Historical development of vaginal microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of HIV in women: from past failures to future hopes

References

• World Health Organization [webpage on the Internet]HIV/AIDS Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids/en/Accessed December 15, 2016
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [webpage on the Internet]The relationship between the human immunodeficiency virus and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Available from: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/howhivcausesaids/pages/relationshiphivaids.aspxAccessed December 20, 2016
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization [webpage on the Internet]Global HIV prevalence has levelled off Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr61/en/Accessed December 4, 2016
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS [webpage on the Internet]AIDS by the numbers2015 Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/AIDS_by_the_numbers_2015_en.pdfAccessed December 20, 2016
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS [webpage on the Internet]Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic2013 Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en_1.pdfAccessed December 15, 2016
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS [webpage on the Internet]The gap report Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_Gap_report_en.pdfAccessed December 15, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-SánchezMPMartín-IllanaARuiz-CaroRChitosan and Kappa-Carrageenan vaginal acyclovir formulations for prevention of genital herpes. In vitro and ex vivo evaluationMar Drugs2015139 5976 599226393621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GargSTambwekarKRVermaniKDevelopment pharmaceutics of microbicide formulations. Part II: formulation, evaluation, and challengesAIDS Patient Care STDS2003178 377 39913678540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaeyendeckerOReddADNasonMAntibody maturation in women who acquire HIV infection while using antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxisJ Infect Dis20152125 754 75925712973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarrazzoJMRamjeeGRichardsonBATenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African womenN Engl J Med20153726 509 51825651245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HladikFBurgenerABallweberLMucosal effects of tenofovir 1% gelElife20154 e04525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurnsRNHendrixCWChaturvedulaAPopulation pharmacokinetics of tenofovir and tenofovir-diphosphate in healthy womenJ Clin Pharmacol2015556 629 63825581815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YangKHHendrixCBumpusNA multi-compartment single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic comparison of rectally applied tenofovir 1% gel and oral tenofovir disoproxil fumaratePLoS One2014910 e10619625350119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarkMRPeetMMDavisSDoncelGFFriendDREvaluation of rapidly disintegrating vaginal tablets of tenofovir, emtricitabine and their combination for HIV-1 preventionPharmaceutics201464 616 63125494201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AkilAAgasheHDezzuttiCSFormulation and characterization of polymeric films containing combinations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HIV preventionPharm Res2015322 458 46825079391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SrinivasanPDinhCZhangJPharmacokinetic evaluation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate released from an intravaginal ring in pigtailed macaques after 6 months of continuous useJ Med Primatol2014435 364 36925379594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmithJMSrinivasanPTellerRSTenofovir disoproxil fumarate intravaginal ring protects high-dose depot medroxyprogesterone acetate-treated macaques from multiple SHIV exposuresJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2015681 1 525321184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnsonTJGuptaKMFabianJAlbrightTHKiserPFSegmented polyurethane intravaginal rings for the sustained combined delivery of antiretroviral agents dapivirine and tenofovirEur J Pharm Sci2010394 203 21219958831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbdulaiMABaidenFAdjeiGAn assessment of the likely acceptability of vaginal microbicides for HIV prevention among women in rural GhanaBMC Womens Health2012121 40 4723114222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilkinsonDTholandiMRamjeeGRutherfordGWNonoxynol-9 spermicide for prevention of vaginally adquired HIV and other sexually transmitted infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including more than 5,000 womenLancet Infect Dis2002210 613 61712383611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FeldblumPJAdeigaABakareRSAVVY vaginal gel (C31G) for prevention of HIV infection: a randomized controlled trial in NigeriaPLoS One200831 e147418213382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ObieroJMwetheraPGWiysongeCSTopical microbicides for prevention of sexually transmitted infectionsCochrane Database Syst Rev20126 CD007961
   Google Scholar
• PetersonLNandaKOpokuBKSAVVY (C31G) gel for prevention of HIV infection in women: a Phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in GhanaPLoS One2007212 e131218091987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-McCuneKChenJCGreenblattRMUnexpected inflammatory effects of intravaginal gels (Universal Placebo Gel and Nonoxynol-9) on the upper female reproductive tract: a randomized crossover studyPLoS One2015107 e012976926177352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoler-KarpoffSRamjeeGAhmedKEfficacy of Carraguard for prevention of HIV infection in women in South Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialLancet20083729654 1977 198719059048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carraguard Phase II South Africa Study TeamExpanded safety and acceptability of the candidate vaginal microbicide Carraguard® in South AfricaContraception2010826 563 57121074021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeanCAvan de WijgertJHJonesHEHIV genital shedding and safety of Carraguard use by HIV-infected women: a crossover trial in ThailandAIDS2010245 717 72220098295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaraisDGawareckiDAllanBThe effectiveness of Carraguard, a vaginal microbicide, in protecting women against high-risk human papillomavirus infectionAntivir Ther2011168 1219 122622155903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ObieroJMwetheraPGHusseyGDWiysongeCSVaginal microbicides for reducing the risk of sexual acquisition of HIV infection in women: systematic review and meta-analysisBMC Infect Dis201212 28923130761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FriedlandBAStonerMChauMMBaseline predictors of high adherence to a coitally dependent microbicide gel based on an objective marker of use: findings from the Carraguard Phase 3 trialAIDS Behav20162011 2565 257726204987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OlmstedSSKhannaKVNgEMLow pH immobilizes and kills human leukocytes and prevents transmission of cell-associated HIV in a mouse modelBMC Infect Dis20055 7916194280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TabetSRCallahanMMMauckCKSafety and acceptability of penile application of 2 candidate topical microbicides: BufferGel and PRO 2000 Gel: 3 randomized trials in healthy low-risk men and HIV-positive menJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2003334 476 48312869836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdool KarimSSRichardsonBARamjeeGSafety and effectiveness of bufferGel and 0.5% PRO2000 gel for the prevention of HIV infection in womenAIDS2011257 957 96621330907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorrisGCLaceyCJMicrobicides and HIV prevention: lessons from the past, looking to the futureCurr Opin Infect Dis2010231 57 6319918175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuskensDVermeireKProfyATScholsDThe candidate sulfonated microbicide, PRO 2000, has potential multiple mechanisms of action against HIV-1Antiviral Res2009841 38 4719664662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KamaliAByomireHMuwongeCA randomised placebo-controlled safety and acceptability trial of PRO 2000 vaginal microbicide gel in sexually active women in UgandaSex Transm Infect2010863 222 22620444744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormackSRamjeeGKamaliAPRO2000 vaginal gel for prevention of HIV-1 infection (Microbicides Development Programme 301): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trialLancet20103769749 1329 133720851460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RuppRRosenthalSLStanberryLRVivaGel (SPL7013 Gel): a candidate dendrimer – microbicide for the prevention of HIV and HSV infectionInt J Nanomedicine200724 561 56618203424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TelwatteSMooreKJohnsonAVirucidal activity of the dendrimer microbicide SPL7013 against HIV-1Antiviral Res2011903 195 19921459115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PriceCFTyssenDSonzaSSPL7013 Gel (VivaGel®) retains potent HIV-1 and HSV-2 inhibitory activity following vaginal administration in humansPLoS One201169 e2409521935377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JiangYHEmauPCairnsJSSPL7013 gel as a topical microbicide for prevention of vaginal transmission of SHIV89.6P in macaquesAIDS Res Hum Retroviruses2005213 207 21315795526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PattonDLCosgrove SweeneyYTMcCarthyTDHillierSLPreclinical safety and efficacy assessments of dendrimer-based (SPL7013) microbicide gel formulations in a nonhuman primate modelAntimicrob Agents Chemother2006505 1696 170016641437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenMYMillwoodIYWandHA randomized controlled trial of the safety of candidate microbicide SPL7013 gel when applied to the penisJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2009504 375 38019214122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’LoughlinJMillwoodIYMcDonaldHMPriceCFKaldorJMPaullJRSafety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of SPL7013 gel (VivaGel): a dose ranging, phase I studySex Transm Dis2010372 100 10419823111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoscickiABKaulRMaYMeasurement of mucosal biomarkers in a phase 1 trial of intravaginal 3% StarPharma LTD 7013 gel (Viva-Gel) to assess expanded safetyJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2012592 134 14022067666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowanIGomezKBruderKPhase 1 randomized trial of the vaginal safety and acceptability of SPL7013 gel (VivaGel) in sexually active young women (MTN-004)AIDS2011258 1057 106421505316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TanSLuLLiLPolyanionic candidate microbicides accelerate the formation of semen-derived amyloid fibrils to enhance HIV-1 infectionPLoS One201383 e5977723544097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZirafiOKimKARoanNRSemen enhances HIV infectivity and impairs the antiviral efficacy of microbicidesSci Transl Med20146262 262ra157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SonzaSJohnsonATyssenDEnhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication is not intrinsic to all polyanion-based microbicidesAntimicrob Agents Chemother2009538 3565 356819528284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VeazeyRSShattockRJPopeMPrevention of virus transmission to macaque monkeys by a vaginally applied monoclonal antibody to HIV-1 gp120Nat Med200393 343 34612579198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SextonAHarmanSShattockRJMaJKDesign, expression, and characterization of a multivalent, combination HIV microbicideFASEB J20092310 3590 360019470798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PaceCMarkowitzMMonoclonal antibodies to host cellular receptors for the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infectionCurr Opin HIV AIDS2015103 144 15025700204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiLSunTYangKZhangPJiaWQMonoclonal CCR5 antibody for treatment of people with HIV infectionCochrane Database Syst Rev2010712 CD008439
   Google Scholar
• AkkouhONgTBSinghSSLectins with anti-HIV activity: a reviewMolecules2015201 648 66825569520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TsaiCCEmauPJiangYCyanovirin-N inhibits AIDS virus infections in vaginal transmission modelsAIDS Res Hum Retroviruses2004201 11 1815000694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TsaiCCEmauPJiangYCyanovirin-N gel as a topical microbicide prevents rectal transmission of SHIV89.6P in macaquesAIDS Res Hum Retroviruses2003197 535 54112921090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VamvakaEEvansARamessarKCyanovirin-N produced in rice endosperm offers effective pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV-1BaL infection in vitroPlant Cell Rep2016356 1309 131927007716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MadeiraLMSzetoTHMaJKDrakePMRhizosecretion improves the production of Cyanovirin-N in Nicotiana tabacum through simplified downstream processingBiotechnol J2016117 910 91926901579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’KeefeBRMuradAMViannaGREngineering soya bean seeds as a scalable platform to produce cyanovirin-N, a non-ARV microbicide against HIVPlant Biotechnol J2015137 884 89225572960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’KeefeBRVojdaniFBuffaVScaleable manufacture of HIV-1 entry inhibitor griffithsin and validation of its safety and efficacy as a topical microbicide componentProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200910615 6099 610419332801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LusvarghiSBewleyCAGriffithsin: an antiviral lectin with outstanding therapeutic potentialViruses2016810 296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VamvakaEArcalisERamessarKRice endosperm is cost-effective for the production of recombinant griffithsin with potent activity against HIVPlant Biotechnol J2016146 1427 243726800650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FuquaJLHamorskyKKhalsaGMatobaNPalmerKEBulk production of the antiviral lectin griffithsinPlant Biotechnol J2015138 1160 116826176205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FuquaJLWangaVPalmerKEImproving the large scale purification of the HIV microbicide, griffithsinBMC Biotechnol201515 1225887919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MertenskoetterTKapturPEUpdate on microbicide research and development – seeking new HIV prevention tools for womenEur J Med Res2011161 1 621345763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency (EMA) [webpage on the internet]Celsentri^® Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/000811/WC500022191.pdfAccessed December 7, 2016
   Google Scholar
• CouncilODSwansonMDSpagnuoloRAWahlAGarciaJVRole of semen on vaginal HIV-1 transmission and maraviroc protectionAntimicrob Agents Chemother20155912 7847 785126392489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DumondJBPattersonKBPechaALMaraviroc concentrates in the cervicovaginal fluid and vaginal tissue of HIV-negative womenJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2009515 546 55319546811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NeffCPKurisuTNdoloTFoxKAkkinaRA topical microbicide gel formulation of CCR5 antagonist maraviroc prevents HIV-1 vaginal transmission in humanized RAG-hu micePLoS One201166 e2020921673796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalcolmRKForbesCJGeerLPharmacokinetics and efficacy of a vaginally administered maraviroc gel in rhesus macaquesJ Antimicrob Chemother2013683 678 68323111849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VeazeyRSKetasTJDufourJProtection of rhesus macaques from vaginal infection by vaginally delivered maraviroc, an inhibitor of HIV-1 entry via the CCR5 co-receptorJ Infect Dis20102025 739 74420629537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForbesCJMcCoyCFMurphyDJModified silicone elastomer vaginal gels for sustained release of antiretroviral HIV microbicidesJ Pharm Sci20141035 1422 143224585370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForbesCJLowryDGeerLNon-aqueous silicone elastomer gels as a vaginal microbicide delivery system for the HIV-1 entry inhibitor maravirocJ Control Release20111562 161 16921864598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’CruzOJUckunFMClinical development of microbicides for the prevention of HIV infectionCurr Pharm Des2004103 315 33614754390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AdamsJLKashubaADFormulation, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical microbicidesBest Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol2012264 451 46222306523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConvilleCFriendDRClarkMRMalcolmKPreformulation and development of a once-daily sustained-release tenofovir vaginal tablet containing a single excipientJ Pharm Sci20131026 1859 186823568749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency (EMA) [webpage on the Internet]Viread^® Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000419/WC500051737.pdfAccessed December 12, 2016
   Google Scholar
• RohanLCMonclaBJKunjara Na AyudhyaRPIn vitro and ex vivo testing of tenofovir shows it is effective as an HIV-1 microbicidePLoS One201052 e931020174579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NuttallJKashubaAWangRPharmacokinetics of tenofovir following intravaginal and intrarectal administration of tenofovir gel to rhesus macaquesAntimicrob Agents Chemother2012561 103 10921986823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DobardCSharmaSMartinADurable protection from vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques by tenofovir gel and its relationship to drug levels in tissueJ Virol2012862 718 72522072766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MayerKHMaslankowskiLAGaiFSafety and tolerability of tenofovir vaginal gel in abstinent and sexually active HIV-infected and uninfected womenAIDS2006204 543 55116470118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwartzJLRountreeWKashubaADA multi-compartment, single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic study of the vaginal candidate microbicide 1% tenofovir gelPLoS One2011610 e2597422039430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SokalDCKarimQASibekoSSafety of tenofovir gel, a vaginal microbicide, in South African women: results of the CAPRISA 004 trialAntivir Ther2013183 301 31022914267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KellerMJMadanRPTorresNMA randomized trial to assess anti-HIV activity in female genital tract secretions and soluble mucosal immunity following application of 1% tenofovir gelPLoS One201161 e1647521283552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenRKMorrowKMCarballo-DiéguezAAcceptability of tenofovir gel as a vaginal microbicide among women in a phase I trial: a mixed-methods studyJ Womens Health (Larchmt)2008173 383 39218328009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MehendaleSDeshpandeSKohliRTsuiSTolleyEAcceptability of coitally-associated versus daily use of 1% tenofovir vaginal gel among women in Pune, IndiaInt Health201241 63 6924030882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdool KarimQAbdool KarimSSFrohlichJAEffectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in womenScience20103295996 1168 117420643915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConvilleCBoydPMajorIEfficacy of tenofovir 1% vaginal gel in reducing the risk of HIV-1 and HSV-2 infectionClin Med Insights Womens Health20147 1 824741339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HendrixCWChenBAGudderaVMTN-001: randomized pharmacokinetic cross-over study comparing tenofovir vaginal gel and oral tablets in vaginal tissue and other compartmentsPLoS One201381 e5501323383037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MinnisAMvan der StratenASaleePHendrixCWPre-exposure prophylaxis adherence measured by plasma drug level in MTN-001: comparison between vaginal gel and oral tablets in two geographic regionsAIDS Behav2016207 1541 154825969178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CelumCBaetenJMTenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidenceCurr Opin Infect Dis2012251 51 5722156901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AriënKKVanhamGFirst real success for anti-HIV gel: a new start for HIV microbicides?Future Microbiol2010511 1621 162321133683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiñones-MateuMEVanhamGHIV microbicides: where are we now?Curr HIV Res2012101 1 222264039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilliamsBGAbdool KarimSSKarimQAGouwsEEpidemiological impact of tenofovir gel on the HIV epidemic in South AfricaJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2011582 207 21021654503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terris-PrestholtFFossAMCoxAPCost-effectiveness of tenofovir gel in urban South Africa: model projections of HIV impact and threshold product pricesBMC Infect Dis201414 1424405719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GengiahTNBaxterCMansoorLEKharsanyABAbdool KarimSSA drug evaluation of 1% tenofovir gel and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets for the prevention of HIV infectionExpert Opin Investig Drugs2012215 695 715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der StratenAVan DammeLHabererJEBangsbergDRUnraveling the divergent results of pre-exposure prophylaxis trials for HIV preventionAIDS2012267 F13 F1922333749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MinnisAMGandhamSRichardsonBAAdherence and acceptability in MTN 001: a randomized cross-over trial of daily oral and topical tenofovir for HIV prevention in womenAIDS Behav2013172 737 74723065145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacQueenKMWeaverMAvan LoggerenbergFAssessing adherence in the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir gel HIV prevention trial: results of a nested case-control studyAIDS Behav2014185 826 83224647763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KashubaADGengiahTNWernerLGenital tenofovir concentrations correlate with protection against HIV infection in the CAPRISA 004 trial: importance of adherence for microbicide effectivenessJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2015693 264 26926181703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeroldBCChenBASalataRAImpact of Sex on the Pharma-cokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of 1% Tenofovir GelClin Infect Dis2016623 375 38226508513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NaranbhaiVAbdool KarimSSAltfeldMInnate immune activation enhances hiv acquisition in women, diminishing the effectiveness of tenofovir microbicide gelJ Infect Dis20122067 993 100122829639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’CruzOJUckunFMDawn of non-nucleoside inhibitor-based anti-HIV microbicidesJ Antimicrob Chemother2006573 411 42316431862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowanIDezzuttiCSSiegelALong-acting rilpivirine as potential pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention (the MWRI-01 study): an open-label, phase 1, compartmental, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessmentLancet HIV2016312 e569 e57827658864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JacksonAMcGowanILong-acting rilpivirine for HIV preventionCurr Opin HIV AIDS2015104 253 25726049950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KovarovaMCouncilODDateAANanoformulations of rilpivirine for topical pericoital and systemic coitus-independent administration efficiently prevent HIV transmissionPLoS Pathog2015118 e100507526271040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-RomeroJAThornMTurvilleSGCarrageenan/MIV-150 (PC-815), a combination microbicideSex Transm Dis2007341 9 1416924181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TurvilleSGAravantinouMMillerTEfficacy of Carraguard-based microbicides in vivo despite variable in vitro activityPLoS One200839 e316218776937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KenneyJAravantinouMSingerRAn antiretroviral/zinc combination gel provides 24 hours of complete protection against vaginal SHIV infection in macaquesPLoS One201161 e1583521246052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarnablePCalendaGOuattaraLA MIV-150/zinc acetate gel inhibits SHIV-RT infection in macaque vaginal explantsPLoS One201499 e10810925259616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KenneyJSingerRDerbyNA single dose of a MIV-150/Zinc acetate gel provides 24 h of protection against vaginal simian human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase infection, with more limited protection rectally 8–24 h after gel useAIDS Res Hum Retroviruses20122811 1476 148422737981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KizimaLRodríguezAKenneyJA potent combination microbicide that targets SHIV-RT, HSV-2 and HPVPLoS One201494 e9454724740100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarnablePCalendaGBonnaireTMIV-150/zinc acetate gel inhibits cell-associated simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase infection in a macaque vaginal explant modelAntimicrob Agents Chemother2015597 3829 383725870063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CalendaGVillegasGBarnablePMZC gel inhibits SHIV-RT and HSV-2 in macaque vaginal mucosa and SHIV-RT in rectal mucosaJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr20173 e67 e7427552154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean-PierreNBarnablePKizimaLMultipurpose prevention approaches with antiretroviral-based formulationsAntimicrob Agents Chemother2015602 1141 114426596943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FriedlandBAHoesleyCJPlagianosMFirst-in-human trial of MIV-150 and zinc acetate co-formulated in a carrageenan gel: safety, pharmacokinetics, acceptability, adherence and pharmacodynamicsJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2016735 489 49627437826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FletcherPHarmanSAzijnHInhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by the candidate microbicide dapivirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorAntimicrob Agents Chemother2009532 487 49519029331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DhondtMMAdriaensERoeyJVRemonJPThe evaluation of the local tolerance of vaginal formulations containing dapivirine using the Slug Mucosal Irritation test and the rabbit vaginal irritation testEur J Pharm Biopharm2005603 419 42515996583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NuttallJPThakeDCLewisMGFerkanyJWRomanoJWMitchnickMAConcentrations of dapivirine in the rhesus macaque and rabbit following once daily intravaginal administration of a gel formulation of [14C]dapivirine for 7 daysAntimicrob Agents Chemother2008523 909 91418086845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelAMCoplanPvan de WijgertJHSafety, tolerability, and systemic absorption of dapivirine vaginal microbicide gel in healthy, HIV-negative womenAIDS20092312 1531 153819550287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelAMSmytheSCHabibiSKapturPERomanoJWPharmacokinetics of 2 dapivirine vaginal microbicide gels and their safety vs. Hydroxyethyl cellulose-based universal placebo gelJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2010552 161 16920574411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelAMCoplanPSmytheSCPharmacokinetic assessment of dapivirine vaginal microbicide gel in healthy, HIV-negative womenAIDS Res Hum Retroviruses20102611 1181 119020854207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CranstonRDHoesleyCCarballo-DiéguezAA randomized male tolerance study of dapivirine gel following multiple topical penile exposures (MTN 012/IPM 010)AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses2014302 184 18924070431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluis-CremerNThe emerging profile of cross-resistance among the nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitorsViruses201468 2960 297325089538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusti-NarasimhanMKhoslaRBaggaleyRTemmermanMMcGroryEFarleyTWHO guidance grounded in a comprehensive approach to sexual and reproductive health and human rights: topical pre-exposure prophylaxisJ Int AIDS Soc2014173 Suppl 2 1927925224620
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UNAIDS [webpage on the Internet]Biomedical AIDS Research: Recent and Upcoming Advances Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC2723_Biomedical_AIDS_research_en.pdfAccessed December 21, 2016
   Google Scholar
• HankinsCADybulMRThe promise of pre-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV transmission: a reviewCurr Opin HIV AIDS201381 50 5823201856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FetherstonSMMalcolmRKWoolfsonADControlled-release vaginal ring drug-delivery systems: a key strategy for the development of effective HIV microbicidesTher Deliv201016 785 80222834014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MontgomeryETvan der StratenAChengHVaginal ring adherence in sub-Saharan Africa: expulsion, removal, and perfect useAIDS Behav2012167 1787 179822790902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalcolmRKEdwardsKLKiserPRomanoJSmithTJAdvances in microbicide vaginal ringsAntiviral Res201088Suppl 1 S30 S3921109066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThurmanARClarkMRHurlburtJADoncelGFIntravaginal rings as delivery systems for microbicides and multipurpose prevention technologiesInt J Womens Health20135 695 70824174884
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JohnsonTJClarkMRAlbrightTHA 90-day tenofovir reservoir intravaginal ring for mucosal HIV prophylaxisAntimicrob Agents Chemother20125612 6272 628323006751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaumMMButkyavicheneIGilmanJAn intravaginal ring for the simultaneous delivery of multiple drugsJ Pharm Sci20121018 2833 284322619076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarkJTJohnsonTJClarkMRQuantitative evaluation of a hydrophilic matrix intravaginal ring for the sustained delivery of tenofovirJ Control Release20121632 240 24822981701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MossJAMaloneAMSmithTJSafety and pharmacokinetics of intravaginal rings delivering tenofovir in pig-tailed macaquesAntimicrob Agents Chemother20125611 5952 596022964245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MesquitaPMRastogiRSegarraTJIntravaginal ring delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for prevention of HIV and herpes simplex virus infectionJ Antimicrob Chemother2012677 1730 173822467632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmithJMRastogiRTellerRSIntravaginal ring eluting tenofovir disoproxil fumarate completely protects macaques from multiple vaginal simian-HIV challengesProc Natl Acad Sci U S A201311040 16145 1615024043812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KellerMJMesquitaPMMarzinkeMAA phase 1 randomized placebo-controlled safety and pharmacokinetic trial of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vaginal ringAIDS2016305 743 75126605514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarkJTClarkMRShelkeNBEngineering a segmented dual-reservoir polyurethane intravaginal ring for simultaneous prevention of HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancyPLoS One201493 e8850924599325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalcolmRKVeazeyRSGeerLSustained release of the CCR5 inhibitors CMPD167 and maraviroc from vaginal rings in rhesus macaquesAntimicrob Agents Chemother2012565 2251 225822330914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SingerRMawsonPDerbyNAn intravaginal ring that releases the NNRTI MIV-150 reduces SHIV transmission in macaquesSci Transl Med20124150 150ra123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HsuMKeeleBFAravantinouMExposure to MIV-150 from a high-dose intravaginal ring results in limited emergence of drug resistance mutations in SHIV-RT infected rhesus macaquesPLoS One201492 e8930024586674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OuattaraLABarnablePMawsonPMIV-150-containing intravaginal rings protect macaque vaginal explants against SHIV-RT infectionAntimicrob Agents Chemother2014585 2841 284824614384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VillegasGCalendaGUgaonkarSA novel microbicide/contraceptive intravaginal ring protects macaque genital mucosa against SHIV-RT infection ex vivoPLoS One2016117 e015933227428377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AravantinouMSingerRDerbyNThe nonnucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor MIV-160 delivered from an intravaginal ring, but not from a carrageenan gel, protects against simian/human immunodeficiency virus-RT InfectionAIDS Res Hum Retroviruses20122811 1467 147522816564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConvilleCMajorIFriendDRClarkMRMalcolmRKDevelopment of a UC781 releasing polyethylene vinyl acetate vaginal ringDrug Deliv Transl Res201226 489 49725787327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConvilleCSmithJMMcCoyCFLack of in vitro-in vivo correlation for a UC781-releasing vaginal ring in macaquesDrug Deliv Transl Res201551 27 3725787337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FetherstonSMGeerLVeazeyRSPartial protection against multiple RT-SHIV162P3 vaginal challenge of rhesus macaques by a silicone elastomer vaginal ring releasing the NNRTI MC1220J Antimicrob Chemother2013682 394 40323109186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuptaKMPearceSMPoursaidAEPolyurethane intravaginal ring for controlled delivery of dapivirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV-1J Pharm Sci20089710 4228 423918338805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DevlinBNuttallJWilderSWoodsongCRosenbergZDevelopment of dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV preventionAntiviral Res2013100Suppl S3 S824188702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelAHaazenWNuttallJRomanoJRosenbergZvan NiekerkNA safety and pharmacokinetic trial assessing delivery of dapivirine from a vaginal ring in healthy womenAIDS20142810 1479 148724901365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelASmytheSYoungKSafety and pharmacokinetics of dapivirine delivery from matrix and reservoir intravaginal rings to HIV-negative womenJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2009514 416 42319623693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RomanoJVarianoBCoplanPSafety and availability of dapivirine (TMC120) delivered from an intravaginal ringAIDS Res Hum Retroviruses2009255 483 48819388819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelABekkerLGBukusiESafety, acceptability and adherence of dapivirine vaginal ring in a microbicide clinical trial conducted in multiple countries in Sub-Saharan AfricaPLoS One2016113 e014774326963505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palanee-PhillipsTSchwartzKBrownERCharacteristics of women enrolled into a randomized clinical trial of dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV-1 preventionPLoS One2015106 e012885726061040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaetenJMPalanee-PhillipsTBrownERUse of a vaginal ring containing dapivirine for HIV-1 prevention in womenN Engl J Med201637522 2121 213226900902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• das NevesJMartinsJPSarmentoBWill dapivirine redeem the promises of anti-HIV microbicides? Overview of product design and clinical testingAdv Drug Deliv Rev2016103 20 3226732684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenbergZFDevlinBFuture strategies in microbicide developmentBest Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol2012264 503 51322406260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GargSGoldmanDKrummeMRohanLCSmootSFriendDRAdvances in development, scale-up and manufacturing of microbicide gels, films, and tabletsAntiviral Res201088Suppl 1 S19 S2921109064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RohanLCDevlinBYangHMicrobicide dosage formsCurr Top Microbiol Immunol2014383 27 5424220751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoshiSNKattiUGodboleSPhase I safety study of Praneem polyherbal vaginal tablet use among HIV-uninfected women in Pune, IndiaTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg20059910 769 77416084547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoglekarNSJoshiSNNavlakhaSNKattiURMehendaleSMAcceptability of praneem polyherbal vaginal tablet among HIV uninfected women & their male partners in Pune, India – Phase I studyIndian J Med Res20061234 547 55216783046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoshiSNDuttaSKumarBKExpanded safety study of Praneem polyherbal vaginal tablet among HIV-uninfected women in Pune, India: a phase II clinical trial reportSex Transm Infect2008845 343 34718426844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoglekarNSJoshiSNDeshpandeSSParkheANKattiURMehendaleSMAcceptability and adherence: findings from a Phase II study of a candidate vaginal microbicide, ‘praneem polyherbal tablet’, in Pune, IndiaTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg20101046 412 41520096909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PereiraLEClarkMRFriendDRPharmacokinetic and safety analyses of tenofovir and tenofovir-emtricitabine vaginal tablets in pigtailed macaquesAntimicrob Agents Chemother2014585 2665 267424566178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConvilleCMajorIDevlinBBrimerADevelopment of a multi-layered vaginal tablet containing dapivirine, levonorgestrel and acyclovir for use as a multipurpose prevention technologyEur J Pharm Biopharm2016104 171 17927163243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WoolfsonADUmrethiaMLKettVLMalcolmRKFreeze-dried, mucoadhesive system for vaginal delivery of the HIV microbicide, dapivirine: optimisation by an artificial neural networkInt J Pharm20103881–2 136 14320045043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RastogiRTellerRSMesquitaPMHeroldBCKiserPFOsmotic pump tablets for delivery of antiretrovirals to the vaginal mucosaAntiviral Res20131001 255 25823973812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AkilAParniakMADezzuittiCSDevelopment and Characterization of a Vaginal Film Containing Dapivirine, a Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI), for prevention of HIV-1 sexual transmissionDrug Deliv Transl Res201113 209 22222708075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FanMDKramzerLFHillierSLChangJCMeynLARohanLCPreferred physical characteristics of vaginal film microbicides for HIV prevention in Pittsburgh womenArch Sex Behav2016464 1111 111927571742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RoddyREZekengLRyanKATamouféUWeirSSWongELA controlled trial of nonoxynol 9 film to reduce male-to-female transmission of sexually transmitted diseasesN Engl J Med19983398 504 5109709043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RustomjeeRAbdool KarimQAbdool KarimSSLagaMSteinZPhase 1 trial of nonoxynol-9 film among sex workers in South AfricaAIDS19991312 1511 151510465075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GargSVermaniKGargAAndersonRARencherWBZaneveldLJDevelopment and characterization of bioadhesive vaginal films of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), a novel contraceptive antimicrobial agentPharm Res2005224 584 59515846466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ColeAMPattonDLRohanLCThe formulated microbicide RC-101 was safe and antivirally active following intravaginal application in pigtailed macaquesPLoS One2010511 e1511121124745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GhosalKRanjanABhowmikBBA novel vaginal drug delivery system: anti-HIV bioadhesive film containing abacavirJ Mater Sci Mater Med2014257 1679 168924699799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GhosalKHazraBTBhowmikBBThomasSFormulation development, physicochemical characterization and in vitro-in vivo drug release of vaginal filmsCurr HIV Res2016144 295 30626564015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangWParniakMASarafianosSGCostMRRohanLCDevelopment of a vaginal delivery film containing EFdA, a novel anti-HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorInt J Pharm20144611–2 203 21324333452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangWHuMShiYVaginal microbicide film combinations of two reverse transcriptase inhibitors, EFdA and CSIC, for the prevention of HIV-1 sexual transmissionPharm Res2015329 2960 297225794967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BungeKEDezzuttiCSRohanLCA Phase 1 trial to assess the safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a novel dapivirine vaginal filmJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2016715 498 50526565716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobinsonJAMarzinkeMABakshiRPComparison of dapivirine vaginal gel and film formulation pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (FAME 02B)AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses2017334 339 34627809557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HamASRohanLCBoczarAYangLW BuckheitKBuckheitRWJrVaginal film drug delivery of the pyrimidinedione IQP-0528 for the prevention of HIV infectionPharm Res2012297 1897 190722392331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrammenCVan den MooterGAppeltansBDevelopment and characterization of a solid dispersion film for the vaginal application of the anti-HIV microbicide UAMC01398Int J Pharm20144751–2 238 24425175729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• das NevesJNunesRRodriguesFSarmentoBNanomedicine in the development of anti-HIV microbicidesAdv Drug Deliv Rev2016103 57 7526829288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WhaleyKJHanesJShattockRConeRAFriendDRNovel approaches to vaginal delivery and safety of microbicides: biopharmaceuticals, nanoparticles, and vaccinesAntiviral Res201088Suppl 1 S55 S6621109069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MallipeddiRRohanLCNanoparticle-based vaginal drug delivery systems for HIV preventionExpert Opin Drug Deliv201071 37 4820017659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaraHHIxtepan-TurrentLGarza-TreviñoENRodriguez-PadillaCPVP-coated silver nanoparticles block the transmission of cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 in human cervical cultureJ Nanobiotechnology20108 1520626911
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• du ToitLCPillayVChoonaraYENanomicrobicides: challenges in drug delivery, patient ethics and intellectual property in the war against HIV/AIDSAdv Drug Deliv Rev2010624–5 532 54619922751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaraHHIxtepan-TurrentLGarza TreviñoENSinghDKUse of silver nanoparticles increased inhibition of cell-associated HIV-1 infection by neutralizing antibodies developed against HIV-1 envelope proteinsJ Nanobiotechnology20119 3821923937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlukdaDSturgisTYouanBBFormulation of tenofovir-loaded functionalized solid lipid nanoparticles intended for HIV preventionJ Pharm Sci20111008 3345 335621437910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• das NevesJMichielsJAriënKKPolymeric nanoparticles affect the intracellular delivery, antiretroviral activity and cytotoxicity of the microbicide drug candidate dapivirinePharm Res2012296 1468 148422072053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• das NevesJAraújoFAndradeFIn vitro and ex vivo evaluation of polymeric nanoparticles for vaginal and rectal delivery of the anti-HIV drug dapivirineMol Pharm2013107 2793 280723738946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• das NevesJSarmentoBPrecise engineering of dapivirine-loaded nanoparticles for the development of anti-HIV vaginal microbicidesActa Biomater201518 77 8725700657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaiWFHeZDDesign and fabrication of hydrogel-based nanoparticulate systems for in vivo drug deliveryJ Control Release2016243 269 28227746276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MengJSturgisTFYouanBBEngineering tenofovir loaded chitosan nanoparticles to maximize microbicide mucoadhesionEur J Pharm Sci2011441–2 57 6721704704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MengJZhangTAgrahariVEzoulinMJYouanBBComparative biophysical properties of tenofovir-loaded, thiolated and nonthiolated chitosan nanoparticles intended for HIV preventionNanomedicine (Lond)2014911 1595 161224405490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• das NevesJRochaCMGonçalvesMPInteractions of microbicide nanoparticles with a simulated vaginal fluidMol Pharm2012911 3347 335623003680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• das NevesJAraújoFAndradeFAmijiMBahiaMFSarmentoBBiodistribution and pharmacokinetics of dapivirine-loaded nanoparticles after vaginal delivery in micePharm Res2014317 1834 184524449442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YangSChenYGuKNovel intravaginal nanomedicine for the targeted delivery of saquinavir to CD4+ immune cellsInt J Nanomedicine20138 2847 285823966779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangTSturgisTFYouanBBpH-responsive nanoparticles releasing tenofovir intended for the prevention of HIV transmissionEur J Pharm Biopharm2011793 526 53621736940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AgrahariVZhangCZhangTHyaluronidase-sensitive nanoparticle templates for triggered release of HIV/AIDS microbicide in vitroAAPS J2014162 181 19324343770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DestacheCJMandalSYuanZTopical tenofovir disoproxil fumarate nanoparticles prevent HIV-1 vaginal transmission in a humanized mouse modelAntimicrob Agents Chemother2016606 3633 363927044548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• das NevesJSarmentoBAntiretroviral drug-loaded nanoparticles-in-films: a new option for developing vaginal microbicides?Expert Opin Drug Deliv2017144 449 452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuJYangSHoEABiodegradable film for the targeted delivery of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles to vaginal immune cellsMol Pharm2015128 2889 290326099315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha-ReisCMachadoABarreirosLNanoparticles-in-film for the combined vaginal delivery of anti-HIV microbicide drugsJ Control Release2016243 43 5327664327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MachadoACunha-ReisCAraújoFDevelopment and in vivo safety assessment of tenofovir-loaded nanoparticles-in-film as a novel vaginal microbicide delivery systemActa Biomater201644 332 34027544812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SrinivasanPZhangJMartinASafety and pharmacokinetics of quick-dissolving polymeric vaginal films delivering the antiretroviral IQP-0528 for preexposure prophylaxisAntimicrob Agents Chemother2016607 4140 415027139475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlakneyAKBallCKrogstadEAWoodrowKAElectrospun fibers for vaginal anti-HIV drug deliveryAntiviral Res2013100Suppl S9 S1624188701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChouSFCarsonDWoodrowKACurrent strategies for sustaining drug release from electrospun nanofibersJ Control Release2015220Pt B 584 59126363300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BallCWoodrowKAElectrospun solid dispersions of Maraviroc for rapid intravaginal preexposure prophylaxis of HIVAntimicrob Agents Chemother2014588 4855 486524913168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlakneyAKKrogstadEAJiangYHWoodrowKADelivery of multipurpose prevention drug combinations from electrospun nanofibers using composite microarchitecturesInt J Nanomedicine20149 2967 297824971008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KrogstadEAWoodrowKAManufacturing scale-up of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers containing tenofovir for vaginal drug deliveryInt J Pharm20144751–2 282 29125169075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AgrahariVMengJEzoulinMJStimuli-sensitive thiolated hyaluronic acid based nanofibers: synthesis, preclinical safety and in vitro anti-HIV activityNanomedicine (Lond)20161122 2935 295827785967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BallCChouSFJiangYWoodrowKACoaxially electrospun fiber-based microbicides facilitate broadly tunable release of maravirocMater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl201663 117 12427040202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GroomsTNVuongHRTyoKMGriffithsin-modified electrospun fibers as a delivery scaffold to prevent HIV infectionAntimicrob Agents Chemother20166011 6518 653127550363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RademacherTSackMArcalisERecombinant antibody 2G12 produced in maize endosperm efficiently neutralizes HIV-1 and contains predominantly single-GlcNAc N-glycansPlant Biotechnol J200862 189 20117979949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández RomeroJAGilbPIRéVRobbianiMPagliniGMicrobicidas para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual: estado actual y estrategias para la evaluación preclínica de nuevos candidatos. [Microbicides for preventing sexually transmitted infections: current status and strategies for preclinical evaluation of new candidates]Rev Argent Microbiol2014463 256 268 Spanish25444135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiuXLagenaurLASimpsonDAEngineered vaginal lactobacillus strain for mucosal delivery of the human immunodeficiency virus inhibitor cyanovirin-NAntimicrob Agents Chemother20065010 3250 325917005802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrichacekBLagenaurLALeePPVenzonDHamerDHIn vivo evaluation of safety and toxicity of a Lactobacillus jensenii producing modified cyanovirin-N in a rhesus macaque vaginal challenge modelPLoS One2013811 e7881724265721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LagenaurLASanders-BeerBEBrichacekBPrevention of vaginal SHIV transmission in macaques by a live recombinant LactobacillusMucosal Immunol201146 648 65721734653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarcobalALiuXZhangWExpression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralizing antibody fragments using human vaginal LactobacillusAIDS Res Hum Retroviruses20163210–11 964 97126950606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AkilADevlinBCostMRohanLCIncreased Dapivirine tissue accumulation through vaginal film codelivery of dapivirine and tenofovirMol Pharm2014115 1533 154124693866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FetherstonSMBoydPMcCoyCFA silicone elastomer vaginal ring for HIV prevention containing two microbicides with different mechanisms of actionEur J Pharm Sci2013483 406 41523266465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der StratenAPantherLLabordeNAdherence and acceptability of a multidrug vaginal ring for HIV prevention in a Phase I study in the United StatesAIDS Behav20162011 2644 265326837628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenBAPantherLMarzinkeMAPhase 1 safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of dapivirine and maraviroc vaginal rings: a double-blind randomized trialJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2015703 242 24926034880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MossJAButkyavicheneIChurchmanSACombination pod-intravaginal ring delivers antiretroviral agents for HIV prophylaxis: pharmacokinetic evaluation in an ovine modelAntimicrob Agents Chemother2016606 3759 376627067321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RamanathanRJiangYReadBGolan-PazSWoodrowKABiophysical characterization of small molecule antiviral-loaded nanolipogels for HIV-1 chemoprophylaxis and topical mucosal applicationActa Biomater201636 122 13126947382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DateAAShibataAGoedeMDevelopment and evaluation of a thermosensitive vaginal gel containing raltegravir+efavirenz loaded nanoparticles for HIV prophylaxisAntiviral Res2012963 430 43623041201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar