Pathophysiology and clinical implications of pulmonary arterial enlargement in COPD

References

• HallMJDeFrancesCJWilliamsSNGolosinskiyASchwartzmanANational Hospital Discharge Survey: 2007 summaryNatl Health Stat Rep201029120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and PreventionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults – United States, 2011MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep20126146938943
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MininoAMMurphySLDeath in the United States, 2010NCHS Data Brief2012991823050606
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HurstJRVestboJAnzuetoASusceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseN Engl J Med2010363121128113820843247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KesslerRFallerMWeitzenblumE“Natural history” of pulmonary hypertension in a series of 131 patients with chronic obstructive lung diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001164221922411463591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGhanRRadcliffTFishRSutherlandERWelshCMakeBPredictors of rehospitalization and death after a severe exacerbation of COPDChest200713261748175517890477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WellsJMWashkoGRHanMKPulmonary arterial enlargement and acute exacerbations of COPDN Engl J Med20123671091392122938715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchulmanLLLennonPFWoodJAEnsonYPulmonary vascular resistance in emphysemaChest199410537988058131543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlinVVArcherSLBadeschDBACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc; and the Pulmonary Hypertension AssociationJ Am Coll Cardiol200953171573161919389575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlinVVArcherSLBadeschDBACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association: developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, Inc., and the Pulmonary Hypertension AssociationCirculation2009119162250229419332472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PeinadoVIBarberaJAAbatePInflammatory reaction in pulmonary muscular arteries of patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med19991595 Pt 11605161110228134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GordonCGudiKKrauseACirculating endothelial microparticles as a measure of early lung destruction in cigarette smokersAm J Respir Crit Care Med2011184222423221471087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeitzenblumESchrijenFMohan-KumarTColas des FrancsVLockhartAVariability of the pulmonary vascular response to acute hypoxia in chronic bronchitisChest19889447727783139371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SimsMWMargolisDJLocalioARPanettieriRAKawutSMChristieJDImpact of pulmonary artery pressure on exercise function in severe COPDChest2009136241241919318664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeitzenblumEHirthCDucoloneAMirhomRRasaholinjanaharyJEhrhartMPrognostic value of pulmonary artery pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax198136107527587330793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HurdmanJCondliffeRElliotCAPulmonary hypertension in COPD: results from the ASPIRE registryEur Respir J20134161292130123018917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChaouatANaeijeRWeitzenblumEPulmonary hypertension in COPDEur Respir J20083251371138518978137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChaouatABugnetASKadaouiNSevere pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2005172218919415831842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YildizPOflazHCineNErginel-UnaltunaNErzenginFYilmazVGene polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme associated with pulmonary hypertension in patients with COPDRespir Med200397121282128814682408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SuYHanWGiraldoCDe LiYBlockEREffect of cigarette smoke extract on nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary artery endothelial cellsAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol19981958198259806747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TuderRMFlookBEVoelkelNFIncreased gene expression for VEGF and the VEGF receptors KDR/Flk and Flt in lungs exposed to acute or to chronic hypoxia. Modulation of gene expression by nitric oxideJ Clin Invest1995954179818077706486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TuderRMZhenLChoCYOxidative stress and apoptosis interact and cause emphysema due to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor blockadeAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol2003291889712600822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WashkoGRParragaGCoxsonHOQuantitative pulmonary imaging using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imagingRespirology201217343244422142490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Jose EsteparRKinneyGLBlack-ShinnJLComputed tomographic measures of pulmonary vascular morphology in smokers and their clinical implicationsAm J Respir Crit Care Med2013188223123923656466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaettaMBaraldoSCorbinoLCD8+ve cells in the lungs of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med1999160271171710430750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EddahibiSChaouatATuLInterleukin-6 gene polymorphism confers susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseProc Am Thorac Soc20063647547616921112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ChaouatASavaleLChouaidCRole for interleukin-6 in COPD-related pulmonary hypertensionChest2009136367868719349390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoppaPPetrasovaDStancakBTkacovaRSystemic inflammation in patients with COPD and pulmonary hypertensionChest2006130232633316899829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmsellemVGary-BoboGMarcosETelomere dysfunction causes sustained inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2011184121358136621885626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoncharovaEAKhavinISGoncharovDAKrymskayaVPDifferential effects of formoterol on thrombin- and PDGF-induced proliferation of human pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cellsRespir Res20121310923186269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetracheINatarajanVZhenLCeramide upregulation causes pulmonary cell apoptosis and emphysema-like disease in miceNat Med200511549149815852018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PetracheINatarajanVZhenLCeramide causes pulmonary cell apoptosis and emphysema: a role for sphingolipid homeostasis in the maintenance of alveolar cellsProc Am Thorac Soc20063651016921130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PetracheIPetruscaDNBowlerRPKamockiKInvolvement of ceramide in cell death responses in the pulmonary circulationProc Am Thorac Soc20118649249622052925
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CarsonJLTerrinMLDuffAKelleyMAPulmonary embolism and mortality in patients with COPDChest19961105121212198915223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OzerNTokgozogluLCopluLKesSEchocardiographic evaluation of left and right ventricular diastolic function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJ Am Soc Echocardiogr200114655756111391283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AcikelMKoseNAribasAThe effect of pulmonary hypertension on left ventricular diastolic function in chronic obstructive lung disease: a tissue Doppler imaging and right cardiac catheterization studyClin Cardiol2010338E13E1820589939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FletcherECSchaafJWMillerJFletcherJGLong-term cardiopulmonary sequelae in patients with sleep apnea and chronic lung diseaseAm Rev Respir Dis198713535255333826878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-ValensiPWeitzenblumERidaZSleep-related oxygen desaturation and daytime pulmonary haemodynamics in COPD patientsEur Respir J1992533013071572442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeitzenblumEKriegerJOswaldMChaouatABachezPKesslerRChronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apnea syndromeSleep199215Suppl 6S33S351470805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KesslerRChaouatAWeitzenblumEPulmonary hypertension in the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: prevalence, causes and therapeutic consequencesEur Respir J1996947877948726947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeitzenblumEChaouatAKesslerRCanuetMOverlap syndrome: obstructive sleep apnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseProc Am Thorac Soc20085223724118250217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MarinJMSorianoJBCarrizoSJBoldovaACelliBROutcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: the overlap syndromeAm J Respir Crit Care Med2010182332533120378728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeungCCMoondraVCatherwoodEAndrusBWPrevalence and risk factors of pulmonary hypertension in patients with elevated pulmonary venous pressure and preserved ejection fractionAm J Cardiol2010106228428620599017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElwingJPanosRJPulmonary hypertension associated with COPDInt J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis200831557018488429
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DoiMNakanoKHiramotoTKohnoNSignificance of pulmonary artery pressure in emphysema patients with mild-to-moderate hypoxemiaRespir Med200397891592012924518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BasuSAlzeairSLiGDadparvarSAlaviAEtiopathologies associated with intercostal muscle hypermetabolism and prominent right ventricle visualization on 2-deoxy-2[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose-positron emission tomography: significance of an incidental finding and in the setting of a known pulmonary diseaseMol Imaging Biol20079633333917610018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HueperKParikhMAPrinceMRQuantitative and semiquantitative measures of regional pulmonary microvascular perfusion by magnetic resonance imaging and their relationships to global lung perfusion and lung diffusing capacity: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis chronic obstructive pulmonary disease studyInvest Radiol201348422323023385398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KawutSMBarrRGLimaJARight ventricular structure is associated with the risk of heart failure and cardiovascular death: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) – right ventricle studyCirculation2012126141681168822932258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeySKreitnerKFFinkCHeusselCPBorstMMKauczorHUAssessment of pulmonary hypertension by CT and MR imagingEur Radiol200414335936814740163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArcasoySMChristieJDFerrariVAEchocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with advanced lung diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med2003167573574012480614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BachDSCurtisJLChristensenPJPreoperative echocardiographic evaluation of patients referred for lung volume reduction surgeryChest199811449729809792564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurgessMIMogulkocNBright-ThomasRJBishopPEganJJRaySGComparison of echocardiographic markers of right ventricular function in determining prognosis in chronic pulmonary diseaseJ Am Soc Echocardiogr200215663363912050605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaabanJPDieboldBZelinskiRLafayMRaffoulHRochemaureJNoninvasive estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure using Doppler echocardiography in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseChest1989966125812622582830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RudskiLGLaiWWAfilaloJGuidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of EchocardiographyJ Am Soc Echocardiogr201023768571320620859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorpurgoMNon-invasive assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in chronic lung disease (WHO study)Eur Respir J Suppl19897666s668s2679613
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HildeJMSkjortenIGrottaOJRight ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in COPD without pulmonary hypertensionJ Am Coll Cardiol201362121103111123831444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TruongQAMassaroJMRogersISReference values for normal pulmonary artery dimensions by noncontrast cardiac computed tomography: the Framingham Heart StudyCirc Cardiovasc Imaging20125114715422178898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurgerIAHusmannLHerzogBAMain pulmonary artery diameter from attenuation correction CT scans in cardiac SPECT accurately predicts pulmonary hypertensionJ Nucl Cardiol201118463464121688066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-EnguixDMoralesPTomasJMVeraFLloretRMComputed tomographic screening of pulmonary arterial hypertension in candidates for lung transplantationTransplant Proc20073972405240817889203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TanRTKuzoRGoodmanLRSiegelRHaaslerGBPresbergKWUtility of CT scan evaluation for predicting pulmonary hypertension in patients with parenchymal lung disease. Medical College of Wisconsin Lung Transplant GroupChest19981135125012569596302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MahammediAOshmyanskyAHassounPMThiemannDRSiegelmanSSPulmonary artery measurements in pulmonary hypertension: the role of computed tomographyJ Thorac Imaging20132829610323096163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LinFYDevereuxRBRomanMJThe right sided great vessels by cardiac multidetector computed tomography: normative reference values among healthy adults free of cardiopulmonary disease, hypertension, and obesityAcad Radiol200916898198719394871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NgCSWellsAUPadleySPA CT sign of chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension: the ratio of main pulmonary artery to aortic diameterJ Thorac Imaging199914427027810524808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoerrigterBMauritzGJMarcusJTProgressive dilatation of the main pulmonary artery is a characteristic of pulmonary arterial hypertension and is not related to changes in pressureChest201013861395140120495109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DevarajAWellsAUMeisterMGCorteTJHansellDMThe effect of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis on the reliability of CT signs of pulmonary hypertensionRadiolog y2008249310421049
   Google Scholar
• ZismanDAKarlamanglaASRossDJHigh-resolution chest CT findings do not predict the presence of pulmonary hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisChest2007132377377917573485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlhamadEHAl-BoukaiAAAl-KassimiFAPrediction of pulmonary hypertension in patients with or without interstitial lung disease: reliability of CT findingsRadiology2011260387588321613438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DevarajAWellsAUMeisterMGCorteTJWortSJHansellDMDetection of pulmonary hypertension with multidetector CT and echocardiography alone and in combinationRadiology2010254260961620093532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChanALJuarezMMSheltonDKNovel computed tomographic chest metrics to detect pulmonary hypertensionBMC Med Imaging201111721447184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IyerASWellsJMVishinSBhattSPWilleKMDransfieldMTCT measured pulmonary artery to aorta ratio and echocardiography for detecting pulmonary hypertension in severe COPDChest Epub20131010
   Google Scholar
• NakanishiRRanaJSShalevAMortality risk as a function of the ratio of pulmonary trunk to ascending aorta diameter in patients with suspected coronary artery diseaseAm J Cardiol201311191259126323415638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaptistaRSantiagoIJorgeEOne-shot diagnostic and prognostic assessment in intermediate- to high-risk acute pulmonary embolism: the role of multidetector computed tomographyRev Port Cardiol201332171323245344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HeinrichMUderMTschollDGrgicAKramannBSchafersHJCT scan findings in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: predictors of hemodynamic improvement after pulmonary thromboendarterectomyChest200512751606161315888835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZylkowskaJKurzynaMFlorczykMPulmonary artery dilatation correlates with the risk of unexpected death in chronic arterial or thromboembolic pulmonary hypertensionChest201214261406141622797193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReganEAHokansonJEMurphyJRGenetic epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study designCOPD201071324320214461
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VestboJAndersonWCoxsonHOEvaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate End-points (ECLIPSE)Eur Respir J200831486987318216052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KawanoYTamuraAWatanabeTKadotaJSevere obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with pulmonary artery dilatationRespirology5212013 [Epub ahead of print.]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WellsJMBhattSPGuptaHCardiac MRI detects alterations in right ventricular preload in subjects with COPD and a PA:A ratio >1Am J Respir Crit Care Med2013187A2421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobbinsIMMooreTMBlaisdellCJAbmanSHImproving outcomes for pulmonary vascular diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med201218591015102022335936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FujimotoKMatsuzawaYYamaguchiSKoizumiTKuboKBenefits of oxygen on exercise performance and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with COPD with mild hypoxemiaChest2002122245746312171817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlancoIGimenoEMunozPAHemodynamic and gas exchange effects of sildenafil in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertensionAm J Respir Crit Care Med2010181327027819875684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlancoISantosSGeaJSildenafil to improve respiratory rehabilitation outcomes in COPD: a controlled trialEur Respir J2212013 [Epub ahead of print.]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MilaraJGabardaEJuanGBosentan inhibits cigarette smoke-induced endothelin receptor expression in pulmonary arteriesEur Respir J201239492793821828025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StolzDRaschHLinkaAA randomised, controlled trial of bosentan in severe COPDEur Respir J200832361962818448495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BadeschDBFeldmanJKeoghAARIES-3: ambrisentan therapy in a diverse population of patients with pulmonary hypertensionCardiovasc Ther2012302939921884013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HegewaldMJElliottCGSustained improvement with iloprost in a COPD patient with severe pulmonary hypertensionChest2009135253653719201716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LasotaBSkoczynskiSMizia-StecKPierzchalaWThe use of iloprost in the treatment of ‘out of proportion’ pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseInt J Clin Pharm201335331331523549775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DernaikaTABeavinMKinasewitzGTIloprost improves gas exchange and exercise tolerance in patients with pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseRespiration201079537738219786728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YaoJXiongMTangBSimvastatin attenuates pulmonary vascular remodelling by down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -9 expression in a carotid artery-jugular vein shunt pulmonary hypertension model in ratsEur J Cardiothoracic Surg2012425e121e127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReedRMIaconoADeFilippisAStatin therapy is associated with decreased pulmonary vascular pressures in severe COPDCOPD2011829610221495837
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WrightJLZhouSPreobrazhenskaOStatin reverses smoke-induced pulmonary hypertension and prevents emphysema but not airway remodelingAm J Respir Crit Care Med20111831505820709821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MouchaersKTSchalijIde BoerMAFasudil reduces monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension: comparison with bosentan and sildenafilEur Respir J201036480080720351034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duong-QuySBeiYLiuZDinh-XuanATRole of Rho-kinase and its inhibitors in pulmonary hypertensionPharmacol Ther2013137335236423261521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeimetzMParajuliNPichlAInducible NOS inhibition reverses tobacco-smoke-induced emphysema and pulmonary hypertension in miceCell2011147229330522000010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChurgAMarshallCVSinDDLate intervention with a myeloperoxidase inhibitor stops progression of experimental chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med20121851344321997333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VonbankKZiescheRHigenbottamTWControlled prospective randomised trial on the effects on pulmonary haemodynamics of the ambulatory long term use of nitric oxide and oxygen in patients with severe COPDThorax200358428929312668787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlbertRKConnettJBaileyWCAzithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPDN Engl J Med2011365868969821864166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FabbriLMCalverleyPMIzquierdo-AlonsoJLRoflumilast in moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with longacting bronchodilators: two randomised clinical trialsLancet2009374969169570319716961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RabeKFBatemanEDO’DonnellDWitteSBredenbrokerDBethkeTDRoflumilast – an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trialLancet2005366948556357116099292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RayWAMurrayKTHallKArbogastPGSteinCMAzithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular deathN Engl J Med2012366201881189022591294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WallaceMRMillerLKNguyenMTShieldsAROtotoxicity with azithromycinLancet199434388912417904701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuptaSSide-effects of roflumilastLancet2012379981771071122364756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar