Update on developments with SGLT2 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes

References

• Gerich JE Role of the kidney in normal glucose homeostasis and in the hyperglycaemia of diabetes mellitus: therapeutic implications Diabet Med 2010 27 2 136 142 20546255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather A Pollock C Glucose handling by the kidney Kidney Int Suppl 2011 120 S1 S6 21358696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelikovic I Aminoaciduria and glycosuria Avner ED Harmon WE Niaudet P Pediatric Nephrology 5th edition Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2004 701 728
   Google Scholar
• Moe OW Wright SH Palacín M Renal handling of organic solutes Brenner BM Rector Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney Philadelphia Saunders Elsevier 2008 214 247
   Google Scholar
• Wright EM Loo DD Hirayama BA Biology of human sodium glucose transporters Physiol Rev 2011 91 2 733 794 21527736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hediger MA Rhoads DB Molecular physiology of sodium-glucose cotransporters Physiol Rev 1994 74 4 993 1026 7938229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez JH Camp K Maianu L Garvey WT Glucose transporters of rat proximal tubule: differential expression and subcellular distribution Am J Physiol 1992 262 5 Pt 2 F807 F812 1590425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santer R Kinner M Lassen CL Molecular analysis of the SGLT2 gene in patients with renal glucosuria J Am Soc Nephrol 2003 14 11 2873 2882 14569097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk E Zabel B Mundlos S Dyer J Wright EM Glucose/galactose malabsorption caused by a defect in the Na+/glucose cotransporter Nature 1991 350 6316 354 356 2008213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xin B Wang H Multiple sequence variations in SLC5A1 gene are associated with glucose-galactose malabsorption in a large cohort of Old Order Amish Clin Genet 2011 79 1 86 91 20486940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer C Stumvoll M Nadkarni V Dostou J Mitrakou A Gerich J Abnormal renal and hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus J Clin Invest 1998 102 3 619 624 9691098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer C Woerle HJ Dostou JM Welle SL Gerich JE Abnormal renal, hepatic, and muscle glucose metabolism following glucose ingestion in type 2 diabetes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004 287 6 E1049 E1056 15304374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogensen CE Maximum tubular reabsorption capacity for glucose and renal hemodynamcis during rapid hypertonic glucose infusion in normal and diabetic subjects Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1971 28 1 101 109 5093515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmoune H Thompson PW Ward JM Smith CD Hong G Brown J Glucose transporters in human renal proximal tubular cells isolated from the urine of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes Diabetes 2005 54 12 3427 3434 16306358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestri S Okamoto MM de Freitas HS Changes in sodium or glucose filtration rate modulate expression of glucose transporters in renal proximal tubular cells of rat J Membr Biol 2001 182 2 105 112 11447502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer J Wood IS Palejwala A Ellis A Shirazi-Beechey SP Expression of monosaccharide transporters in intestine of diabetic humans Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002 282 2 G241 G248 11804845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defronzo RA Hompesch M Kasichayanula S Characterization of renal glucose reabsorption in response to dapagliflozin in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2013 36 10 3169 3176 23735727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul-Ghani MA Norton L Defronzo RA Role of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes Endocr Rev 2011 32 4 515 531 21606218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul-Ghani MA DeFronzo RA Inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption: a novel strategy for achieving glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus Endocr Pract 2008 14 6 782 790 18996802
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehrenkranz JR Lewis NG Kahn CR Roth J Phlorizin: a review Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005 21 1 31 38 15624123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarado F Crane RK Phlorizin as a competitive inhibitor of the active transport of sugars by hamster small intestine, in vitro Biochim Biophys Acta 1962 56 170 172 13860792
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossetti L Smith D Shulman GI Papachristou D DeFronzo RA Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats J Clin Invest 1987 79 5 1510 1515 3571496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossetti L Shulman GI Zawalich W DeFronzo RA Effect of chronic hyperglycemia on in vivo insulin secretion in partially pancreatectomized rats J Clin Invest 1987 80 4 1037 1044 3308956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorens B Mueckler M Glucose transporters in the 21st Century Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010 298 2 E141 E145 20009031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oku A Ueta K Arakawa K T-1095, an inhibitor of renal Na+-glucose cotransporters, may provide a novel approach to treating diabetes Diabetes 1999 48 9 1794 1800 10480610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaji M SGLT2 inhibitors: molecular design and potential differences in effect Kidney Int Suppl 2011 120 S14 S19 21358697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao EC Henry RR SGLT2 inhibition – a novel strategy for diabetes treatment Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010 9 7 551 559 20508640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman TC Dubrey SW Development and potential role of type-2 sodium-glucose transporter inhibitors for management of type 2 diabetes Diabetes Ther 2011 2 3 133 145 22127823
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCrimmon RJ Evans ML AICAR and phlorizin reverse the hypoglycemia-specific defect in glucagon secretion in the diabetic BB rat Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002 283 5 E1076 E1083 12376337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han S Hagan DL Taylor JR Dapagliflozin, a selective SGLT2 inhibitor, improves glucose homeostasis in normal and diabetic rats Diabetes 2008 57 6 1723 1729 18356408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grempler R Thomas L Eckhardt M Empagliflozin, a novel selective sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor: characterisation and comparison with other SGLT-2 inhibitors Diabetes Obes Metab 2012 14 1 83 90 21985634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polidori D Sha S Mudaliar S Canagliflozin lowers postprandial glucose and insulin by delaying intestinal glucose absorption in addition to increasing urinary glucose excretion: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study Diabetes Care 2013 36 8 2154 2161 23412078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency [homepage on the internet] Xigduo (dapagliflozin/metformin) authorisation details (EMEA/H/C/002672) 2014 Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/002672/human_med_001721.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124 Accessed February 10, 2014
   Google Scholar
• INVOKANA™ (canagliflozin) tablets, for oral use [prescribing information] Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc 2013 Available from: http://www.invokanahcp.com/prescribing-information.pdf Accessed March 31, 2014
   Google Scholar
• Bristol-Myers Squibb-AstraZeneca EEIG [homepage on the Internet] Summary of Product Characteristics: Forxiga 5 mg film coated tablets 2012 Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/2012/20121112124487/anx_124487_en.pdf Accessed March 31, 2014
   Google Scholar
• AstraZeneca Pharamceuticals LP, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Highlights of prescribing information: FARXIGA (dapagliflozin) tablets, for oral use 2014 Available from: http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_farxiga.pdf Accessed February 11, 2014
   Google Scholar
• Janssen-Cilag International NV Summary of Product Characteristics: Invokana 100 mg film-coated tablets 2013 Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/002649/WC500156456.pdf Accessed January 20, 2014
   Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E Ramos SJ Salsali A Tang W List JF Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial Diabetes Care 2010 33 10 2217 2224 20566676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry RR Murray AV Marmolejo MH Hennicken D Ptaszynska A List JF Dapagliflozin, metformin XR, or both: initial pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes, a randomised controlled trial Int J Clin Pract 2012 66 5 446 456 22413962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strojek K Yoon KH Hruba V Elze M Langkilde AM Parikh S Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride: a randomized, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Diabetes Obes Metab 2011 13 10 928 938 21672123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck MA Del Prato S Meier JJ Dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomized, 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority trial Diabetes Care 2011 34 9 2015 2022 21816980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock J Vico M Wei L Salsali A List JF Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA(1c), body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy Diabetes Care 2012 35 7 1473 1478 22446170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilding JP Woo V Soler NG Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial Ann Intern Med 2012 156 6 405 415 22431673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohan DE Fioretto P Tang W List JF Long-term study of patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment shows that dapagliflozin reduces weight and blood pressure but does not improve glycemic control Kidney Int 2014 85 4 962 971 24067431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenlöf K Cefalu WT Kim KA Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise Diabetes Obes Metab 2013 15 4 372 382 23279307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cefalu WT Leiter LA Yoon KH Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial Lancet 2013 382 9896 941 950 23850055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavalle-González FJ Januszewicz A Davidson J Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo and sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin monotherapy: a randomised trial Diabetologia 2013 56 12 2582 2592 24026211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schernthaner G Gross JL Rosenstock J Canagliflozin compared with sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who do not have adequate glycemic control with metformin plus sulfonylurea: a 52-week randomized trial Diabetes Care 2013 36 9 2508 2515 23564919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilding JP Charpentier G Hollander P Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin and sulphonylurea: a randomised trial Int J Clin Pract 2013 67 12 1267 1282 24118688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews DR Fulcher G Perkovic V Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin (CANA), an inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), added-on to insulin therapy +/− oral agents in type 2 diabetes. Abstract 764 Diabetologia 2012 55 Suppl 1 S314
   Google Scholar
• Yale JF Bakris G Cariou B Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease Diabetes Obes Metab 2013 15 5 463 473 23464594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode B Stenlöf K Sullivan D Fung A Usiskin K Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin treatment in older subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial Hosp Pract (1995) 2013 41 2 72 84 23680739
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roden M Weng J Eilbracht J Empagliflozin monotherapy with sitagliptin as an active comparator in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013 1 3 208 219 24622369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häring HU Merker L Seewaldt-Becker E Weimer M Meinicke T Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin for 24 weeks improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) Diabetes 2013 62 Suppl 1 Abstract 1092-P
   Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E Berk A Hantel S Long-term safety and efficacy of empagliflozin, sitagliptin, and metformin: an active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized, 78-week open-label extension study in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2013 36 12 4015 4021 24186878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häring HU Merker L Seewaldt-Becker E Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin plus sulfonylurea in patients with type 2 diabetes. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Diabetes Care 2013 36 11 3396 3404 23963895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs CS Seshiah V Swallow R Empagliflozin improves glycaemic and weight control as add-on therapy to pioglitazone or pioglitazone plus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial Diabetes Obes Metab 2014 16 2 147 158 23906415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock J Jelaska A Kim G Broedl UC Woerle HJ Empagliflozin as add-on to basal insulin for 78 weeks improves glycemic control with weight loss in insulin-treated (T2DM) Diabetes 2013 62 Suppl 1 Abstract 1102-P
   Google Scholar
• Barnett AH Mithal A Manassie J Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin added to existing antidiabetes treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014 2 5 369 384 24795251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasilakou D Karagiannis T Athanasiadou E Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Ann Intern Med 2013 159 4 262 274 24026259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clar C Gill JA Court R Waugh N Systematic review of SGLT2 receptor inhibitors in dual or triple therapy in type 2 diabetes BMJ Open 2012 2 5 e001007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berhan A Barker A Sodium glucose co-transport 2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials BMC Endocr Disord 2013 13 1 58 24341330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency [homepage on the Internet] Forxiga (Dapagliflozin). EMA Assessment Report. Procedure no. EMEA/H/C/002322 2012 Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002322/WC500136024.pdf Accessed September 17, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Wilding JP Woo V Rohwedder K Sugg J Parikh S Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin: efficacy and safety over 2 years Diabetes Obes Metab Epub 2013 8 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey CJ Gross JL Hennicken D Iqbal N Mansfield TA List JF Dapagliflozin add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 102-week trial BMC Med 2013 11 1 43 23425012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency [homepage on the Internet] Canagliflozin. EMA Assessment Report. Procedure no. EMEA/H/C/002649/0000 2013 Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002649/WC500156457.pdf Accessed December 3, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Stenlöf K Cefalu WT Kim KA Long-term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise: Findings from the 52-Week CANTATA-M study Curr Med Res Opin 2014 30 2 163 175 24073995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolinder J Ljunggren O Johansson L Dapagliflozin maintains glycaemic control while reducing weight and body fat mass over 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin Diabetes Obes Metab Epub 2011 8 1
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration [homepage on the Internet] FDA Briefing Document. NDA 204042. Invokana (Canagliflozin) tablets 2013 Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM334550.pdf Accessed March 31, 2014
   Google Scholar
• Lambers Heerspink HJ de Zeeuw D Wie L Leslie B List J Dapagliflozin a glucose-regulating drug with diuretic properties in subjects with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Obes Metab 2013 15 9 853 862 23668478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir MR Januszewicz A Gilbert RE Lavalle Gonzalez FJ Meininger G Lower blood pressure (BP) with canagliflozin (cana) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Diabetes 2013 62 Suppl 1 Abstract 1077-P
   Google Scholar
• Hach T Gerich J Salsali A Empagliflozin improves glycemic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM): pooled data from four pivotal phase III trials Diabetes 2013 62 Suppl 1 Abstract 69-LB
   Google Scholar
• Tikkanen I Narko K Zeller C Empagliflozin improves blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and hypertension. Abstract 942 Diabetologia 2013 56 Suppl S1 S377
   Google Scholar
• Johnsson KM Ptaszynska A Schmitz B Sugg J Parikh SJ List JF Vulvovaginitis and balanitis in patients with diabetes treated with dapagliflozin J Diabetes Complications 2013 27 5 479 484 23806570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsson KM Ptaszynska A Schmitz B Sugg J Parikh SJ List JF Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes treated with dapagliflozin J Diabetes Complications 2013 27 5 473 478 23849632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolle LE Capuano G Fung A Usiskin K Urinary tract infection (UTI) with canagliflozin (CANA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Diabetes 2013 62 Suppl 1 Abstract 1139-P
   Google Scholar
• Nyirjesy P Sobel J Fung A Gassmann-Meyer C Ways K Usiskin K Genital mycotic infections with canagliflozin (CANA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Diabetes 2013 62 Suppl 1 Abstract 1069-P
   Google Scholar
• Kim G Gerich JE Salsali A Empagliflozin (EMPA) increases genital infections but not urinary tract infections (UTIs) in pooled data from four pivotal phase III trials Diabetes 2013 62 Suppl 1 Abstract 74-LB
   Google Scholar
• Ptaszynska A Johnsson KM Apanovitch A-M Sugg J Parikh S List J Safety of dapagliflozin in clinical trials for T2DM Diabetes 2012 61 Suppl 1 Abstract 1011-P
   Google Scholar
• Ptaszynska A Chalamandaris AG Sugg JE Johnsson KM Parikh S List JL Effect of dapagliflozin on renal function Diabetes 2012 61 Suppl 1 Abstract 1098-P
   Google Scholar
• Toto RD Wanner C Gerich J No overall increase in volume depletion events with empagliflozin (EMPA) in a pooled analysis of more than 11,000 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) J Am Soc Nephrol 2013 24 Suppl Abstract SA-PO373
   Google Scholar
• Liakos A Karagiannis T Athanasiadou E Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Diabetes Obes Metab Epub 2014 4 26
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangadharan Komala M Mather A Empagliflozin for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014 7 3 271 279 24716752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljunggren Ö Bolinder J Johansson L Dapagliflozin has no effect on markers of bone formation and resorption or bone mineral density in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin Diabetes Obes Metab 2012 14 11 990 999 22651373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode B Stenlof K Sullivan D Fung A Usiskin K Meininger G Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin (CANA), a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2), in older subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetologia 2012 55 Suppl 1 S315 Abstract 765
   Google Scholar
• Wanner C Toto RD Gerich J No increase in bone fractures with empagliflozin (EMPA) in a pooled analysis of more than 11,000 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) J Am Soc Nephrol 2013 24 Suppl Abstract TH-PO452
   Google Scholar
• Basile JN The potential of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) J Diabetes Complications 2013 27 3 280 286 23375850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Gutiérrez R Gonzalez-Saldivar G Canagliflozin Cleve Clin J Med 2014 81 2 87 88 24493488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote C Perkovic V Neal B Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes Diab Vasc Dis Res 2012 9 2 117 123 22381403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal B Perkovic V de Zeeuw D Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS)-A randomized placebo-controlled trial Am Heart J 2013 166 2 217 223 23895803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinman B Inzucchi SE Lachin J Design of the empagliflozin cardiovascular (CV) outcome event trial in type 2 diabetes (T2D) Can J Diabetes 2013 37 Suppl 4 S29 S30
   Google Scholar
• Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. [homepage on the Internet] INVOKANA™ (canagliflozin) tablets, for oral use. Highlights of Prescribing Information (Revised 11/2013) 2013 Available from: http://www.invokanahcp.com/prescribing-information.pdf Accessed February 27, 2014
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration [homepage on the Internet] Invokana (Canagliflozin) Tablets. NDA 204042. FDA Briefing Document (January 10, 2013) FDA Briefing Document 2013 Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM334550.pdf Accessed April 10, 2014
   Google Scholar
• Ptaszynska A Hardy E Johnsson E Parikh S List J Effects of dapagliflozin on cardiovascular risk factors Postgrad Med 2013 125 3 181 189 23748519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration [homepage on the Internet] FDA Briefing Document. NDA 202293. Dapagliflozin tablets, 5 and 10 mg 2011 Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/ucm262994.pdf Accessed March 31, 2014
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald FR Peel JE Jones HB The novel sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin sustains pancreatic function and preserves islet morphology in obese, diabetic rats Diabetes Obes Metab 2010 12 11 1004 1012 20880347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merovci A Solis-Herrera C Daniele G Dapagliflozin improves muscle insulin sensitivity but enhances endogenous glucose production J Clin Invest 2014 124 2 509 514 24463448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E Muscelli E Frascerra S Metabolic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients J Clin Invest 2014 124 2 499 508 24463454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell DR Smith M Greer J LX4211 Increases serum glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY levels by reducing sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)-mediated absorption of intestinal glucose J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013 345 2 250 259 23487174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambrowicz B Freiman J Brown PM LX4211, a dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor, improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012 92 2 158 169 22739142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry RR Rosenstock J Chalamandaris AG Kasichayanula S Bogle A Griffen SC Exploring the potential of dapagliflozin in type 1 diabetes: Phase 2a pilot study Diabetes 2013 62 Suppl 1 Abstract 70-LB
   Google Scholar
• Perkins BA Cherney DZI Partridge H Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes: Results of an 8-week open-label proof-of-concept trial Diabetes Care 2014 37 5 1480 1483 24595630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherney DZ Perkins BA Soleymanlou N Renal hemodynamic effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus Circulation 2014 129 5 587 597 24334175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JJ Lee T DeFronzo RA Why Do SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit only 30%–50% of renal glucose reabsorption in humans? Diabetes 2012 61 9 2199 2204 22923645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul-Ghani MA Defronzo RA Norton L Novel hypothesis to explain why SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit only 30%–50% of filtered glucose load in humans Diabetes 2013 62 10 3324 3328 24065789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar