Beware of Steroid-Induced Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head in the Treatment of COVID-19—Experience and Lessons from the SARS Epidemic

References

• WrappD, WangN, CorbettKS, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367(6483):1260–1263. doi:10.1126/science.abb250732075877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuangC, WangY, XingwangL, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.31986264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZheX, ShiL, WangY, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420–422.32085846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AuyeungTW, LeeJSW, LaiWK, et al. The use of corticosteroid as treatment in SARS was associated with adverse outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. J Infect. 2005;51(2):98–102.16038758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XieL, LiuY, FanB, et al. Dynamic changes of serum SARS-coronavirus IgG, pulmonary function and radiography in patients recovering from SARS after hospital discharge. Respir Res. 2005;6(1):5.15638943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HernigouP. Hip osteonecrosis. Rev Prat. 2020;70(4):409–415.32877099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MontMA, PivecR, BanerjeeS, IssaK, ElmallahRK, JonesLC. High-Dose Corticosteroid Use and Risk of Hip Osteonecrosis: meta-Analysis and Systematic Literature Review. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30(9):1506–1512.25900167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GangjiV, SoyfooMS, HeuschlingA, et al. Non traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head is associated with low bone mass. Bone. Bone. 2018;107:88–92.29154968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• InoueS, IgarashiM, KarubeS, OdaH. Vitamin D3 metabolism in idiopathic osteonecrosis of femoral head. Nihon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1987;61(6):659–666.2824635
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HofmannH, GeierM, MarziA, et al. Susceptibility to SARS coronavirus S protein-driven infection correlates with expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and infection can be blocked by soluble receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;319(4):1216–1221.15194496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChannappanavarR, PerlmanS. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39(5):529–539.28466096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van ReethK, Van GuchtS, PensaertM. Correlations between lung proinflammatory cytokine levels, virus replication, and disease after swine influenza virus challenge of vaccination-immune pigs. Viral Immunol. 2002;15(4):583–594.12513929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StrehlC, EhlersL, GaberT, ButtgereitF. Glucocorticoids-All-Rounders Tackling the Versatile Players of the Immune System. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1744.31396235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KooK-H, KimR, KimY-S, et al. Risk period for developing osteonecrosis of the femoral head in patients on steroid treatment. Clin Rheumatol. 2002;21(4):299–303.12189457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KerachianMA, SéguinC, HarveyEJ. Glucocorticoids in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a new understanding of the mechanisms of action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2009;114(3–5):121–128.19429441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LigongF, LiuH, LeiW. MiR-596 inhibits osteoblastic differentiation and cell proliferation by targeting Smad3 in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):173.32410637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YamasakiK, NakasaT, MiyakiS, et al. Angiogenic microRNA-210 is present in cells surrounding osteonecrosis. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(8):1263–1270.22287106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JiaJ, FengX, WeihuaX, et al. MiR-17-5p modulates osteoblastic differentiation and cell proliferation by targeting SMAD7 in non-traumatic osteonecrosis. Exp Mol Med. 2014;46(7):e107.25060766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuJ, JinT, CaoY, et al. Association between genetic polymorphisms of MMP8 and the risk of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in the population of northern China. Medicine. 2016;95(37):e4794.27631232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangS, WeiM, HanY, et al. Roles of TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms in the occurrence and progress of SARS-Cov infection: a case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2008;8:27.18312678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvez-RomeroJL, Palmeros-RojasO, Real-RamírezFA, et al. Cyclosporine A plus low-dose steroid treatment in COVID-19 improves clinical outcomes in patient. J Intern Med Epub. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ObataR, MaedaT, Dahlia RizkDO, KunoT. Increased secondary infection in COVID-19 patients treated with steroids in New York City. Jpn J Infect Dis Action Epub. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-CruzA, Ruiz-AntoránB, Muñoz-GómezA, et al. A Retrospective Controlled Cohort Study of the Impact of Glucocorticoid Treatment in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(9):e01168–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MurohashiK, HagiwaraE, KitayamaT, et al. Outcome of early-stage combination treatment with favipiravir and methylprednisolone for severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a report of 11 cases. Respir Investig. 2020;58(6):430–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-MolineroA, Pérez-LópezC, Gálvez-BarrónC, et al. Association between high-dose steroid therapy, respiratory function, and time to discharge in patients with COVID-19: cohort study. Med Clin (Barc). 2021;156(1):7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YanH, WangT, ZhiminH, et al. Clinical efficacy of glucocorticoid on the treatment of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a single-center experience. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;130:110529.32736237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RanaMA, HashmiM, QayyumA, et al. Comparison of Efficacy of Dexamethasone and Methylprednisolone in Improving PaO2/FiO2 Ratio Among COVID-19 Patients. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e10918.33194485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KellerMJ, KitsisEA, AroraS, et al. Effect of Systemic Glucocorticoids on Mortality or Mechanical Ventilation in Patients With COVID-19. J Hosp Med. 2020;15(8):489–493.32804611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhuH-M, YanL, Bang-YiL, et al. Effect of methylprednisolone in severe and critical COVID-19: analysis of 102 cases. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(23):5952–5961.33344594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MikulskaIM, NicoliniLA, SignoriA, et al. Tocilizumab and steroid treatment in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0237831.32817707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SpagnuoloV, GuffantiM, GalliL, et al. Viral clearance after early corticosteroid treatment in patients with moderate or severe covid-19. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21291.33277573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SterneJAC, MurthyS, JanetV, et al. for WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group. Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: a Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1330–1341.32876694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SarkarS, KhannaP, KapilD. Soni. Are the steroids a blanket solution for COVID 19? A systematic review and meta analysis. J Med Virol. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XiaofanL, ChenT, WangY. Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):241.32430057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeDiegoML, Nieto-TorresJL, Regla-NavaJA, et al. Inhibition of NF-κB-mediated inflammation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice increases survival. J Virol. 2014;88(2):913–924.24198408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RussellCD, MillarJE, Kenneth BaillieJ. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):473–475.32043983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoJC, OoiGC, MokTY, et al. High-dose pulse versus nonpulse corticosteroid regimens in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(12):1449–1456.12947028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenR-C, TangX-P, TanS-Y, et al. Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with glucosteroids: the Guangzhou experience. Chest. 2006;129(6):1441–1452.16778260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuiL, YangS-G, LiG, et al. Effect of low-to-moderate-dose corticosteroids on mortality of hospitalized adolescents and adults with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viral pneumonia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017;11(4):345–354.28464462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhengY, XiongC, LiuY, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics analysis of COVID-19 in the surrounding areas of Wuhan, Hubei Province in 2020. Pharmacol Res. 2020;157:104821.32360481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NieS, HanS, OuyangH, ZhangZ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-related dyspnea cases difficult to interpret using chest computed tomography. Respir Med. 2020;167:105951.32421539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quispe-LaimeAM, BraccoJD, BarberioPA, et al. H1N1 influenza A virus-associated acute lung injury: response to combination oseltamivir and prolonged corticosteroid treatment. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(1):33–41.19924393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangR, PanM, ZhangX, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of 125 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Fuyang, Anhui, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:421–428.32289565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangD, BoH, ChangH, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2019;323(11):1061–1069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XiaoweiX, XiaoxinW, JiangX, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020;19(368):m606.
   Google Scholar
• YangX, YuanY, JiqianX, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475–481.32105632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChaominW, ChenX, CaiY, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(7):934–943.32167524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VillarJ, FerrandoC, MartínezD, et al. Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(3):267–276.32043986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MehtaP, McAuleyDF, BrownM, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033–1034.32192578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YangZ, LiuJ, ZhouY, et al. The effect of corticosteroid treatment on patients with coronavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;81(1):e13–e20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StockmanLJ, BellamyR, GarnerP. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006;3(9):e343.16968120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SimpsonJL, CarrollM, YangIA, et al. Reduced Antiviral Interferon Production in Poorly Controlled Asthma Is Associated With Neutrophilic Inflammation and High-Dose Inhaled Corticosteroids. Chest. 2016;149(3):704–713.26836898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZumlaA, HuiDS, AzharEI, MemishZA, MaeurerM. Reducing mortality from 2019-nCoV: host-directed therapies should be an option. Lancet. 2020;95(10224):e35–e36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhaL, ShirongL, PanL, et al. Corticosteroid treatment of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Med J Aust. 2020;212(9):416–420.32266987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhouF, YuT, DuR, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062.32171076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhouP, YangX-L, WangX-G, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273.32015507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuiL, de VlasSJ, LiuW, et al. Avascular osteonecrosis after treatment of SARS: a 3-year longitudinal study. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14(Suppl 1):79–84.
   Google Scholar
• ShibataniM, FujiokaM, AraiY, et al. Degree of corticosteroid treatment within the first 2 months of renal transplantation has a strong influence on the incidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Acta Orthopica. 2008;79(5):631–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KsiazekTG, ErdmanD, GoldsmithCS, et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(20):1953–1966.12690092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BouillonR, MarcocciC, CarmelietG, et al. Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: current Evidence and Outstanding Questions. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(4):1109–1151.30321335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesada-GomezaJM, Entrenas-CastillocM, BouillondR. Vitamin D receptor stimulation to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections: revised Ms SBMB 2020_166. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AnnweilerC, HanotteB, CélarierT. Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: a quasi-experimental study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;204:105771.33065275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiuD, AhmetA, WardL, et al. A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2013;9(1):30.23947590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu MareevV, OrlovaYA, PavlikovaEP, et al. Steroid pulse -therapy in patients With coronAvirus Pneumonia (COVID-19), sYstemic inFlammation And Risk of vEnous thRombosis and thromboembolism (WAYFARER Study). Kardiologiia. 2020;60(6):15–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorieriML, FadiniGP, BoscariF, et al. Hyperglycemia, glucocorticoid therapy, and outcome of COVID-19. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RegazzoniV, LoffiM, GariniA, DanziGB. Glucocorticoid-Induced Bacterial Endocarditis in COVID-19 Pneumonia - Something to Be Concerned About? Circ J. 2020;84(10):1887.32779609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShirleyD-A, MoonahS. COVID-19 and Corticosteroids: unfamiliar but Potentially Fatal Infections That Can Arise following Short-Course Steroid Treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nan-haiQ, Wen-longZ. Femoral head necrosis after severe acute respiratory syndrome: etiology and treatment. Chine J Tissue Eng Res. 2013;17(30):5525–5530.
   Google Scholar
• ShenJ, LiangB-L, ZengQ-S, et al. Report on the investigation of lower extremity osteonecrosis with magnetic resonance imaging in recovered severe acute respiratory syndrome in Guangzhou. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2004;84(21):1814–1817.15631780
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MotomuraG, YamamotoT, IrisaT, et al. Dose effects of corticosteroids on the development of osteonecrosis in rabbits. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(12):2395–2399.18843773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarshJC, ZomasA, HowsJM, ChappleM, Gordon-SmithEC. Avascular necrosis after treatment of aplastic anaemia with antilymphocyte globulin and high-dose methylprednisolone. Br J Haematol. 1993;84(4):731–735.8217834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MassardoL, JacobelliS, LeissnerM, GonzálezM, VillarroelL, RiveroS. High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone therapy associated with osteonecrosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1992;1(6):401–405.1304409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuoKJ, ZhaoFC, GuoY, LiFL, ZhuL, ZhengW. The influence of age, gender and treatment with steroids on the incidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head during the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome: a retrospective study. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B(2):259–262.24493194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GriffithJF, AntonioGE, KumtaSM, et al. Osteonecrosis of hip and knee in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome treated with steroids. Radiology. 2005;235(1):168–175.15703312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhaoR, WangH, WangX, FengF. Steroid therapy and the risk of osteonecrosis in SARS patients: a dose-response meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(3):1027–1034.27844132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RademakerJ, DobroJS, SolomonG. Osteonecrosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Rheumatol. 1997;24(3):601–604.9058674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChanMHM, ChanPKS, GriffithJF, et al. Steroid-induced osteonecrosis in severe acute respiratory syndrome: a retrospective analysis of biochemical markers of bone metabolism and corticosteroid therapy. Pathology. 2006;38(3):229–235.16753744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zi-rongL, SunW, HuiQ, et al. Clinical research of correlation between osteonecrosis and steroid. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2005;43(16):1048–1053.16194330
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ShigemuraT, NakamuraJ, KishidaS, et al. Incidence of osteonecrosis associated with corticosteroid therapy among different underlying diseases: prospective MRI study. Rheumatology. 2011;50(11):2023–2028.21865285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin-Y-Y, ZhouY-H, Yan-QiuL, et al. Effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Chin Med J. 2020;133(9):1080–1086.32149773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JingwenA, YangL, ZhouX, Wenhong ZhangCOVID-19. treating and managing severe cases. Cell Res. 2020;30(5):370–371.32350393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeamonJ, KellerT, SalehJ, CuiQ. The pathogenesis of nontraumatic osteonecrosis. Arthritis. 2012;2012:601763.23243507
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YangL, BoydK, KasteSC, et al. A model for glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis: effect of a steroid holiday. J Orthop Res. 2009;27(2):169–175.18683891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TervonenO, MuellerDM, MattesonEL, et al. Clinically occult avascular necrosis of the hip: prevalence in an asymptomatic population at risk. Radiology. 1992;182(3):845–847.1535906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhaoF-C, Huai-XiaH, ZhengX, et al. Clinical analysis of 23 cases of steroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head with normal initial magnetic resonance imaging presentation. Medicine. 2017;96(49):e8834.29245246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KuboY, YamamotoT, MotomuraG, et al. MRI-detected bone marrow changes within 3 weeks after initiation of high-dose corticosteroid therapy: a possible change preceding the subsequent appearance of low-intensity band in femoral head osteonecrosis. Rheumatol Int. 2015;35(11):1909–1912.26297517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XieX-H, WangX-L, YangH-L, ZhaoD-W, QinL. Steroid-associated osteonecrosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, animal model, prevention, and potential treatments (an overview). J Orthopaedic Translat. 2015;3(2):58–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HongN, DuX, NieZ, SijunL. Diffusion-weighted MR study of femoral head avascular necrosis in severe acute respiratory syndrome patients. J Magn Reson Imagin. 2005;22(5):661–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhaoF-C, Zi-rongL, GuoK-J. Clinical analysis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head induced by steroids. Orthop Surg. 2012;4(1):28–34.22290816
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RenX, FanW, ShaoZ, et al. A metabolomic study on early detection of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Oncotarget. 2018;9(8):7984–7995.29487708
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SunW, ZirongL, ShiZ, et al. Relationship between post-SARS osteonecrosis and PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphisms. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2014;24(4):525–529.23589033
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ChenY, ZengC, ZengH, et al. Comparative serum proteome expression of the steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis in adults. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9(1):77–83.25452779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeiB, WeiW. Identification of aberrantly expressed of serum microRNAs in patients with hormone-induced non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Biomed Pharmacother. 2015;75:191–195.26298803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HongboX, TaoW, JianZ, et al. Levodopa attenuates cellular apoptosis in steroid-associated necrosis of the femoral head. Exp Ther Med. 2017;13(1):69–74.28123470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HongY-C, LuoR-B, LinT, et al. Efficacy of alendronate for preventing collapse of femoral head in adult patients with nontraumatic osteonecrosis. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:716538.25535614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RibusurongP, PengH. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases as targets in the treatment of steroid-associated femoral head necrosis using antler extract. Exp Ther Med. 2018;15(1):977–984.29434691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CamporesiEM, VezzaniG, BoscoG, MangarD, BernasekTL. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in femoral head necrosis. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25(6 Suppl):118–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KorenL, GinesinE, MelamedY, NormanD, LevinD, PeledE. Hyperbaric oxygen for stage I and II femoral head osteonecrosis. Orthopedics. 2015;38(3):e200–e205.25760507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DingS, PengH, FangH-S, ZhouJ-L, WangZ. Pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulation prevents steroid-induced osteonecrosis in rats. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:215.21958301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LudwigJ, LauberS, LauberHJ, DreisilkerU, RaedelR, HotzingerH. High-energy shock wave treatment of femoral head necrosis in adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;387:119–126.
   Google Scholar
• LiuT, JinchaoM, BinS, WangH, WangQ, MaX. A 12-year follow-up study of combined treatment of post-severe acute respiratory syndrome patients with femoral head necrosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017;13:1449–1454.29089773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YangF, LuoP, DingH, ZhangC, ZhuZ. Collagen type V a2 (COL5A2) is decreased in steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head. Am J Transl Res. 2018;10(8):2469–2479.30210685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FangS-H, Yong-FengL, JiangJ-R, ChenP. Relationship of α2-Macroglobulin with Steroid-Induced Femoral Head Necrosis: a Chinese Population-Based Association Study in Southeast China. Orthop Surg. 2019;11(3):481–486.31243924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar