaled corticosteroid. Ann Pharmacother. 2017;51(11):945–953. doi:10.1177/106002801771971628677404
  • RodrigoGJ, PriceD, AnzuetoA, et al. LABA/LAMA combinations versus LAMA monotherapy or LABA/ICS in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:907–922. doi:10.2147/COPD28360514
  • RoversiS, FabbriLM, SinDD, HawkinsNM, AgustiA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiac diseases. an urgent need for integrated care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;194(11):1319–1336. doi:10.1164/rccm.201604-0690SO27589227
  • LainscakM, PodbregarM, KovacicD, RozmanJ, von HaehlingS. Differences between bisoprolol and carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Respir Med. 2011;105(Suppl 1):S44–49. doi:10.1016/S0954-6111(11)70010-522015086
  • CoiroS, GirerdN, RossignolP, et al. Association of beta-blocker treatment with mortality following myocardial infarction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction: a propensity matched-cohort analysis from the high-risk myocardial infarction database initiative. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(2):271–279. doi:10.1002/ejhf.64727774703
  • DuQ, SunY, DingN, LuL, ChenY. Beta-blockers reduced the risk of mortality and exacerbation in patients with COPD: a meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e113048.25427000
  • EtminanM, JafariS, CarletonB, FitzGeraldJM. Beta-blocker use and COPD mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2012;12(1):48. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-12-4822947076
  • MiravitllesM, Soler-CatalunaJJ, CalleM, et al. Spanish Guidelines for Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GesEPOC) 2017. Pharmacological treatment of stable phase. Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53(6):324–335. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2017.03.01828477954
  • PutchaN, DrummondMB, WiseRA, HanselNN. Comorbidities and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence, influence on outcomes, and management. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;36(4):575–591. doi:10.1055/s-0000007526238643
  • MapelDW, DedrickD, DavisK. Trends and cardiovascular co-morbidities of COPD patients in the veterans administration medical system, 1991–1999. COPD. 2005;2(1):35–41. doi:10.1081/COPD-20005067117136959
  • MullerovaH, AgustiA, ErqouS, MapelDW. Cardiovascular comorbidity in COPD: systematic literature review. Chest. 2013;144(4):1163–1178. doi:10.1378/chest.12-284723722528
  • MapelD. Insights into COPD comorbidities from the OLIN study and other large databases. COPD. 2011;8(6):397–399. doi:10.3109/15412555.2011.63655522149398
  • ChenW, ThomasJ, SadatsafaviM, FitzGeraldJM. Risk of cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(8):631–639. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00241-626208998
  • Soriano OrtizJB, AlmagroP, Sauleda RoigJ. [Causes of mortality in COPD]. Arch Bronconeumol. 2009;45(Suppl 4):8–13. doi:10.1016/S0300-2896(09)72857-120116743
  • Miguel-DíezJ, Carrasco-GarridoP, Rejas-GutierrezJ, et al. The influence of heart disease on characteristics, quality of life, use of health resources, and costs of COPD in primary care settings. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2010;10(1):8. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-10-820167091
  • Black-ShinnJL, KinneyGL, WiseAL, et al. Cardiovascular disease is associated with COPD severity and reduced functional status and quality of life. COPD. 2014;11(5):546–551. doi:10.3109/15412555.2014.89802924831864
  • PatelARC, DonaldsonGC, MackayAJ, WedzichaJA, HurstJR. The impact of ischemic heart disease on symptoms, health status, and exacerbations in patients with COPD. Chest. 2012;141(4):851–857. doi:10.1378/chest.11-085321940771
  • DalalAA, ShahM, LunacsekO, HananiaNA. Clinical and economic burden of patients diagnosed with COPD with comorbid cardiovascular disease. Respir Med. 2011;105(10):1516–1522. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2011.04.00521684731
  • PatelAR, KowlessarBS, DonaldsonGC, et al. Cardiovascular risk, myocardial injury, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(9):1091–1099. doi:10.1164/rccm.201306-1170OC24033321
  • CampoG, PavasiniR, MalagùM, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic heart disease comorbidity: overview of mechanisms and clinical management. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2015;29(2):147–157. doi:10.1007/s10557-014-6569-y25645653
  • CalverleyPM, AndersonJA, CelliB, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(8):775–789. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa06307017314337
  • ContoliM, CampoG, PavasiniR, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting bronchodilator treatment mitigates STEMI clinical presentation in COPD patients. Eur J Intern Med. 2018;47:82–86. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2017.08.01628821412
  • LipsonDA, BarnhartF, BrealeyN, et al. Once-daily single-inhaler triple versus dual therapy in patients with COPD. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(18):1671–1680. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa171390129668352
  • VestboJ, FabbriL, PapiA, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid containing combinations and mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(6):1801230. doi:10.1183/13993003.01230-201830209195
  • XiaN, WangH, NieX. Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists do not increase fatal cardiovascular adverse events in COPD: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0137904. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.013790426378450
  • CazzolaM, CalzettaL, MateraMG, MuscoliS, RoglianiP, RomeoF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and coronary disease: cOPDCoRi, a simple and effective algorithm for predicting the risk of coronary artery disease in COPD patients. Respir Med. 2015;109(8):1019–1025. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2015.05.02126111914
  • MortensenEM, CopelandLA, PughMJ, et al. Impact of statins and ACE inhibitors on mortality after COPD exacerbations. Respir Res. 2009;10(1):45. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-10-4519493329
  • StefanMS, RothbergMB, PriyaA, PekowPS, AuDH, LindenauerPK. Association between beta-blocker therapy and outcomes in patients hospitalised with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease with underlying ischaemic heart disease, heart failure or hypertension. Thorax. 2012;67(11):977–984. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-20194522941975
  • PavasiniR, BiscagliaS, d’AscenzoF, et al. Antiplatelet treatment reduces all-cause mortality in COPD patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. COPD. 2016;13(4):509–514. doi:10.3109/15412555.2015.109962026678708
  • Houben-WilkeS, JorresRA, BalsR, et al. Peripheral artery disease and its clinical relevance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the COPD and systemic consequences-comorbidities network study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(2):189–197. doi:10.1164/rccm.201602-0354OC27532739
  • AzizF, LehmanEB. Preexisting conditions determine the occurrence of unplanned readmissions after procedures for treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Ann Vasc Surg. 2018;50:60–72. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2018.01.07529481929
  • WaschkiB, KirstenA, HolzO, et al. Physical activity is the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with COPD: a prospective cohort study. Chest. 2011;140(2):331–342. doi:10.1378/chest.10-252121273294
  • PepinJL, CockcroftJR, MidwinterD, SharmaS, RubinDB, AndreasS. Long-acting bronchodilators and arterial stiffness in patients with COPD: a comparison of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol with tiotropium. Chest. 2014;146(6):1521–1530. doi:10.1378/chest.13-285925058845
  • van GestelYR, HoeksSE, SinDD, et al. Beta-blockers and health-related quality of life in patients with peripheral arterial disease and COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2009;4:177–183. doi:10.2147/copd.s551119516916
  • MiraultT, GalloulaA, CambouJP, et al. Impact of betablockers on general and local outcome in patients hospitalized for lower extremity peripheral artery disease: the COPART registry. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(5):e5916. doi:10.1097/MD.000000000000591628151868
  • Gerhard-HermanMD, GornikHL, BarrettC, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(12). e686-e725. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027305
  • OnishiK. Total management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. J Cardiol. 2017;70(2):128–134. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.03.00128325523
  • BarrettTW, SelfWH, JenkinsCA, et al. Predictors of regional variations in hospitalizations following emergency department visits for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(9):1410–1416. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.07.00523972347
  • SteerJ, GibsonJ, BourkeSC. The DECAF Score: predicting hospital mortality in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2012;67(11):970–976. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-20210322895999
  • EchevarriaC, SteerJ, Heslop-MarshallK, et al. Validation of the DECAF score to predict hospital mortality in acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2016;71(2):133–140. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-20777526769015
  • SangwanV, ChaudhryD, DyspneaMR, EosinopeniaC. Acidemia and atrial fibrillation score and BAP-65 score, tools for prediction of mortality in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a comparative pilot study. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2017;21(10):671–677. doi:10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_148_1729142379
  • GoudisCA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atrial fibrillation: an unknown relationship. J Cardiol. 2017;69(5):699–705. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2016.12.01328188041
  • KirchhofP, BenussiS, KotechaD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;50(5):e1–e88.27663299
  • AnthonisenNR, ConnettJE, EnrightPL, ManfredaJ. Lung health study research G. Hospitalizations and mortality in the lung health study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(3):333–339. doi:10.1164/rccm.211009312153966
  • OgaleSS, LeeTA, AuDH, BoudreauDM, SullivanSD. Cardiovascular events associated with ipratropium bromide in COPD. Chest. 2010;137(1):13–19. doi:10.1378/chest.08-236719363211
  • WilcheskyM, ErnstP, BrophyJM, PlattRW, SuissaS. Bronchodilator use and the risk of arrhythmia in COPD: part 1: saskatchewan cohort study. Chest. 2012;142(2):298–304. doi:10.1378/chest.10-249922871755
  • HuertaC, LanesSF, Garcia RodriguezLA. Respiratory medications and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Epidemiology. 2005;16(3):360–366. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000158743.90664.a715824553
  • WilcheskyM, ErnstP, BrophyJM, PlattRW, SuissaS. Bronchodilator use and the risk of arrhythmia in COPD: part 2: reassessment in the larger Quebec cohort. Chest. 2012;142(2):305–311. doi:10.1378/chest.11-159722871756
  • van der HooftCS, HeeringaJ, BrusselleGG, et al. Corticosteroids and the risk of atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(9):1016–1020. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.9.101616682576
  • WillgossTG, YohannesAM. Anxiety disorders in patients with COPD: a systematic review. Respir Care. 2013;58(5):858–866. doi:10.4187/respcare.0186222906542
  • AtlantisE, FaheyP, CochraneB, SmithS. Bidirectional associations between clinically relevant depression or anxiety and COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2013;144(3):766–777. doi:10.1378/chest.12-191123429910
  • von LeupoldtA, KennK. The psychology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(5):458–463. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328363c1fc23867658
  • QianJ, Simoni-WastilaL, RattingerGB, et al. Association between depression and maintenance medication adherence among Medicare beneficiaries with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29(1):49–57. doi:10.1002/gps.v29.123606418
  • PapaioannouAI, BartziokasK, TsikrikaS, et al. The impact of depressive symptoms on recovery and outcome of hospitalised COPD exacerbations. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(4):815–823. doi:10.1183/09031936.0001311222878874
  • LaurinC, MoullecG, BaconSL, LavoieKL. Impact of anxiety and depression on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation risk. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(9):918–923. doi:10.1164/rccm.201105-0939PP22246177
  • CafarellaPA, EffingTW, UsmaniZA, FrithPA. Treatments for anxiety and depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a literature review. Respirology. 2012;17(4):627–638. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02148.x22309179
  • KunikME, RoundyK, VeazeyC, et al. Surprisingly high prevalence of anxiety and depression in chronic breathing disorders. Chest. 2005;127(4):1205–1211. doi:10.1378/chest.127.4.120515821196
  • NgTP, NitiM, TanWC, CaoZ, OngKC, EngP. Depressive symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect on mortality, hospital readmission, symptom burden, functional status, and quality of life. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(1):60–67. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.1.6017210879
  • MaurerJ, RebbapragadaV, BorsonS, et al. Anxiety and depression in COPD: current understanding, unanswered questions, and research needs. Chest. 2008;134(4 Suppl):43s–56s. doi:10.1378/chest.08-034218842932
  • EisnerMD, BlancPD, YelinEH, et al. Influence of anxiety on health outcomes in COPD. Thorax. 2010;65(3):229–234. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.12620120335292
  • BakasT, McLennonSM, CarpenterJS, et al. Systematic review of health-related quality of life models. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012;10(1):134. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-13423158687
  • BlakemoreA, DickensC, GuthrieE, et al. Depression and anxiety predict health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:501–512. doi:10.2147/COPD24876770
  • DalalAA, ShahM, LunacsekO, HananiaNA. Clinical and economic burden of depression/anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients within a managed care population. COPD. 2011;8(4):293–299. doi:10.3109/15412555.2011.58665921827298
  • SinghG, ZhangW, KuoYF, SharmaG. Association of psychological disorders with 30-day readmission rates in patients with COPD. Chest. 2016;149(4):905–915. doi:10.1378/chest.15-044926204260
  • ZwerinkM, Brusse-KeizerM, van der ValkPD, et al. Self management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD002990.
  • SpitzerC, GlaserS, GrabeHJ, et al. Mental health problems, obstructive lung disease and lung function: findings from the general population. J Psychosom Res. 2011;71(3):174–179. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.03.00521843753
  • CoventryPA, BowerP, KeyworthC, et al. The effect of complex interventions on depression and anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60532. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.006053223585837
  • AbramsTE, Vaughan-SarrazinM, Van der WegMW. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the effect of existing psychiatric comorbidity on subsequent mortality. Psychosomatics. 2011;52(5):441–449. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2011.03.00521907063
  • TselebisA, KosmasE, BratisD, et al. Prevalence of alexithymia and its association with anxiety and depression in a sample of Greek chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) outpatients. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2010;9:16. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-9-1620398249
  • AlexopoulosGS, SireyJA, RauePJ, KanellopoulosD, ClarkTE, NovitchRS. Outcomes of depressed patients undergoing inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14(5):466–475. doi:10.1097/01.JGP.0000199381.98971.d116670251
  • DursunogluN, KokturkN, BahaA, et al. Comorbidities and their impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tuberk Toraks. 2016;64(4):289–298. doi:10.5578/tt.224528393718
  • National Collaborating Centre for Mental H. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: guidance In: Depression: The Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults (Updated Edition). Leicester (UK): British Psychological SocietyCopyright (c) The British Psychological Society & The Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2010:2010.
  • BritainG; Excellence NIfC. Anxiety: Management of Anxiety (Panic Disorder, with or Without Agoraphobia, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder) in Adults in Primary, Secondary and Community Care. National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2004.
  • VolpatoE, BanfiP, RogersSM, PagniniF. Relaxation techniques for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:628365. doi:10.1155/2015/62836526339268
  • YohannesAM, ConnollyMJ, BaldwinRC. A feasibility study of antidepressant drug therapy in depressed elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(5):451–454. doi:10.1002/gps.46111376459
  • LacasseY, BeaudoinL, RousseauL, MaltaisF. Randomized trial of paroxetine in end-stage COPD. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2004;61(3):3. doi:10.4081/monaldi.2004.692
  • EiserN, HarteR, SpirosK, PhillipsC, IsaacMT. Effect of treating depression on quality-of-life and exercise tolerance in severe COPD. Copd. 2005;2(2):233–241. doi:10.1081/COPD-5759617136950
  • LightRW, MerrillEJ, DesparsJ, GordonGH, MutalipassiLR. Doxepin treatment of depressed patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146(7):1377–1380. doi:10.1001/archinte.1986.003601901550223521524
  • BorsonS, McDonaldGJ, GayleT, DeffebachM, LakshminarayanS, VanTuinenC. Improvement in mood, physical symptoms, and function with nortriptyline for depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Psychosomatics. 1992;33(2):190–201. doi:10.1016/S0033-3182(92)71995-11557484
  • Depression in adults: recognition and management | guidance and guidelines | NICE. 2018; Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90. Accessed 316, 2020.
  • YohannesAM, AlexopoulosGS. Pharmacological treatment of depression in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact on the course of the disease and health outcomes. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(7):483–492. doi:10.1007/s40266-014-0186-024902934
  • PriceD, SmallM, MilliganG, HigginsV, GilEG, EstruchJ. Impact of night-time symptoms in COPD: a real-world study in five European countries. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013;8:595–603. doi:10.2147/COPD.S4857024348032
  • NunesDM, MotaRM, de Pontes NetoOL, PereiraED, de BruinVM, de BruinPF. Impaired sleep reduces quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lung. 2009;187(3):159–163. doi:10.1007/s00408-009-9147-519399553
  • ValipourA, LavieP, LothallerH, MikulicI, BurghuberOC. Sleep profile and symptoms of sleep disorders in patients with stable mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sleep Med. 2011;12(4):367–372. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.08.01721388878
  • BudhirajaR, SiddiqiTA, QuanSF. Sleep disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: etiology, impact, and management. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(3):259–270. doi:10.5664/jcsm.454025700872
  • DodgeR, ClineMG, QuanSF. The natural history of insomnia and its relationship to respiratory symptoms. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(16):1797–1800. doi:10.1001/archinte.1995.004301601450147654114
  • ScharfSM, MaimonN, Simon-TuvalT, Bernhard-ScharfBJ, ReuveniH, TarasiukA. Sleep quality predicts quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2010;6:1–12. doi:10.2147/COPD21311688
  • McNicholasWT, VerbraeckenJ, MarinJM. Sleep disorders in COPD: the forgotten dimension. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22(129):365–375. doi:10.1183/09059180.0000321323997063
  • OmachiTA, BlancPD, ClamanDM, et al. Disturbed sleep among COPD patients is longitudinally associated with mortality and adverse COPD outcomes. Sleep Med. 2012;13(5):476–483. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.12.00722429651
  • RothT. Hypnotic use for insomnia management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sleep Med. 2009;10(1):19–25. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.06.00518693067
  • ChungWS, LaiCY, LinCL, KaoCH. Adverse respiratory events associated with hypnotics use in patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(27):e1110. doi:10.1097/MD.000000000000111026166105
  • VozorisNT, FischerHD, WangX, et al. Benzodiazepine use among older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study. Drugs Aging. 2013;30(3):183–192. doi:10.1007/s40266-013-0056-123371396
  • VozorisNT, FischerHD, WangX, et al. Benzodiazepine drug use and adverse respiratory outcomes among older adults with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(2):332–340. doi:10.1183/09031936.0000801424743966
  • ZhangMW, HoRC, CheungMW, FuE, MakA. Prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33(3):217–223. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.03.00921601717
  • HuberMB, WackerME, VogelmeierCF, LeidlR. Comorbid influences on generic health-related quality of life in COPD: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132670. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.013267026168154
  • OmachiTA, KatzPP, YelinEH, et al. Depression and health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 2009;122(8):778.e779–715. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.036
  • NgTP, NitiM, FonesC, YapKB, TanWC. Co-morbid association of depression and COPD: a population-based study. Respir Med. 2009;103(6):895–901. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.12.01019136238
  • SalteK, TitlestadI, HallingA. Depression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - a systematic review. Dan Med J. 2015;62(10):A5137.26441395
  • LechelerL, RichterM, FranzenDP, et al. The frequent and underrecognised co-occurrence of acute exacerbated COPD and depression warrants screening: a systematic review. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(144):144. doi:10.1183/16000617.0026-2017
  • PoolerA, BeechR. Examining the relationship between anxiety and depression and exacerbations of COPD which result in hospital admission: a systematic review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:315–330. doi:10.2147/COPD24729698
  • Al-shairK, DockryR, Mallia-MilanesB, KolsumU, SinghD, VestboJ. Depression and its relationship with poor exercise capacity, BODE index and muscle wasting in COPD. Respir Med. 2009;103(10):1572–1579. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.11.02119560330
  • RegvatJ, ZmitekA, VegnutiM, KosnikM, SuskovicS. Anxiety and depression during hospital treatment of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Int Med Res. 2011;39(3):1028–1038. doi:10.1177/14732300110390033821819737
  • KeatingA, LeeA, HollandAE. What prevents people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from attending pulmonary rehabilitation? A systematic review. Chron Respir Dis. 2011;8(2):89–99. doi:10.1177/147997231039375621596892
  • LeeSH, KimKU, LeeH, KimYS, LeeMK, ParkHK. Factors associated with low-level physical activity in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Korean J Intern Med. 2018;33(1):130–137. doi:10.3904/kjim.2016.09028602061
  • FritzscheA, ClamorA, von LeupoldtA. Effects of medical and psychological treatment of depression in patients with COPD–a review. Respir Med. 2011;105(10):1422–1433. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2011.05.01421680167
  • AlbrechtJS, KhokharB, HuangT-Y, et al. Adherence and healthcare utilization among older adults with COPD and depression. Respir Med. 2017;129:53–58. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2017.06.00228732836
  • SmithSM, SonegoS, KetchesonL, LarsonJL. A review of the effectiveness of psychological interventions used for anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2014;1(1):e000042. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2014-000042
  • DevineEC, PearcyJ. Meta-analysis of the effects of psychoeducational care in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patient Educ Couns. 1996;29(2):167–178. doi:10.1016/0738-3991(96)00862-29006233
  • TselebisA, PachiA, IliasI, et al. Strategies to improve anxiety and depression in patients with COPD: a mental health perspective. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:297–328. doi:10.2147/NDT26929625
  • Torres-SanchezI, ValenzaMC, Saez-RocaG, Cabrera-MartosI, Lopez-TorresI, Rodriguez-TorresJ. Results of a multimodal program during hospitalization in obese COPD exacerbated patients. COPD. 2016;13(1):19–25. doi:10.3109/15412555.2015.104342826418629
  • SinghB, MielkeMM, ParsaikAK, et al. A prospective study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk for mild cognitive impairment. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(5):581–588. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.9424637951
  • DoddJW, CharltonRA, van den BroekMD, JonesPW. Cognitive dysfunction in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2013;144(1):119–127. doi:10.1378/chest.12-209923349026
  • ZhangX, CaiX, ShiX, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction: a meta-analysis of current studies. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;52(1):101–111. doi:10.3233/JAD-15073526967208
  • OrtapamukH, NaldokenS. Brain perfusion abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: comparison with cognitive impairment. Ann Nucl Med. 2006;20(2):99–106. doi:10.1007/BF298562116615418
  • ZhengGQ, WangY, WangXT. Chronic hypoxia-hypercapnia influences cognitive function: a possible new model of cognitive dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Hypotheses. 2008;71(1):111–113. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.01.02518331781
  • ChangSS, ChenS, McAvayGJ, TinettiME. Effect of coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cognitive impairment on health outcomes in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(10):1839–1846. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04171.x23035917
  • RaffaeleA-I, AndreaC, ClaudioP, et al. Drawing impairment predicts mortality in severe COPD. Chest. 2006;130(6):1687–1694. doi:10.1378/chest.130.6.168717166983
  • ThakurN, BlancPD, JulianLJ, et al. COPD and cognitive impairment: the role of hypoxemia and oxygen therapy. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2010;5:263–269. doi:10.2147/copd.s1068420856825
  • PereiraED, VianaCS, TaunayTC, SalesPU, LimaJW, HolandaMA. Improvement of cognitive function after a three-month pulmonary rehabilitation program for COPD patients. Lung. 2011;189(4):279–285. doi:10.1007/s00408-011-9303-621656143
  • KozoraE, TranZV, MakeB. Neurobehavioral improvement after brief rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2002;22(6):426–430. doi:10.1097/00008483-200211000-0000812464831
  • KennK, GloecklR, SoennichsenA, et al. Predictors of success for pulmonary rehabilitation in patients awaiting lung transplantation. Transplantation. 2015;99(5):1072–1077. doi:10.1097/TP.000000000000047225393161
  • StephensonA, SeitzDP, FischerHD, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors and adverse pulmonary events in older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and concomitant dementia: a population-based, cohort study. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(3):213–223. doi:10.2165/11599480-000000000-0000022332932
  • RobertsMH, MapelDW, HartryA, Von WorleyA, ThomsonH. Chronic pain and pain medication use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A cross-sectional study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013;10(4):290–298. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201303-040OC23952846
  • BentsenSB, RustoenT, MiaskowskiC. Differences in subjective and objective respiratory parameters in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with and without pain. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:137–143. doi:10.2147/COPD22419861
  • ElkingtonH, WhiteP, Addington-HallJ, HiggsR, EdmondsP. The healthcare needs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in the last year of life. Palliat Med. 2005;19(6):485–491. doi:10.1191/0269216305pm1056oa16218161
  • LohneV, HeerHC, AndersenM, MiaskowskiC, KongerudJ, RustoenT. Qualitative study of pain of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heart Lung. 2010;39(3):226–234. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.08.00220457343
  • van Dam van IsseltEF, Groenewegen-SipkemaKH, Spruit-van EijkM, et al. Pain in patients with COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2014;4(9):e005898. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005898
  • BlindermanCD, HomelP, BillingsJA, TennstedtS, PortenoyRK. Symptom distress and quality of life in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;38(1):115–123. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.07.00619232893
  • BorgeCR, WahlAK, MoumT. Pain and quality of life with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heart Lung. 2011;40(3):e90–101. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2010.10.00921444112
  • BentsenSB, RustoenT, MiaskowskiC. Prevalence and characteristics of pain in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared to the Norwegian general population. J Pain. 2011;12(5):539–545. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.10.01421549316
  • HajGhanbariB, GarlandSJ, RoadJD, ReidWD. Pain and physical performance in people with COPD. Respir Med. 2013;107(11):1692–1699. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.06.01023845881
  • BorgeCR, WahlAK, MoumT. Association of breathlessness with multiple symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(12):2688–2700. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05447.x20825511
  • TanG, JensenMP, ThornbyJI, ShantiBF. Validation of the brief pain inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain. 2004;5(2):133–137. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2003.12.00515042521
  • RashiqS, DickBD. Factors associated with chronic noncancer pain in the Canadian population. Pain Res Manage. 2009;14(6):454–460. doi:10.1155/2009/919628
  • JanssenDJ, SpruitMA, Uszko-LencerNH, ScholsJM, WoutersEF. Symptoms, comorbidities, and health care in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic heart failure. J Palliat Med. 2011;14(6):735–743. doi:10.1089/jpm.2010.047921510771
  • MapelDW, DutroMP, MartonJP, WoodruffK, MakeB. Identifying and characterizing COPD patients in US managed care. A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of administrative claims data. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11(1):43. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-11-4321345188
  • VerberktCA, van den Beuken-van EverdingenMHJ, ScholsJ, et al. Respiratory adverse effects of opioids for breathlessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(5):5. doi:10.1183/13993003.01153-2017
  • EkstromM, BajwahS, BlandJM, CurrowDC, HussainJ, JohnsonMJ. One evidence base; three stories: do opioids relieve chronic breathlessness? Thorax. 2018;73(1):88–90. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-20986828377491
  • EkstromMP, Bornefalk-HermanssonA, AbernethyAP, CurrowDC. Safety of benzodiazepines and opioids in very severe respiratory disease: national prospective study. BMJ. 2014;348:g445. doi:10.1136/bmj.g44524482539
  • GruberEM, TschernkoEM. Anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: special considerations. Drugs Aging. 2003;20(5):347–360. doi:10.2165/00002512-200320050-0000412696995
  • KaelinM, SwankA, BarnardK, AdamsK, BeachP, NewmanJ. Physical fitness and quality of life outcomes in a pulmonary rehabilitation program utilizing symptom limited interval training and resistance training. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2001;4:3.
  • BoueriFM, Bucher-BartelsonBL, GlennKA, MakeBJ. Quality of life measured with a generic instrument (Short Form-36) improves following pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest. 2001;119(1):77–84. doi:10.1378/chest.119.1.7711157587
  • De TorresJP, Pinto-PlataV, IngenitoE, et al. Power of outcome measurements to detect clinically significant changes in pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with COPD. Chest. 2002;121(4):1092–1098. doi:10.1378/chest.121.4.109211948037
  • YohannesAM, ErshlerWB. Anemia in COPD: a systematic review of the prevalence, quality of life, and mortality. Respir Care. 2011;56(5):644–652. doi:10.4187/respcare.0100221276321
  • SilverbergDS, MorR, WeuMT, SchwartzD, SchwartzIF, CherninG. Anemia and iron deficiency in COPD patients: prevalence and the effects of correction of the anemia with erythropoiesis stimulating agents and intravenous iron. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:24. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-14-2424564844
  • KrishnanG, GrantBJ, MutiPC, et al. Association between anemia and quality of life in a population sample of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med. 2006;6(1):23. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-6-2316953872
  • ChambellanA, ChailleuxE, SimilowskiT. Prognostic value of the hematocrit in patients with severe COPD receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Chest. 2005;128(3):1201–1208. doi:10.1378/chest.128.3.120116162707
  • PortilloK, BeldaJ, AntonP, CasanP. [High frequency of anemia in COPD patients admitted in a tertiary hospital]. Rev Clin Esp. 2007;207(8):383–387. doi:10.1157/1310875517688864
  • VasquezA, LogomarsinoJV. Anemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the potential role of iron deficiency. Copd. 2016;13(1):100–109. doi:10.3109/15412555.2015.104351926418826
  • BarbaR, de CasasolaGG, MarcoJ, et al. Anemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a readmission prognosis factor. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(4):617–622. doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.67531822409165
  • HalpernMT, ZilberbergMD, SchmierJK, LauEC, ShorrAF. Anemia, costs and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006;4(1):17. doi:10.1186/1478-7547-4-1717042950
  • CoteC, ZilberbergMD, ModySH, DordellyLJ, CelliB. Haemoglobin level and its clinical impact in a cohort of patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(5):923–929. doi:10.1183/09031936.0013710617251227
  • Haja MydinH, MurphyS, ClagueH, SridharanK, TaylorIK. Anemia and performance status as prognostic markers in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013;8:151–157. doi:10.2147/COPD.S3940323658480
  • Martinez-RiveraC, PortilloK, Munoz-FerrerA, et al. Anemia is a mortality predictor in hospitalized patients for COPD exacerbation. Copd. 2012;9(3):243–250. doi:10.3109/15412555.2011.64713122360381
  • RasmussenL, ChristensenS, Lenler-PetersenP, JohnsenSP. Anemia and 90-day mortality in COPD patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Clin Epidemiol. 2010;3:1–5. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S1288521326654
  • CopurAS, FulambarkerA, MolnarJ, et al. Role of anemia in home oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Am J Ther. 2015;22(5):361–366. doi:10.1097/MJT.0b013e3182785f7c23567789
  • SchonhoferB, BohrerH, KohlerD. Blood transfusion facilitating difficult weaning from the ventilator. Anaesthesia. 1998;53(2):181–184. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00275.x9534644
  • Graat-VerboomL, WoutersEF, SmeenkFW, van den BorneBE, LundeR, SpruitMA. Current status of research on osteoporosis in COPD: a systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(1):209–218. doi:10.1183/09031936.5013040819567604
  • AlmagroP, Lopez GarciaF, CabreraFJ, et al. [Study of the comorbidities in hospitalized patients due to decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attended in the Internal Medicine Services. ECCO Study]. Rev Clin Esp. 2010;210(3):101–108. doi:10.1016/j.rce.2009.12.00220226938
  • SilvaDR, CoelhoAC, DumkeA, et al. Osteoporosis prevalence and associated factors in patients with COPD: a cross-sectional study. Respir Care. 2011;56(7):961–968. doi:10.4187/respcare.0105621352667
  • Graat-VerboomL, SpruitMA, van den BorneBE, et al. Correlates of osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an underestimated systemic component. Respir Med. 2009;103(8):1143–1151. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.02.01419304474
  • LeeSH, KwonHY. Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Korean patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their health-related quality of life according to the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011. J Bone Metab. 2017;24(4):241–248. doi:10.11005/jbm.2017.24.4.24129259964
  • LinC-W, Chen-Y-Y, ChenY-J, LiangC-Y, LinM-S, ChenW. Prevalence, risk factors, and health-related quality of life of osteoporosis in patients with COPD at a community hospital in Taiwan. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:1493–1500. doi:10.2147/COPD.S8543226251589
  • RommeEA, MurchisonJT, EdwardsLD, et al. CT-measured bone attenuation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relation to clinical features and outcomes. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(6):1369–1377. doi:10.1002/jbmr.187323361992
  • MalinovschiA, MasoeroM, BellocchiaM, et al. Severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with frequent exacerbations and hospitalization in COPD patients. Respir Res. 2014;15:131. doi:10.1186/s12931-014-0131-025496239
  • Pascual-GuardiaS, Badenes-BonetD, Martin-OntiyueloC, et al. Hospital admissions and mortality in patients with COPD exacerbations and vertebral body compression fractures. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:1837–1845. doi:10.2147/COPD28684906
  • HattiholiJ, GaudeGS. Prevalence and correlates of osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in India. Lung India. 2014;31(3):221–227. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.13575925125807
  • KiyokawaH, MuroS, OgumaT, et al. Impact of COPD exacerbations on osteoporosis assessed by chest CT scan. COPD. 2012;9(3):235–242. doi:10.3109/15412555.2011.65024322360380
  • HarrisonRA, SiminoskiK, VethanayagamD, MajumdarSR. Osteoporosis-related kyphosis and impairments in pulmonary function: a systematic review. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(3):447–457. doi:10.1359/jbmr.06120217181402
  • HornikxM, Van RemoortelH, DemeyerH, et al. The influence of comorbidities on outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation programs in patients with COPD: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:146148. doi:10.1155/2013/14614824490146
  • AmicheMA, AlbaumJM, TadrousM, et al. Fracture risk in oral glucocorticoid users: a Bayesian meta-regression leveraging control arms of osteoporosis clinical trials. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(5):1709–1718. doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3455-926694595
  • MattishentK, ThavarajahM, BlancoP, GilbertD, WilsonAM, LokeYK. Meta-review: adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids relevant to older patients. Drugs. 2014;74(5):539–547. doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0202-z24659375
  • LokeYK, CavallazziR, SinghS. Risk of fractures with inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Thorax. 2011;66(8):699–708. doi:10.1136/thx.2011.16002821602540
  • MineoTC, AmbrogiV, MineoD, FabbriA, FabbriniE, MassoudR. Bone mineral density improvement after lung volume reduction surgery for severe emphysema. Chest. 2005;127(6):1960–1966. doi:10.1378/chest.127.6.196015947308
  • AllenCS, YeungJH, VandermeerB, HomikJ. Bisphosphonates for steroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10:Cd001347.27706804
  • CasanovaC, BaudetJS, Del Valle VelascoM, et al. Increased gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in patients with severe COPD. Eur Respir J. 2004;23(6):841–845. doi:10.1183/09031936.04.0010700415218995
  • SakaeTM, PizzichiniMM, TeixeiraPJ, SilvaRM, TrevisolDJ, PizzichiniE. Exacerbations of COPD and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bras Pneumol. 2013;39(3):259–271. doi:10.1590/S1806-3713201300030000223857694
  • KimJ, LeeJH, KimY, et al. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a national cross-sectional cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:51. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-13-5123927016
  • KempainenRR, SavikK, WhelanTP, DunitzJM, HerringtonCS, BillingsJL. High prevalence of proximal and distal gastroesophageal reflux disease in advanced COPD. Chest. 2007;131(6):1666–1671. doi:10.1378/chest.06-226417400682
  • DonaldsonGC, MullerovaH, LocantoreN, et al. Factors associated with change in exacerbation frequency in COPD. Respir Res. 2013;14(1):79. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-14-7923899210
  • HurstJR, VestboJ, AnzuetoA, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(12):1128–1138. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa090988320843247
  • López GarcíaFPLF. Enfermedades digestivas y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. [Digestive diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Med Clin (Barc). 2010;11:13–16. Spanish.
  • RizkallahJ, ManSFP, SinDD. Prevalence of pulmonary embolism in acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2009;135(3):786–793. doi:10.1378/chest.08-151618812453
  • TeradaK, MuroS, SatoS, et al. Impact of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms on COPD exacerbation. Thorax. 2008;63(11):951–955. doi:10.1136/thx.2007.09285818535116
  • TakadaK, MatsumotoS, KojimaE, et al. Prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute exacerbations of COPD and gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnosed by questionnaire. Respir Med. 2011;105(10):1531–1536. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2011.03.00921454063
  • Lopez-EncuentraA, AstudilloJ, CerezalJ, et al. Prognostic value of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2994 cases of lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;27(1):8–13. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.09.01015736303
  • MartinezC, OkajimaY, MurrayS, et al. Impact of self-reported gastroesophageal reflux disease in subjects from COPDGene cohort. Respir Res. 2014;15:62. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-15-6224894541
  • IngebrigtsenTS, MarottJL, VestboJ, NordestgaardBG, HallasJ, LangeP. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2015;20(1):101–107. doi:10.1111/resp.1242025297724
  • LiangBM, FengYL. Association of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lung. 2012;190(3):277–282. doi:10.1007/s00408-011-9365-522258420
  • Garcia RodriguezLA, RuigomezA, Martin-MerinoE, JohanssonS, WallanderM-A. Relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and COPD in UK primary care. Chest. 2008;134(6):1223–1230. doi:10.1378/chest.08-090218689591
  • Del GrandeLM, HerbellaFA, BigataoAM, JardimJR, PattiMG. Inhaled beta agonist bronchodilator does not affect trans-diaphragmatic pressure gradient but decreases lower esophageal sphincter retention pressure in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;20(10):1679–1682. doi:10.1007/s11605-016-3192-127350150
  • CuiY, DevillierP, KuangX, et al. Tiotropium reduction of lung inflammation in a model of chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(6):1370–1376. doi:10.1183/09031936.0013990919926736
  • Fernández-RuizM, Guerra-ValesJ. Comorbilidad digestiva y hepática en la EPOC [Digestive and liver comorbidity in COPD]. Rev Clin Esp. 2007;207(Supl1):40–46. Spanish
  • KatzPO, GersonLB, VelaMF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(3):308–328; quiz 329. doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.444
  • BoereeMJ, PetersFT, PostmaDS, KleibeukerJH. No effects of high-dose omeprazole in patients with severe airway hyperresponsiveness and (a)symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux. Eur Respir J. 1998;11(5):1070–1074. doi:10.1183/09031936.98.110510709648957
  • PoeRH, KallayMC. Chronic cough and gastroesophageal reflux disease: experience with specific therapy for diagnosis and treatment. Chest. 2003;123(3):679–684. doi:10.1378/chest.123.3.67912628862
  • XiongW, ZhangQS, ZhaoW, DingW, LiuJM, ZhaoYF. A 12-month follow-up study on the preventive effect of oral lansoprazole on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Exp Pathol. 2016;97(2):107–113. doi:10.1111/iep.1217327135904
  • PenaX, Van Den EyndeE, MeneE, RecioJ. EPOC y enfermedad cardiovascular [COPD and cardiovascular disease]. Rev Clin Esp. 2007;207(Supl1):14–21. Spanish.
  • GunenH, GulbasG, InE, YetkinO, HacievliyagilSS. Venous thromboemboli and exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(6):1243–1248. doi:10.1183/09031936.0012090919926740
  • DuanSC, YangYH, LiXY, et al. Prevalence of deep venous thrombosis in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010;123(12):1510–1514.20819502
  • BørvikT, BrækkanSK, EngaK, et al. COPD and risk of venous thromboembolism and mortality in a general population. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(2):473–481. doi:10.1183/13993003.00402-201526585434
  • KimV, GoelN, GangarJ, et al. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2014;1(2):239–249. doi:10.15326/jcopdf.1.2.2014.0133#sthash.pvwPnxaI.dpuf25844397
  • BurgelPR, EscamillaR, PerezT, et al. Impact of comorbidities on COPD-specific health-related quality of life. Respir Med. 2013;107(2):233–241. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2012.10.00223098687
  • WangTS, MaoYM, SunYM, LouYJ. [Pulmonary embolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations of unknown origin: clinical characteristics and risk factors]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2012;35(4):259–263.22781197
  • BertolettiL, QuenetS, LaporteS, et al. Pulmonary embolism and 3-month outcomes in 4036 patients with venous thromboembolism and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: data from the RIETE registry. Respir Res. 2013;14:75. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-14-7523865769
  • SteinPD, MattaF. Vena cava filters in hospitalised patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109(5):897–900. doi:10.1160/TH13-01-000623467701
  • PiazzaG, GoldhaberSZ, KrollA, GoldbergRJ, EmeryC, SpencerFA. Venous thromboembolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 2012;125(10):1010–1018. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.03.00722884176
  • FraisseF, HolzapfelL, CoulandJM, et al. Nadroparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in acute decompensated COPD. The Association of Non-University Affiliated Intensive Care Specialist Physicians of France. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(4 Pt 1):1109–1114. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.980702510764298
  • IncalziRA, CorsonelloA, PedoneC, et al. Chronic renal failure: a neglected comorbidity of COPD. Chest. 2010;137(4):831–837. doi:10.1378/chest.09-171019903974
  • TerzanoC, ContiV, Di StefanoF, et al. Comorbidity, hospitalization, and mortality in COPD: results from a longitudinal study. Lung. 2010;188(4):321–329. doi:10.1007/s00408-009-9222-y20066539
  • Diez ManglanoJ, Bernabeu-WittelM, Escalera-ZalvideA, et al. [Comorbidity, discapacity and mortality in patients with multiple conditions and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Rev Clin Esp. 2011;211(10):504–510. doi:10.1016/j.rce.2011.04.00621982043
  • MapelDW, MartonJP. Prevalence of renal and hepatobiliary disease, laboratory abnormalities, and potentially toxic medication exposures among persons with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2013;8:127–134. doi:10.2147/COPD23515180
  • HanlyP. Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness in end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial. 2004;17(2):109–114. doi:10.1111/j.0894-0959.2004.17206.x15043611
  • SinganayagamA, SchembriS, ChalmersJD. Predictors of mortality in hospitalized adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013;10(2):81–89. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201208-043OC23607835
  • van GestelYR, ChoncholM, HoeksSE, et al. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease in vascular surgery patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(9):2763–2767. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfp17119369691
  • FabbianF, De GiorgiA, ManfrediniF, et al. Impact of renal dysfunction on in-hospital mortality of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single-center Italian study. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48(7):1121–1127. doi:10.1007/s11255-016-1272-527020445
  • FedeliU, De GiorgiA, GennaroN, et al. Lung and kidney: a dangerous liaison? A population-based cohort study in COPD patients in Italy. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:443–450. doi:10.2147/COPD28184156
  • IncalziRA, CorsonelloA, PedoneC, BattagliaS, PaglinoG, BelliaV. Chronic renal failure: a neglected comorbidity of COPD. Chest. 2010;137(4):831–837. doi:10.1378/chest.09-171019903974
  • AlcazarR, EgocheagaMI, OrteL, et al. [SEN-SEMFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease]. Nefrologia. 2008;28(3):273–282.18590493
  • Diez HerranzA. [COPD and lung cancer: practical implications]. Arch Bronconeumol. 2001;37(5):240–247. doi:10.1016/s0300-2896(01)75061-211412516
  • Wasswa-KintuS, GanWQ, ManSF, ParePD, SinDD. Relationship between reduced forced expiratory volume in one second and the risk of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2005;60(7):570–575. doi:10.1136/thx.2004.03713515994265
  • ManninoDM, AguayoSM, PettyTL, ReddSC. Low lung function and incident lung cancer in the United States: data from the first national health and nutrition examination survey follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(12):1475–1480. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.12.147512824098
  • WilsonDO, WeissfeldJL, BalkanA, et al. Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(7):738–744. doi:10.1164/rccm.200803-435OC18565949
  • FabbriLM, LuppiF, BegheB, RabeKF. Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(1):204–212. doi:10.1183/09031936.0011430718166598
  • de-TorresJP, WilsonDO, Sanchez-SalcedoP, et al. Lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Development and validation of the COPD Lung Cancer Screening Score. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(3):285–291. doi:10.1164/rccm.201407-1210OC25522175
  • ParimonT, ChienJW, BrysonCL, McDonellMB, UdrisEM, AuDH. Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of lung cancer among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(7):712–719. doi:10.1164/rccm.200608-1125OC17185647
  • KiriVA, FabbriLM, DavisKJ, SorianoJB. Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of lung cancer among COPD patients who quit smoking. Respir Med. 2009;103(1):85–90. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.07.02418793832
  • YaoR, WangY, LemonWJ, LubetRA, YouM. Budesonide exerts its chemopreventive efficacy during mouse lung tumorigenesis by modulating gene expressions. Oncogene. 2004;23(46):7746–7752. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.120798515361829
  • LimE, BaldwinD, BecklesM, et al. Guidelines on the radical management of patients with lung cancer. Thorax. 2010;65(Suppl 3):iii1–27. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.145938.20940263